Protective Potential of Ginkgo biloba Against an ADHD-like Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Garima Sharma ◽  
Naveen Sharma ◽  
Bao Trong Nguyen ◽  
Ji Hoon Jeong ◽  
Seung-Yeol Nah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Terpene Trilactones ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder commonly found in children, which is recognized by hyperactivity and aggressive behavior. It is known that the pathophysiology of ADHD is associated with neurobiological dysfunction. Although psychostimulants are recognized as the therapeutic drugs of choice for ADHD patients, the side effects might be of great concern. Ginkgo biloba is a promising herbal complementary supplement that may modulate the neuronal system in an ADHD-like condition. The beneficial effect of Ginkgo biloba on ADHD-like symptoms may be related to the modulation of the system by novel molecular mechanisms. Ginkgo biloba is known to modulate dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine signaling. Flavonoid glycosides and terpene trilactones are the two major phytochemical components present in the Ginkgo biloba preparations, which can exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. The pharmacological mechanisms of the phytochemical components may also contribute to the neuroprotective activity of Ginkgo biloba. Conclusion: In this review, we have summarized recent findings on the potential of various Ginkgo biloba preparations to treat ADHD-like symptoms. In addition, we have discussed the pharmacological mechanisms mediated by Ginkgo biloba against an ADHD-like condition.

scholarly journals Temporospatial Flavonoids Metabolism Variation in Ginkgo biloba Leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Tongli Wang ◽  
Fang-Fang Fu ◽  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
Guibin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Flavonoids Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a high-value medicinal tree species characterized by its flavonoids beneficial effects that are abundant in leaves. We performed a temporospatial comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome dynamics analyses of clonally propagated Ginkgo plants at four developmental stages (time: May to August) across three different environments (space) to unravel leaves flavonoids biosynthesis variation. Principal component analysis revealed clear gene expression separation across samples from different environments and leaf-developmental stages. We found that flavonoid-related metabolism was more active in the early stage of leaf development, and the content of total flavonoid glycosides and the expression of some genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway peaked in May. We also constructed a co-expression regulation network and identified eight GbMYBs and combining with other TF genes (3 GbERFs, 1 GbbHLH, and 1 GbTrihelix) positively regulated the expression of multiple structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We found that part of these GbTFs (Gb_11316, Gb_32143, and Gb_00128) expressions was negatively correlated with mean minimum temperature and mean relative humidity, while positively correlated with sunshine duration. This study increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids biosynthesis in Ginkgo leaves and provided insight into the proper production and management of Ginkgo commercial plantations.

scholarly journals Non-coding structural variation differentially impacts attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) gene networks in African American vs Caucasian children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichuan Liu ◽  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Huiqi Qu ◽  
Joseph Glessner ◽  
Lifeng Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Coding Regions

Abstract Previous studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have suggested that structural variants (SVs) play an important role but these were mainly studied in subjects of European ancestry and focused on coding regions. In this study, we sought to address the role of SVs in non-European populations and outside of coding regions. To that end, we generated whole genome sequence (WGS) data on 875 individuals, including 205 ADHD cases and 670 non-ADHD controls. The ADHD cases included 116 African Americans (AA) and 89 of European Ancestry (EA) with SVs in comparison with 408 AA and 262 controls, respectively. Multiple SVs and target genes that associated with ADHD from previous studies were identified or replicated, and novel recurrent ADHD-associated SV loci were discovered. We identified clustering of non-coding SVs around neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways, which are involved in neuronal brain function, and highly relevant to ADHD pathogenesis and regulation of gene expression related to specific ADHD phenotypes. There was little overlap (around 6%) in the genes impacted by SVs between AA and EA. These results suggest that SVs within non-coding regions may play an important role in ADHD development and that WGS could be a powerful discovery tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of ADHD

Vitamin D’s Molecular Action Mechanism in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Saedisomeolia ◽  
Mahsa Samadi ◽  
Fatemeh Gholami ◽  
Marzieh Seyedi ◽  
Mohammad Effatpanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Background & Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. Children with ADHD have challenges with learning, behavior and psychosocial adjustments, sometimes retained into adulthood. The exact etiology of ADHD is unknown, and the pathophysiology of this disease is complex. Several hypotheses have been raised regarding ADHD pathogenesis, including serotonergic and catecholaminergic signalling pathway dysfunction, neurotropic-related factors, oxidative stress, or neuroinflammation. Vitamin D has an important protective effect against inflammation, oxidative stress and certain neurotrophic factors and neurotransmitter, as well as facilitating dopaminergic and serotonergic functions. Vitamin D levels in children with ADHD are lower than in healthy children, and thus may be involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD. These observations, therefore, confirm the neuroprotective role of vitamin D through multiple molecular mechanisms and can be considered as a promising target in understanding ADHD pathology. Conclusion: In this context, the present study reviews the molecular pathways of vitamin D in ADHD patients.

scholarly journals Rare Recurrent Variants in Noncoding Regions Impact Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Gene Networks in Children of both African American and European American Ancestry

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Yichuan Liu ◽  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Hui-Qi Qu ◽  
Lifeng Tian ◽  
Joseph Glessner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Noncoding Regions ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Significant Impairment

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with poorly understood molecular mechanisms that results in significant impairment in children. In this study, we sought to assess the role of rare recurrent variants in non-European populations and outside of coding regions. We generated whole genome sequence (WGS) data on 875 individuals, including 205 ADHD cases and 670 non-ADHD controls. The cases included 116 African Americans (AA) and 89 European Americans (EA), and the controls included 408 AA and 262 EA. Multiple novel rare recurrent variants were identified in exonic regions, functionally classified as stop-gains and frameshifts for known ADHD genes. Deletion in introns of the protocadherins families and the ncRNA HGB8P were identified in two independent EA ADHD patients. A meta-analysis of the two ethnicities for differential ADHD recurrent variants compared to controls shows a small number of overlaps. These results suggest that rare recurrent variants in noncoding regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD in children of both AA and EA ancestry; thus, WGS could be a powerful discovery tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of ADHD.

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