Analgesic Equivalent Days: 
A Novel Approach to Assess Chronic Analgesic Use in the Population

Introduction: There is no simple method to compare the use of multiple analgesic products in mild to moderate pain. The aim of this study is to validate a new tool to assess analgesic use. Methods: A measure of Analgesic Equivalent Days (AEDs) was developed using Defined Daily Doses (DDD) and the total mg of each analgesic over a 12 month period. Comparisons were made using analgesic class and all analgesics combined. Results: In a group of newly initiated patients with Osteoarthritis, AEDs values indicated that patients received around 70% of AEDs from paracetamol, 20% from NSAIDs and 10% from opioids. AEDs were similar between the two paracetamol formulations. However, one group took 8 more AEDs of NSAIDs, while the other group took 7 more AEDs of opioids. Conclusion: Even though the total AED scores, there was no significant difference in total analgesic use between the two formulations, differences were found among the analgesic classes. The AED methodology was sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate that one group of patients climbed higher up the analgesic ladder than the other group. AEDs are easy to calculate and seem to produce valid outcomes from both a statistical and a clinically meaningful perspective.

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An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Bupivacaine Applied to the Abdominal Wall and Fallopian Tubes in Reducing Pain after Laparoscopic Tubal Ligation

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ◽

10.1177/0310057x8601400209 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 148-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. T. Cook ◽

T. F. Lambert

Keyword(s):

General Anaesthesia ◽

Analogue Scale ◽

Tubal Ligation ◽

The Other ◽

Fallopian Tubes ◽

Moderate Pain ◽

Double Blind ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Low Incidence

Sixty women having laparoscopic sterilisation performed under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Intraoperatively, one group had bupivacaine applied topically to the fallopian tubes and injected into the skin wounds, while the other group received no local anaesthetic. A double-blind investigation utilising a visual analogue scale failed to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in postoperative pain between the two groups. In both groups there was a significant reduction in mean pain scores between ½ and 7 hours, but there was no further reduction between 7 hours and 17 hours. At 7 hours, only 10% of patients scored their pain as 3 or greater (out of a possible 10). It is concluded that the use of bupivacaine as described is not a useful adjuvant to general anaesthesia and that the low incidence of even moderate pain at 7 hours confirms the view that these patients are suitable for management in the day-stay unit.

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Frequency and nature of pain following single visit root canal treatment

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal ◽

10.3329/bsmmuj.v11i4.38445 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 274-277

Author(s):

Md. Abdul Hannan Sheikh ◽

Golam Mohiuddin Chowdhury ◽

Sultana Parveen ◽

Kamrunnahar Shanta ◽

Farzana Hoque Tanmi

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Severe Pain ◽

The Other ◽

Root Canal Treatment ◽

Moderate Pain ◽

Single Visit ◽

Other Hand ◽

Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency and nature of pain between the vital inflamed (n=55) and non-vital (n=55) teeth that received single visit root canal treatment. The frequency and nature of pain were assessed as no pain, mild, moderate and severe pain on day 2 and day 7. The results showed that 76.4 and 85.5% participants felt no pain in vital inflamed teeth on day 2 and day 7, respectively. On the other hand, 63.6 and 74.5% participants felt no pain in non-vital teeth on day 2 and day 7, respectively. The remaining participants only felt mild to moderate pain. There were no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.435 on day 2 and p=0.371 on day 7). The results suggested that single visit root canal treatment is equally effective in both vital inflamed and non-vital teeth.

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Assessment of macroprolactinemia by the polyethylene glycol precipitation method

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns2008229n ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (7-8) ◽

pp. 229-234

Author(s):

Stanislava Nikolic ◽

Romana Mijovic ◽

Dragana Oluski ◽

Tanja Ostojic ◽

Ivana Bajkin

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

The Other ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Serum Prolactin ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Simple Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Low Incidence ◽

Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline

Introduction. Macroprolactinemia is one of the common causes of hyperprolactinemia, especially in cases where standard routine commercial immunometric assays are used for prolactin level measurement. Two forms of prolactin, inactive dimeric prolactin (50 - 60 kDa) and a low-activity tetramer (molecular weight above 150 kDa), contribute to this condition. The relatively low incidence of symptoms in macroprolactinemia patients has necessitated a relatively simple method to detect large, biologically inactive prolactin molecules, such as polyethylene glycol precipitation method. The aim of this study was to compare the precipitation method using polyethylene glycol dissolved in phosphate buffered saline in relation to polyethylene glycol dissolved in water. Material and Methods. This study included 82 patients who visited the Center of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical center of Vojvodina, to determine serum prolactin levels. The obtained serum samples were divided into two aliquots. The first aliquot was frozen and stored at - 20?C and the other was immediately analyzed. Aqueous solution was added to one aliquot and polyethylene glycol Merck 6000 to the other. All serum and supernatant samples were analyzed using the automated Abbott Architect i2000sr immunoassay. Recovery values were calculated as the ratio of double values of free prolactin and total prolactin concentration, expressed as a percentage. Results. The prolactin concentrations and calculated recovery values were lowest in fresh supernatant prolactin treated with phosphate buffered saline. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the calculated recovery values obtained by precipitation of fresh and frozen sera using polyethylene glycol dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (p = 0.893). Conclusion. Precipitation using polyethylene glycol dissolved in phosphate buffered saline is a more reliable method for laboratory detection of macroprolactinemia compared to polyethylene glycol dissolved in water.

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Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders ◽

10.1044/jshd.4104.523 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel R. Boone ◽

Harold M. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Correct Response ◽

The Other ◽

Read Aloud ◽

Writing Style ◽

Reading And Writing ◽

Manual Responses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Written Form ◽

The Individual ◽

Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

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Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1651544 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 69 (01) ◽

pp. 035-040 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A M H P van den Besselaar ◽

R M Bertina

Keyword(s):

Oral Anticoagulants ◽

International Normalized Ratio ◽

The Other ◽

World Health ◽

Rabbit Brain ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Bovine Plasma ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

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An Assessment of Red Cell Deformability Using a Simple Filtration Method

10.1055/s-0038-1665788 ◽

1979 ◽

Author(s):

M Drummond ◽

G Lowe ◽

J Belch ◽

C Forbes ◽

J Barbenel

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

Shear Viscosity ◽

White Cell Count ◽

White Cell ◽

Red Cell ◽

Cell Deformability ◽

Red Cell Deformability ◽

Simple Method ◽

Filtration Method ◽

Significant Difference

We investigated the reproducibility and validity of a simple method of measuring red cell deformability (filtration of whole blood through 5 µ sieves) and its relationship to haematocrit, blood viscosity, fibrinogen, white cell count, sex and smoking. The mean coefficient of variation in normals was 3. 7%. Tanned red cells showed marked loss of deformability. Blood filtration rate correlated with haematocrit (r = 0. 99 on dilution of samples, r = 0. 7 in 120 normals and patients). After correction for haematocrit, deformability correlated with high shear viscosity, but not low shear viscosity, fibrinogen or white cell count. In 60 normals there was no significant difference between males and females, or smokers and non-smokers, but in 11 smokers there was an acute fall in deformability after smoking 3 cigarettes (p<0. 05). Reduced deformability was found in acute myocardial infarction (n = 15, p<0. 01) and chronic peripheral arterial disease (n = 15, p<0. 01). The technique is reproducible, detects rigid cells and appears useful in the study of vascular disease.

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A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION RATE IN MAN

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0530177 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 177-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Lund-Johansen ◽

T. Thorsen ◽

K. F. Støa

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Secretion Rate ◽

Aldosterone Secretion ◽

Simple Method ◽

Mean Values ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Derivative Method ◽

The Mean

ABSTRACT A comparison has been made between (A), a relatively simple method for the measurement of aldosterone secretion rate, based on paper chromatography and direct densitometry of the aldosterone spot and (B) a more elaborate isotope derivative method. The mean secretion rate in 9 normal subjects was 112 ± 26 μg per 24 hours (method A) and 135 ± 35 μg per 24 hours (method B). The »secretion rate« in one adrenalectomized subject after the intravenous injection of 250 μg of aldosterone was 230 μg per 24 hours (method A) and 294 μg per 24 hours (method B). There was no significant difference in the mean values, and correlation between the two methods was good (r = 0.80). It is concluded that the densitometric method is suitable for clinical purposes as well as research, being more rapid and less expensive than the isotope derivative method. Method A also measures the urinary excretion of the aldosterone 3-oxo-conjugate, which is of interest in many pathological conditions. The densitometric method is obviously the less sensitive and a prerequisite for its use is an aldosterone secretion of 20—30 μg per 24 hours. Lower values are, however, rare in adults.

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IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN SERUM

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0530673 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 673-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Torsten Deckert ◽

Kai R. Jorgensen

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

The Other ◽

Human Pancreas ◽

Porcine Pancreas ◽

Crystalline Insulin ◽

Endogenous Insulin ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Human Sera ◽

Normal Human ◽

The One

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a difference could be demonstrated between crystalline insulin extracted from normal human pancreas, and crystalline insulin extracted from bovine and porcine pancreas. Using Hales & Randle's (1963) immunoassay no immunological differences could be demonstrated between human and pig insulin. On the other hand, a significant difference was found, between pig and ox insulin. An attempt was also made to determine whether an immunological difference could be demonstrated between crystalline pig insulin and crystalline human insulin from non diabetic subjects on the one hand and endogenous, circulating insulin from normal subjects, obese subjects and diabetic subjects on the other. No such difference was found. From these experiments it is concluded that endogenous insulin in normal, obese and diabetic human sera is immunologically identical with human, crystalline insulin from non diabetic subjects and crystalline pig insulin.

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Pengaruh Luka Iris Pada Tikus Dengan Paparan Hidrogen Peroxida 3% terhadap Epitelisasi dan Pembentukan Eksudat pada Permukaan Epitel Kulit.

Hang Tuah Medical journal ◽

10.30649/htmj.v17i2.438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 172

Author(s):

HARMAN AGUSAPUTRA ◽

MARIA SUGENG ◽

AYLY SOEKAMTO ◽

ATIK WULANDARI

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Wound Healing ◽

The Other ◽

Delayed Wound Healing ◽

Peroxide Group ◽

Hemostatic Effect ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Wound Healing Effect ◽

Epithelial Growth

AbstractBackground: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as antiseptic has been used frequently to clean woundsin in hospitals and clinics. Hydrogen peroxide has the effectof strong oxidative that can kill pathogens. It can clean up debris and necrotic tissuesin wounds. Hydrogen peroxidealso has hemostatic effect that can help to stop bleeding. Besides antiseptic effects, hydrogen peroxide i s suspected of having negative effect in wound healing. Hydrogen peroxide presumably could cause delayed wound healing by exudate formation and delayed epithelial growth.Method: This study was conducted in the laboratory using 48 white mice that were divided into 2 groups. All the mice were purposely wounded. Afterwards in one group the wounds were clean up using hydrogen peroxide, while in the other group without hydrogen peroxide as control. The wounds of both groups were observed on day 1, day 3 and day 7. On day 1 and day 3, both groups did not show significant difference.Result : on day 7 showed that the wound healing in hydrogen peroxide group were delayed. Fifty percent of them had the formation of exudate and 62.5% of them showed delayed epithelial growth.Conclusion : This study could show hydrogen peroxide as wound antiseptic has delayed wound healing effect.Keyword: hydrogen peroxide, wound healing

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The Tradition of Religious Books (Kitabs) Printing: Case Study of the Production and Reproduction of Religious Books (Kitabs) in Cianjur and Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan ◽

10.31291/jlk.v17i2.718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 291-320

Author(s):

Asep Saefullah

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Screen Printing ◽

The Other ◽

West Java ◽

Simple Method ◽

Original Essays ◽

Printed Books ◽

Religious Books ◽

Living Tradition

Tulisan ini membahas fenomena penyebaran kitab-kitab cetak keagamaan di Jawa Barat, khususnya di Sukabumi dan Cianjur. Jenis kitab ini biasanya menggunakan tulisan Arab dengan bahasa Sunda dan menggunakan aksara Pegon. Kitab-kitab cetak dari jenis-jenis itu diproduksi dan direproduksi, dan masih digunakan sampai hari ini. Oleh karena itu, fenomena ini dapat disebut sebagai “living tradition”. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melacak dan merekam kitab-kitab yang diproduksi (disalin atau dikarang) dan direproduksi (dicetak atau digandakan) dengan metode sederhana, yakni fotocopi dan pencetakan tradisional seperti stensil, sablon, dan "cetak toko". Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan merevisi kategorisasi kitab-kitab tersebut dari kajian terdahulu berdasarkan jenis karya, seperti karangan asli, tuqilan, terjemahan, syarḥ (penjelasan), khulasah (ringkasan) yang lain, dan juga berdasarkan bahasa dan aksara yang digunakan. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga mengamati lembaga-lembaga atau individu-individu yang masih mereproduksi buku-buku (kitab-kitab) keagamaan sederhana seperti perusahaan percetakan atau pesantren yang menerbitkan kitab-kitab tersebut. Pada akhir artikel ini, ada beberapa saran dalam upaya untuk melestarikan kitab-kitab cetak dan karya-karya tersebut.Kata kunci: kitab, jenis karya, pencetakan tradisional, Sunda, Pegon, Jawa Barat This paper discusses the phenomenon of the spreading of religious printed books (kitabs) in West Java, especially in Sukabumi and Cianjur, which are characterized by the use of Arabic writing in Sundanese (or known as Pegon script). The printed books (Kitabs) of those types are produced and reproduced, and are still used to this day. Therefore, this phenomenon can be called as a “living tradition”. Data collection was conducted by tracing and recording religious books (kitabs) that are pro-duced (rewritten or compossed) and reproduced (printed or duplicated) with a simple method, known as photocopying and traditional printing such as stencils, screen printing, and “shop printing”. This paper aims to map and revise the categorization of these Kitabs from previous studies based on the types of works including original essays, tuqilan (quotations), translation, sharh (explanation), khulaṣah (summary), or the other, and also based on the language and the script used. In addition, this paper also observes the institutions or individuals that are still reproducing these printed religious books such as the printing company or pesantren that publish such kitabs. At the end of this article, there are some suggestions in attempts to preserve those printed kitabs and the works.Keywords: Kitabs, type of work, traditional printing, Sunda, Pegon, West Java

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