Comparative Study of Different Derivative Spectrophotometric Techniques for the Analysis and Separation of Metformin, Empagliflozin, and Glimepiride

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 916-934
Author(s):  
Khanda F.M. Amin ◽  
Nabil A. Fakhre ◽  
Ahmed M. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Separation ◽  
Analytical Signal ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Successive Derivative ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Tablets ◽  
Mean Centering ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Sugar Levels

Background: In some cases, lifestyle changes are not enough to keep type 2 diabetes under control, so there are several medications that may help. Metformin can lower your blood sugar levels, Glimepiride makes more insulin, whereas Empagliflozin prevents the kidneys from reabsorbing sugar into the blood and sending it out in the urine. Methods: Mean centering, double divisor, ratio spectra-zero crossing, and successive derivative were applied for the estimation of metformin, empagliflozin, and glimepiride respectively, in their prepared laboratory mixtures and in pharmaceutical tablets, without prior chemical separation. The absorption spectra of the mentioned drugs were recorded in the range of 200-400nm. Results: These methods were linear over concentration ranges of 1.0-10, 2.5-30, and 1.0-10 μgmL-1 of metformin, empagliflozin, and glimepiride respectively. Mean centering for metformin was measured at 234 and 248 nm, while empagliflozin and glimepiride had amplitude values at 276 and 262 nm, respectively. The derivative of double divisor was measured at 234, 278, and 288 nm for metformin, empagliflozin and glimepiride, respectively. The ratio of spectra-zero crossing was quantified at amplitude values of the analytical signal at 234 and 274 nm for metformin and empagliflozin, respectively, whereas glimepiride was determined at 242 and 286 nm. The successive ratio of metformin, empagliflozin, and glimepiride was determined at 284, 242, and 266 nm, respectively. Conclusion: The methods are validated according to the ICH guidelines where accuracy, precision and repeatability are found to be within the acceptable limit. The methods were studied and optimized. Upon validation linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ and selectivity were proved to be operative for the analysis of specified drugs in pharmaceutical dosage configuration. Statistical illustration was done between the suggested methods with the reported methods with consideration to accuracy and precision. No significant difference was found by student’s t-test, F-test and one-way ANOVA.

Novel Approach for the Simultaneous Determination of Carbinoxamine Maleate, Pholcodine, and Ephedrine Hydrochloride Without Interference from Coloring Matter in an Antitussive Preparation Using Smart Spectrophotometric Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza A Moustafa ◽  
Maha A Hegazy ◽  
Dalia Mohamed ◽  
Omnia Ali
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Successive Derivative ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ephedrine Hydrochloride ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coloring Matter

Abstract The presence of coloring matters in syrups usually interferes with the spectrophotometric determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients. A novel approach was introduced to eliminate the interference of sunset yellow (coloring matter) in Cyrinol syrup. Smart, simple, accurate, and selective spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a ternary mixture of carbinoxamine maleate, pholcodine, and ephedrine hydrochloride in syrup. Four of the applied methods used ratio spectra: successive derivative subtraction coupled with constant multiplication, successive derivative of ratio spectra, ratio subtraction coupled with ratio difference, and ratio spectra continuous wavelet transforms zero-crossing. In addition, a method that was based on the presence of an isosbestic point, the amplitude summation method, was also established. A major advantage of the proposed methods is the simultaneous determination of the mentioned drugs without prior separation steps. These methods were successfully applied for the determination of laboratory-prepared mixtures and a commercial pharmaceutical preparation without interference from additives, thus proving the selectivity of the methods. No significant difference regarding both accuracy and precision was observed upon statistical comparison of the results obtained by the proposed methods with each other and with those of official or reported ones.

scholarly journals Prostatic Artery Embolization (PAE) and Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) have a Differential Impact on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS): Retrospective Analysis of the Multicentre UK-ROPE (UK Register of Prostate Embolization) Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh Vigneswaran ◽  
Drew Maclean ◽  
Mohammed Hadi ◽  
Benjamin Maher ◽  
Sachin Modi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Artery Embolization ◽  
Prostatic Artery Embolization ◽  
Voiding Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Prostatic Artery

Abstract Purpose To compare the relative IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) improvement in storage and voiding symptoms between prostatic artery embolization (PAE) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Method Retrospective analysis of the UK-ROPE (UK Register of Prostate Embolization) multicentre database was conducted with inclusion of all patients with full IPSS questionnaire score data. The voiding and storage subscore improvement was compared between interventions. Student’s t-test (paired and unpaired) and ANOVA (Analysis of variance) were used to identify significant differences between the groups. Results 146 patients (121 PAE, 25 TURP) were included in the analysis. Storage symptoms were more frequently the most severe symptom (‘storage’ in 75 patients vs ‘voiding’ in 17 patients). Between groups, no significant difference was seen in raw storage subscore improvement (TURP 4.9 vs PAE 4.2; p = 0.34) or voiding subscore improvement (TURP 8.4 vs PAE 6.7; p = 0.1). ANOVA demonstrated a greater proportionate reduction (relative to total IPSS) towards voiding symptoms in the TURP group (27.3% TURP vs 9.9% PAE, p = 0.001). Conclusion Although both TURP and PAE improve voiding symptoms more than storage, a significantly larger proportion of total symptom reduction is due to voiding in the TURP cohort, with PAE providing a more balanced improvement between voiding and storage.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Health Behaviours and Value-Based Health Analysis of People Aged 50+ Who Were Hospitalized Due to Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4221
Author(s):  
Izabela Gąska ◽  
Katarzyna Sygit ◽  
Elżbieta Cipora ◽  
Marian Sygit ◽  
Anna Pacian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Care Unit ◽  
Student’S T

Introduction: The basic determinant of healthy behaviour—among other human behaviours—is the fact that it consistently affects health. Nowadays, health behaviour studies are considered to be an important method of measuring the health of a population. Objective: To assess the health behaviours and value-based health analysis of people aged 50+ who were hospitalized due to cardiovascular disease, depending on the selected descriptive variables. Materials and methods: The study was conducted between April 2018 and December 2018 among 411 subjects aged 50+ who were hospitalized due to cardiovascular disease at the Independent Public Health Care Unit in Sanok (Podkarpackie voivodship in Poland). The method used in the study was a diagnostic survey. The study used the authors’ survey questionnaire and two standardized tests: Inventory of Health-Related Behaviour (IHB) and List of Health Criteria (LHC). A statistical analysis was carried out in the R program, version 3.5.1. The obtained results were subjected to thorough statistical analysis using the following tests: Student’s t, Mann–Whitney U, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD), Pearson, and Spearman. Results: The strongest correlation between health status and health behaviours (according to the IHB questionnaire) was in the area of ‘health practices’, while the lowest correlation was found in the areas of ‘correct eating habits’ and ‘preventive behaviours’. Based on the LHC questionnaire, the most important health criteria according to the subjects were ‘not feeling any physical ailments’; ‘having all body parts functional’; ‘feeling well’; ‘eating properly’; and ‘infrequent need of going to the doctor’. A positive correlation was found in the group of respondents where the ‘preventive health behaviours’ were more intense; herein, the more important criterion for the respondents was ‘eating properly’. Conclusions: Respondents aged 50+ and hospitalized for cardiovascular diseases indicated (based on the IHB questionnaire) that health behaviours in the area of ‘health practices’ had the strongest correlation with their health, while the lowest correlation was found in the areas of ‘correct eating habits’ and ‘preventive behaviours’. According to the respondents, the most important criteria determining health (according to the LHC questionnaire) included ’not feeling any physical ailments’; ‘having all body parts functional’; ‘feeling well’; ‘eating properly’; and ‘infrequent need of going to the doctor’. Based on the information collected from the respondents, it was found that the most important criteria determining health depended on selected descriptive variables, such as age, gender, place of residence, education, and marital status.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM URIC ACID AND METABOLIC SYNDROME

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaslima Nandhini Js ◽  
Savitha Basker G ◽  
Vishnupriya V
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disease condition characterized by truncal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated blood pressure, and insulin resistance. An excessive circulating uric acid (UA) level even within normal range is always comorbid with metabolic syndrome and its components. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and serum UA level.Methods: A total of 60 subjects were divided into two groups of healthy (30 individuals) and metabolic syndrome patients (30 individuals) from dental outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected in the plain collection tubes and centrifuged, and then serum was separated. Then, the serum was used to analyze the fasting blood glucose, serum triglycerides (TGLs), and serum UA by GOD-POD, enzymatic colorimetric, and uricase method, respectively. A statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Result: Mean body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), TGL, and UA level of control group were 23.36±1.81, 84.45±13.1, 110.9±22.6, and 3.48±1.21 respectively. Mean BMI, FBS, TGL, and UA level of study group were 35.24±3.04, 122.85±23.3, 212.1±39.6 and 9.08±2.63 respectively. There is a significant difference between these two groups with p<0.0001.Conclusion: This study showed that those individuals with metabolic syndrome have higher UA level that indicates hyperuricemia which is a significant predictor of metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Three Different Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Pyriproxyfen and Chlorothalonil Residues in Cucumber and Cabbage Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shilan A. Omer ◽  
Nabil A. Fakhre
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mean Centering ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
One Way Anova

In this study, three simple and accurate spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of pyriproxyfen and chlorothalonil residues in cucumbers and cabbages grown in experimental greenhouse were studied. The first method was based on the zero-crossing technique measurement for first and second derivative spectrophotometry. The second method was based on the first derivative of the ratio spectra. However, the third method was based on mean centering of ratio spectra. These procedures lack any previous separation steps. The calibration curves for three spectrophotometric methods are linear in the concentration range of 1–30 μg·mL−1 and 0.5–7 μg·mL−1 for pyriproxyfen and chlorothalonil successively. The recoveries ranged from 82.12–97.40% for pyriproxyfen and 81.51–97.04% for chlorothalonil with relative standard deviations less than 4.95% and 5.45% in all instances for pyriproxyfen and chlorothalonil, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed methods were compared statistically by using one-way ANOVA, and the results revealed there were no significant differences between ratio spectra and mean centering methods with the zero-crossing technique. The proposed methods are successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of the residue of both pesticides in cucumber and cabbage samples.

scholarly journals Effect of the ketoprofen on the preemptive analgesia in female cats undergoing to ovariohysterectomy

Revista CERES ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Dayvid Vianêis Farias de Lucena ◽  
Fernanda Vieira Henrique ◽  
Amara Gyane Alves de Lima ◽  
Almir Pereira de Souza ◽  
Pedro Isidro da Nóbrega Neto
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Preemptive Analgesia ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Postoperative Administration ◽  
Student’S T Test

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the ketoprofen on the preemptive analgesia in female cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy. Sixteen healthy cats were distributed into two groups, with eight animals each, by means of a draw, in a preemptive group (PREG), in which the animal received ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) subcutaneously two hours before the surgery; and postsurgery group (POSG), in which ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously immediately after surgery. In both groups, ketoprofen was given 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first adminstration. Heart and respiratory frequencies and glycemia were measured in all animals during the days first ten postsurgery. Analgesia was measured by assigning scores at zero, two, four, six, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 and 240 hours after the surgical procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test to compare the moments and Student's t-test for comparison between groups. Pain scores were evaluated using test of U-Mann-Withney or Kruskall-Wallis, all at the 5% level of significance. Pain scores were significantly lower in PREG in M0, M6, M72, M96 and M120. No significant difference was found in the levels of glycemia in comparison to baseline values. Ketoprofen promotes postsurgery analgesia in female cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy and preemptive and postsurgery administration provides an earlier reduction of pain scores when compared to postoperative administration, only.

scholarly journals Effect of a 6-Month Controlled Lifestyle Intervention on Common Carotid Intima-Media Thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Koeder ◽  
A. Hahn ◽  
H. Englert
Keyword(s):  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
High Baseline ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Northwest Germany ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives The intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (ccIMT) is an established risk marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is unclear whether lifestyle interventions can easily demonstrate an improvement in ccIMT. The objective was to test if our intervention would beneficially affect ccIMT (among other CVD markers). Design Non-randomized controlled trial Setting Rural northwest Germany Participants Middle-aged and elderly participants from the general population (intervention: n = 114; control: n = 87) Intervention A community-based, 6-month controlled lifestyle intervention focusing on four areas of lifestyle change: a plant-based diet, physical activity, stress management, and an improved social life. A strong emphasis was on dietary change. Measurements We tested whether ccIMT change from baseline to 6 months was different between groups. Results With all participants included, no significant difference in mean ccIMT change between groups was observed (p = 0.708). However, in a subgroup analysis with participants with high baseline mean ccIMT (≥0.800 mm) a significant difference in mean ccIMT change between intervention (−0.023 [95% CI −0.052, 0.007] mm; n = 22; baseline mean ccIMT: 0.884 ± 0.015 mm) and control (0.041 [95% CI 0.009, 0.073] mm; n = 13; baseline mean ccIMT: 0.881 ± 0.022 mm) was observed (p = 0.004). Adjusting for potential confounders did not substantially alter the results. Conclusion The results indicate that healthy lifestyle changes can beneficially affect ccIMT within 6 months and that such a beneficial effect may be more easily demonstrated if participants with high baseline ccIMT are recruited. The observed effect is of relevance for the prevention of CVD events, including myocardial infarction and stroke.

scholarly journals Changes in Caregivers Lifestyle after Severe Acquired Brain Injury: A Preliminary Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D’Ippolito ◽  
M. Aloisi ◽  
E. Azicnuda ◽  
D. Silvestro ◽  
M. Giustini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Acquired Brain Injury ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Severe Acquired Brain Injury ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Additional Support

Introduction. Severe acquired brain injury (sABI) is considered the most common cause of death and disability worldwide. sABI patients are supported by their caregivers who often exhibit high rates of psychological distress, mood disorders, and changes in relationship dynamics and family roles.Objectives. To explore lifestyle changes of caregivers of sABI patients during the postacute rehabilitation, by investigating possible differences between primary and secondary caregivers. Primary caregivers spend most of the time with the patient, providing daily care and taking most responsibility for the day-to-day decisions, while secondary caregivers are those who provide additional support.Methods. Three hundred forty-seven caregivers of sABI patients were asked to fill in an unpublished self-report questionnaire to explore their possible lifestyles changes.Results. A statistically significant difference was found between primary and secondary caregivers in time spent in informal caregiving (p<0.001). The primary caregivers reduced all leisure activities compared to secondary carers (p<0.05).Conclusions. By comparing the percentage of leisure activities performed by caregiversbeforeandafterthe patient’s sABI onset, all caregivers showed high percentages of changes in lifestyle and habits, even though primary caregivers reported more negative lifestyle changes than secondary caregivers. Further studies are needed to investigate needs and burden experienced by caregivers of sABI patients during the postacute rehabilitation phase, also in relation to the patients’ outcome, to address support interventions for them and improve their quality of life.

scholarly journals Early results of cementless hip arthroplasty in the treatment of femoral head posttraumatic and atraumatic osteonecrosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
Dragan Jeremic ◽  
Dragan Nikolic ◽  
Srbislav Ilic ◽  
Vlajko Draskovic
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Harris Hip Score ◽  
Sciatic Nerve Palsy ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
Cementless Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Student’S T

Aim. To evaluate the value of cementless hip arthroplasty in the treatment of posttraumatic and atraumatic osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head. Methods. The study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Military Medical Academy, between January 1st, 1999 and December 31st, 2003. Twenty five patients with 27 implanted endoprostheses, and the diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and radiographically confirmed Arlet-Ficat stage III and IV were evaluated retrospectively. The results were evaluated according to Harris Hip Score (HHS). The research included 10 patients with traumatically induced osteonecrosis and 15 patients (17 endoprothesis) with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The mean age of the patients in the group with posttraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head was 41 (19-62) years, and in the group of the patients with atraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head it was 40.2 (21-53) years. Complications included one case with postoperative luxation, and one case with iatrogenic sciatic nerve palsy. Results. The average Harris Hip Scores in the group of posttraumatic osteonecrosis were 31 points preoperatively and 86 points postoperatively. In the group of osteonecrosis of atraumatic etiology, the average Harris Hip Score was 28 points preoperatively, and 77 points postoperatively. Postoperative Harris Hip Scores were compared with the Student's t-test and the results showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0,125). Conclusions. Our study did not find any significant difference between the results of posttraumatic and atraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head treated with cementless endoprosthesis.

scholarly journals The investigation of lifelong learning tendencies in medical faculty studentsTıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin incelenmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurdanur Dikmen ◽  
Hilal Uslu Yuvacı ◽  
Funda Erol
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Medical Faculty ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Education Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Evaluation Of Data ◽  
Data Frequency

Aim: In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the lifelong learning trends of the students in the medical faculties.Method: The sample of this research, which was carried out in the descriptive type, consists of 127 volunteer students willing to participate in the research, who study at the Medical School of Sakarya University in 2016-2017 academic year. Data were collected using "Student Presentation Form" and "Lifelong Learning Trends Scale" (LLTS). In the evaluation of data, frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean and standard deviation and Student's t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used.Results: The total score obtained from the scale 56.41 ± 17.12, scores related with sub-dimensions are determined in the order as motivation: 6.67±2.52, persistence: 17.47±6.20, lack of curiosity 20.50±8.51,  and lack of regulation in learning: 11.76±6.16. A significant difference was found between students' lifelong learning tendencies and gender, class level and regular reading habits (p <0.05). Besides, it was found that the lifelong learning tendency scores were not affected by the variables such as ages of students, income level, school that they were graduated, mother and father education status, mother and father employment status, place of residence, preference of medical school and follow up of medical journal.Conclusion: As a result, it is seen that the students of medical faculty have high lifelong learning tendencies, they are at a good level regarding learning motivation, participation in learning activities and continuity.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetAmaç: Bu çalışmada, tıp fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipte yürütülen bu araştırmanın örneklemini Sakarya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’nde 2016-2017 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında öğrenim gören ve araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü 127 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. “Öğrenci Tanıtım Formu” ve “Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Eğilimleri Ölçeği” (YBÖÖ) kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma ile Student’s T-Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Ölçekten elde edilen toplam puan 56.41±17.12, alt boyutlara ilişkin puanlar sırasıyla motivasyon: 6.67±2.52, sebat: 17.47±6.20, merak yoksunluğu: 20.50±8.51 ve öğrenmeyi düzenlemede yoksunluk: 11.76±6.16 olarak saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimleri ile cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi ve düzenli kitap okuma alışkanlıkları arasında anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Bunun yanında yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilim puanlarının öğrencilerin yaş, ailenin gelir durumu, mezun oldukları lise, anne-baba eğitim durumu, anne-baba çalışma durumu, yaşanılan yer, tıp fakültesini tercih etme durumu ve bir tıp dergisi takip etme durumu gibi değişkenlerden etkilenmediği saptanmıştır.Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme eğilimlerinin yüksek, öğrenim motivasyonlarının yeterli olduğu, öğrenme faaliyetlerine katılma ve devamlılık gösterme açısından da iyi düzeyde oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document