The Posterior Perforated Substance: A Brain Mystery Wrapped in an Enigma

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (32) ◽  
pp. 2991-2998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Nikolenko ◽  
Leonid A. Gridin ◽  
Marine V. Oganesyan ◽  
Negoriya A. Rizaeva ◽  
Yury S. Podolskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Interpeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Medial Habenula ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Surgical Operations

Background: There is a dearth of published information on the posterior perforated substance as compared to the anterior perforated substance. We managed to glean facts about the posterior perforated substance that can serve as a landmark for surgical operations in the adjacent regions of the midbrain and the vessels passing through it. Moreover, the posterior perforated substance contains the interpeduncular nucleus responsible for the mental state of the individual. Objectives: 1) To describe the topography of the blood vessels supplying the posterior perforated substance area from the surgical point of view; 2) to investigate the functions of the interpeduncular nucleus. Methods: We assembled and analyzed results from source databases by Elsevier, NCBI MedLine, Scopus, Scholar. Google and Embase. Each article was studied in detail for practically useful information about the posterior perforated substance. Results: The P1-segment perforating branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply the posterior perforated substance. This area is especially vulnerable in the case of vascular pathologies. The posterior communicating artery can block the surgeon’s view and impede maneuverability of the tool in the area of the posterior perforated substance, which may be addressed using the separation technique, which can lead to positive results. In addition, the medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus in the posterior perforated substance is associated with various addictions and psychiatric conditions. Conclusions: The posterior perforated substance area is of great interest for surgical interventions. Future studies of the interpeduncular nucleus anticipate the development of drugs to affect different types of dependencies and some mental diseases.

On the Problem of Formation of Motivation for Success: Sociological and Psychological Approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
K. M. Oganyan ◽  
K. K. Oganyan
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Life Success ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual

The article examines the problem of the motivation for success formation from the point of view of a psychological and sociological approach, analyzes different types of motivation. The components of social and life success of the individual are revealed, the motivation of the individual is presented as a component of self-realization through the analysis of N. K. Mikhailovsky, R. S. Covey.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of the developed method effectiveness of anesthesia of the zygomaticofacial nerve

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
O. Ya. Mokryk
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual

The branching of the trigeminal nerve on the face has an individual anatomical variability.  The individual variability of innervation of soft tissues of the maxillofacial area should be taken into account during their local anesthesia. During the blockade of the zygomaticofacial nerve in accordance with the well-known technique, only 74 % of the cases of anesthesia in the buccal and zygomatic areas were completely anesthetized. The aim of the study – to give a сlinical evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed method of anesthesia of the zygomaticofacial nerve. Materials and Methods. In the clinical observation  41 stationary  stomatological patients with planned surgical interventions on the lateral facial area took part (in the buccal area – 16 patients, in the zygomatic area – 25 patients).  In order to detect the individual anatomical features of the facial part of the head in patients, the facial index was determined by the Garson`s formula as the relation between the morphological height of the face and its width multiplied by 100. These patients were applied a developed method of conductive anesthesia of the zygomaticofacial nerve and compared its effectiveness with a known method. Pain sensitivity and perception in patients were studied using subjective and objective methods. Pain sensitivity was determined by injection of a needle (pinprick) into the epidermis. Pain perception during local anesthesia administration was evaluated by the Sounds, Eyes and Motor (SEM) scale. Results and Discussion.  Taking into account the results of craniometric studies as well as the individual topographic and anatomical features of zygomaticofacial nerve branching in people with different types of skull structure, the technique of conduction anesthesia of the branches of the zygomaticofacial nerve was developed. During surgical treatment the effectiveness of the local anesthetic developed method was evaluated as good – it was observed in patients a stable anesthesia, without psychosomatic peculiarities as well as local and general complications. Conclusions. Application in clinical conditions of the technique of conductive anesthesia of the zygomaticofacial nerve, developed by us, in combination with the classical method of local anesthesia of the buccal nerve provides painless surgical interventions on the lateral area of the face. For the successful local anesthesia of the zygomatic and buccal regions, it is necessary to take into account the anatomical variability of the branch on the face of the zygomaticofacial nerve in patients with different types of skull structure and face shape.

scholarly journals Identifying Rumour Source from Social Activity Streams

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 5718-5724
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Space Complexity ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time And Space Complexity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Made In

Gossipy tidbits are snippets of data or a story that has not been checked. What this implies, is that the individual recounting the story does not know for certain in the event that it is valid or not. Bits of gossip assume a major job in this day and age of web where emergency contact only one post or article. Regular daily existences are lost and economies endure top dogs due to these gossipy tidbits being far reaching by individuals without confirming. Microblog stages have been to a great degree mainstream in the enormous information period because of its constant dissemination of data. We exhibit RING, a constant rising abnormality checking framework over microblog content streams. RING incorporates our endeavors on both developing inconsistency observing examination and framework explore. From the oddity observing point of view, RING proposes a diagram expository methodology with the end goal that RING can recognize developing abnormalities at a prior stage contrasted with the current methods. In our project, we tried to improve the process of Detecting the trending events and their sources by many characteristics like Duration of the anomaly, size of the text, and time. We analysed the spiking anomaly and its source by making use of RING in a little advance manner. The changes made in the system produced positive results which are better to identify the sources in terms of time and space complexity

scholarly journals Analysis the Safety and Efficacy at Different Types of Anesthesiological Support During Aesthetic Interventions on the Breast Glands in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 2109-2121
Author(s):  
Iurii Kuchyn ◽  
Dmytro Sazhyn ◽  
Gennadiy Patlazhan
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Nausea ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Cognitive Score ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Combined Anesthesia ◽  
The Individual

The aim is to learn the features of aesthetic and reduction surgical interventions on the mammary glands in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The study was conducted by analyzing the inpatient ambulatory cards of 320 patients. Anesthesia was provided by propofol (n=130), sevoflurane (n=140) and combined use of sevoflurane and nalbuphine (n=50). The results of the study. It was found that usage of combined inhalation analgesia of sevoflurane with opioids was characterized by 41.9% less recovery time. It was found that 8 hours after surgery, the individual assessment of pain was lower in the group of combined analgesia with opioids relative to intravenous anesthesia with propofol (87.5%, p<0.05) and inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane (71, 3%, p<0.05). After 24 hours all patients reported about pain below 1.0 point, however, in groups where sevoflurane and nalbuphine were used, the level of pain self-esteem was 2.61 and 3 times lower than after intravenous propofol. It was found that within 1 hour after surgery, the average cognitive score on the Montreal scale decreased in the group of intravenous propofol by 5.0% (p<0.05) and by 1.7% under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane. Under combined anesthesia the cognitive score remained at 12.0 points. The frequency of postoperative nausea was the highest level in the group of inhalation anesthesia - 16.7%. The addition of nalbuphine to sevoflurane significantly reduced the risk of postoperative nausea (χ2=7.250; p=0.007). Conclusions. Combined anesthesia with opioids is a highly effective anesthetic choice for aesthetic and reconstructive interventions on the mammary glands.

scholarly journals Cbln2 and Cbln4 are expressed in distinct medial habenula-interpeduncular projections and contribute to different behavioral outputs

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (43) ◽  
pp. E10235-E10244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Seigneur ◽  
Jai S. Polepalli ◽  
Thomas C. Südhof
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Structural Requirement ◽  
Interpeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Medial Habenula ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genetic Deletion

Cerebellins are important neurexin ligands that remain incompletely understood. Two critical questions in particular remain unanswered: do different cerebellins perform distinct functions, and do these functions act in the initial establishment of synapses or in rendering nascent synapses capable of normal synaptic transmission? Here we show that in mice, Cbln2 and Cbln4 are expressed in the medial habenula (MHb) nucleus in different types of neurons that project to distinct target neurons in the interpeduncular nucleus. Conditional genetic deletion of Cbln2 in the MHb impaired synaptic transmission at Cbln2+ synapses in the interpeduncular neurons within 3 wk, but decreased synapse numbers only after 3 mo, suggesting a functional, but not a structural, requirement for Cbln2 in synapses formed by Cbln2-expressing neurons. In contrast, genetic deletions of Cbln4 in the MHb had no major effect on synaptic transmission or synapse numbers in interpeduncular target neurons. Nevertheless, MHb ablation of both Cbln2 and Cbln4 significantly impaired behavioral responses in mice, but affected different types of behaviors. Specifically, Cbln2 MHb deletions decreased spatial learning, as measured in the water T-maze, whereas Cbln4 MHb deletions increased anxiety levels, as monitored in the open field test and elevated plus maze. Thus, Cbln2 and Cbln4 are expressed in distinct MHb neurons that contribute to different behaviors.

Immunocytochemical methodology for the localization of neuronal antigens at the ultrastructural level

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 876-877
Author(s):  
Jorge Pecci Saavedra ◽  
Mark Connaughton ◽  
Juan José López ◽  
Alicia Brusco
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Interpeduncular Nucleus ◽  
Technical Point

The use of antibodies as labels for the localization of specific molecules in the nervous systan has been extensively applied in recent years. Both monoand polyclonal antibodies or antisera have been employed. The knowledge of the organization of neuronal connectivities, gliovascular relationships, glioneuronal relationships and other features of nerve tissue has greatly increased.A number of areas of the nervous systan have been analyzed in our laboratory, including the nuclei of the raphe system, the reticular formation, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, spinal cord, pineal gland and others.From a technical point of view, a number of variables needed to be taken into account in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results. The design of the optimal conditions of tissue fixation, embedding, sectioning, dilution of antibodies, and adaptation of Sternberger PAP technique were sane of the parameters taken into account to optimize the results. It is critical that each step of the technique be defined for each particular case.

УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ ОСВІТНІЙ ЧИННИК В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МАСОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Individual

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.

Childhood adversity studies as an antidote to the predominance of neo-liberal thinking in the field of mental health

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-563
Author(s):  
Adam Burley
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Individual

This is a personal and reflective piece written from a clinician's point of view on the influence that the developing awareness around the consequences of childhood adversity has had upon the discussions, thinking and practice across the areas in which they are working. It seeks to argue that the increased understanding and recognition of the potential impact of early adversity can not only enhance and deepen the understanding of an individual's difficulties, but can serve to inform how services respond in a way that takes account of this. It suggests that the research and literature on childhood adversity can offer a route map away from a model of mental health that focuses predominantly on the individual as the sole source of interest.

Boundaries of Restricting the Rights of Human and Citizen

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Manol Stanin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractLimitation of rights is a measure proved its effectiveness with positive results for the community in war, military or another emergency.Attitude to rightsmust be human with a view to the right-to-human relationshipbecause the crossing of a certain boundary leads to a disintegration of rights and a negative impact on the personality.This implies necessity from legal institutionalization of clear criteria to refine the limitation of rights, both for the purpose of their protection and for the purpose of protecting the individual.

Decorative motifs on oil lamps from Grimm's 1973 excavations in Alexandria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Abdel Wahed Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Decorative Motifs ◽  
Egyptian Culture ◽  
Late Roman

A collection of 30 clay oil lamps from Gunther Grimm's excavations in 1973 in the Western necropolis of Alexandria has been classified by Safaa Samir Abu Al Yazid from Tanta University and found to represent 12 different types ranging in time from the Hellenistic to the late Roman periods in Egypt's ancient history. The present paper looks at this collection from the point of view of the symbolic significance of the decorative motifs used in their decoration. These motifs— figural, floral and geometric—had obvious symbolic meaning to their users and signified more than a simple belief in certain deities. They also reflected Roman Egyptian culture.

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