Current State and Future Perspectives of Carbon Based Materials in the Environment: Fate and Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijana Kragulj Isakovski ◽  
Jelena Beljin ◽  
Jelena Tričković ◽  
Srđan Rončević ◽  
Snežana Maletić
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Carbon Based

Background: Environmental pollution has been a recognized problem for human health and the ecosystem. Remediation is usually costly and time-consuming, so researchers' attention has been drowning to develop and use new materials. This review aims to summarize the recent development of carbon-based materials used for environmental management. Method: We conducted a detailed analysis of available literature based on the Web of Science database. In the third part of the manuscript are given some of the recent patents on carbon based materials. The corresponding papers were carefully evaluated. Results: More than one hundred and ninety papers were included in section literature. Based on the available literature it can be observed an increasing trend in carbon-based material usage. These materilas are used in resolving environmental issues: adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment; precursor of catalysts, soil improvement, waste management, climate change mitigation, electrochemical energy storage and soil remediation adsorption processes. Although it is manly new approach considered as environmentally friendly, there are finding, observation, negative aspects, and conclusion that must be taken into consideration. Conclusion: The findings of this review confirm that many factors must be considered when carbon-based materials are used. At the same time, this review aims to emphasize development trends in providing a useful guide to design and fabricate high-efficiency and low-cost carbon materials.

scholarly journals A New Approach for Land Degradation and Desertification Assessment Using Geospatial Techniques

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Masoudi ◽  
Parviz Jokar ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
United Nations Environment Programme ◽  
Geospatial Techniques ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Current State

Abstract. Land degradation reduces production of biomass and vegetation cover in every land uses. The lack of specific data related to degradation is a severe limitation for its monitoring. Assessment of current state of land degradation or desertification is very difficult because this phenomena includes several complex processes. For that reason, there is no common agreement has been achieved among the scientific community for its assessment. This study was carried out as an attempt to develop a new approach for land degradation assessment based on its current state by modifying of FAO1/UNEP2 index and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) index in Khuzestan province, placed in the southwestern part of Iran. The proposed evaluation method is easy to understand the degree of destruction due to low cost and save time. Results showed that based on percent of hazard classes in current condition of land degradation, the most widespread and minimum area of hazard classes are moderate (38.6 %) and no hazard (0.65 %) classes, respectively. While results in the desert area of study area showed that severe class is much widespread than other hazard classes, showing environmentally bad situation in the study area. Statistical results indicated that degradation is highest in desert and then rangeland compared to dry cultivation and forest. Also statistical test showed average of degradation amount in the arid region is higher than other climates. It is hoped that this attempt using geospatial techniques will be found applicable for other regions of the world and better planning and management of lands, too. 1 Food and Agriculture Organization 2 United Nations Environment Programme

Nanophotonics silicon solar cells: status and future challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohua Jia
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Silicon Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Energy Harvesting ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Light Management

AbstractLight management plays an important role in high-performance solar cells. Nanostructures that could effectively trap light offer great potential in improving the conversion efficiency of solar cells with much reduced material usage. Developing low-cost and large-scale nanostructures integratable with solar cells, thus, promises new solutions for high efficiency and low-cost solar energy harvesting. In this paper, we review the exciting progress in this field, in particular, in the market, dominating silicon solar cells and pointing out challenges and future trends.

scholarly journals The role of cover and pattern of installed resource sinks in the recovery of degraded patchy drylands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeles Garcia Mayor ◽  
Paul Berghuis ◽  
Max Rietkerk ◽  
Mara Baudena
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Small Cover ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Field Works

<p>A low-cost restoration in patchy drylands aiming at recovering the ability of the ecosystem to capture and store water and nutrients is the installation of obstructions to break runoff pathways and retain these resources (hereafter, resource sinks). Field works in drylands worldwide have studied how the effectiveness of this action depends on the materials used to build the obstructions. However, the spatial pattern attributes of the resource sinks can also affect the effectiveness of the restoration and has not yet been investigated. In this work, we cover this knowledge gap by using a well-known dryland model to investigate how different initial amounts of cover and spatial distribution of installed resource sinks (i.e., random vs. regular) affects the recovery of the system. In agreement with field-work studies, our model results confirm that the installation of resource sinks can restore degraded drylands that are not able to recover naturally. More importantly, we found that a very small cover of resource sinks was sufficient to trigger the recovery of vegetation, while a high cover could lead to a complete failure of vegetation recovery. This was found for both random and regular distributions of resource sinks. However, a distribution similar to that of vegetation in the reference healthy system (i.e., regular distribution in our study system) was more effective: higher plant densities were reached for a given initial cover of resource sinks. Given the high efficiency of low covers of resource sinks suggested by our work, combined with the low-cost materials needed, the installation of resource sinks in severely degraded drylands has the potential to be a key contributor to the large restoration efforts needed to achieve land-degradation neutrality in the coming decades, particularly in developing countries.</p>

scholarly journals Nanocarbons for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (17) ◽  
pp. 9020-9031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munkhbayar Batmunkh ◽  
Cameron J. Shearer ◽  
Mark J. Biggs ◽  
Joseph G. Shapter
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Long Lifetime ◽  
Carbon Based

This review outlines the progress that has been reported on using carbon based nanostructures in perovskite solar cells and discusses their possible further applications to deliver high efficiency, long lifetime, low cost PSCs.

Ferrocene-Crosslinked Polypyrrole Hydrogel Derived Fe-N-doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon as Efficient Electrocatalysts for pH Universal ORR and Zn-air battery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Sun ◽  
Teng Zhang ◽  
Hantian Luo ◽  
Jinli Dou ◽  
Weiwei Bian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Carbon ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hierarchical Porous Carbon ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Air Battery ◽  
Carbon Based

Herein, a cost-effective and high-efficiency Fe-N-doped carbon-based catalysts, denoted as PF-800, was facilely prepared via direct carbonization of a polypyrrole hydrogel (PF) using the low cost and commercial massive produced...

scholarly journals Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Current Progress

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Rajagopal ◽  
Rameez Pulapparambil Vallikkattil ◽  
M. Mohamed Ibrahim ◽  
Dimiter Georgiev Velev
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Manufacturing Strategy ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Materials Used

For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. Porous carbon, conductive polymers, metal hydroxide, and metal oxides, which are some of the usual materials used for the electrodes in the supercapacitors, have some limits when it comes to energy density and stability. Major research in supercapacitors has focused on the design of stable, highly efficient electrodes with low cost. In this review, the most recent electrode materials used in supercapacitors are discussed. The challenges, current progress, and future development of supercapacitors are discussed as well. This study clearly shows that the performance of supercapacitors has increased considerably over the years and this has made them a promising alternative in the energy sector.

Low Emission Gas Turbine Technology for Hydrogen-rich Syngas

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Christer Bjorqivst
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Technical Solutions

This article presents an overview of H2-IGCC research project. This project focuses on developing gas turbine (GT) technology optimised for the next generation. The H2-IGCC project is coordinated by the Brussels-based European Turbine Network (ETN)—an association with members of all stakeholders across the GT technology development value chain. ETN promotes environmentally sound gas turbine technology with reliable and low-cost operation. The objective of the H2-IGCC project is to provide and demonstrate technical solutions for state-of-the-art, high-efficiency, low-emissions GT technology that can be employed to IGCC applications. More specifically, the goal is to enable combustion of undiluted hydrogen-rich syngas with low NOx emissions and also allowing for high fuel flexibility. The challenge is to operate a stable and controllable GT on hydrogen-rich syngas with emissions and processes similar to current state-of-the-art natural GT engines.

scholarly journals High Efficiency of the Removal Process of Pb(II) and Cu(II) Ions with the Use of Fly Ash from Incineration of Sunflower and Wood Waste Using the CFBC Technology

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1771
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kalak ◽  
Ryszard Cierpiszewski ◽  
Małgorzata Ulewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Climate Neutrality

In these research studies, fly ash (SW-FA) resulting from the incineration of sunflower (20%) and wood (80%) waste employing the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology was used to analyze the possibility of removing Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in adsorption processes. Currently, great emphasis is placed on circular economy, zero waste or climate neutrality strategies. The use of low-cost SW-FA waste seems to fit well with pro-ecological, economic and energy-saving trends. Hence, this material was characterized by various techniques, such as granulation analysis, bulk density, SEM-EDX, XRD and XRF analysis, BET, BJH, thermogravimetry, zeta potential, SEM morphology and FT-IR spectrometry. As a result of the conducted research, the factors influencing the effectiveness of the adsorption process, such as adsorbent dosage, initial and equilibrium pH, initial metal concentration and contact time, were analyzed. The maximum removal efficiency were achieved at the level of 99.8% for Pb(II) and 99.6% for Cu(II), respectively. The kinetics analysis and isotherms showed that the pseudo-second-order equation and the Freundlich isotherm models better describe these processes. The experiments proved that SW-FA can act as an appropriate adsorbent for highly effective removal of lead and copper from wastewater and improvement of water quality.

Influence of MBE Growth Conditions on Dislocation Densities of GaAs/Ge Epilayers Grown on Silicon Substrates

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
K.M. Hones ◽  
P. Sheldon ◽  
B.G. Yacobi ◽  
A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nonradiative Recombination ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dislocation Densities ◽  
Dislocation Type

There is increasing interest in growing epitaxial GaAs on Si substrates. Such a device structure would allow low-cost substrates to be used for high-efficiency cascade- junction solar cells. However, high-defect densities may result from the large lattice mismatch (∼4%) between the GaAs epilayer and the silicon substrate. These defects can act as nonradiative recombination centers that can degrade the optical and electrical properties of the epitaxially grown GaAs. For this reason, it is important to optimize epilayer growth conditions in order to minimize resulting dislocation densities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication of the quality of the epitaxially grown GaAs layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine dislocation type and density as a function of various growth conditions. In this study an intermediate Ge layer was used to avoid nucleation difficulties observed for GaAs growth directly on Si substrates. GaAs/Ge epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates in a manner similar to that described previously.

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