Boswellia serrata Oleo-Gum-Resin and its Effect on Memory Functions: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-363
Author(s):  
Mohaddese Mahboubi ◽  
Leila Mohammad Taghizadeh Kashani
Keyword(s):  
Memory Loss ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Boswellia Serrata ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Traditional Practitioners ◽  
The Brain

Background: In Iranian Traditional Medicine, Boswellia serrata oleo-gum resins were used for the treatment of "Nisyan". "Nisyan" was equivalent to a reduction of memory or forgetfulness. Objective: This review evaluates the traditional believes of B. serrata and memory and its effectiveness on memory loss. Methods: We extracted all traditional and modern information on B. serrata oleo-gum resin preparations and memory from scientific accessible resources (Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Science direct, Wiley), non-accessible resources and traditional books. Results: In traditional manuscripts, "Nisyan" is equal to memory loss in modern medicine and was believed to happen as the result of pouring the waste materials into the brain. Traditional practitioners treated "Nisyan" by inhibition of waste production in the brain or cleaning the brain from waste materials. They recommended using the plants with warming effects on the brain. It was believed that B. serrata had beneficial effects on memory functions and its memory enhancing effects have been the subject of pharmacological and clinical trial studies. Conclusion: Despite some documents on the effectiveness of B. serrata oleo-gum-resin on memory functions, there is gap between these investigations, especially in pregnant and nursing mothers. More investigations with large clinical trials are required to complete flaw in order to improve the therapeutic applications of B. serrata on memory functions.

A Chemical Perspective to the Anti-Amyloid Action of Compounds and a Nanoparticle Based Assay for Screening Amyloid Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Gour ◽  
Bharti Koshti
Keyword(s):  
Memory Loss ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Stacking Interactions ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Amyloid Fibers ◽  
Aromatic Stacking ◽  
Cost Effective Technique ◽  
The Brain

Aggregation of amyloid beeta 1-42 (Aβ<sub>42</sub>) peptide causes the formation of clustered deposits knows as amyloid plaques in the brain which leads to neuronal dysfunction and memory loss and associated with many neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Aβ<sub>42</sub> has core structural motif with phenylalanine at the 19 and 20 positions. The diphenylalanine (FF) residue plays a crucial role in the formation of amyloid fibers and serves as model peptide for studying Aβ<sub>42 </sub>aggregation. FF self-assembles to well-ordered tubular morphology via aromatic pi-pi stackings. Our studies, suggest that the aromatic rings present in the anti-amyloidogenic compounds may interact with the pi-pi stacking interactions present in the FF. Even the compounds which do not have aromatic rings, like cyclodextrin and cucurbituril show anti-amyloid property due to the binding of aromatic ring inside the guest cavity. Hence, our studies also suggest that compounds which may have a functional moiety capable of interacting with the aromatic stacking interactions might be tested for their anti-amyloidogenic properties. Further, in this manuscript, we have proposed two novel nanoparticle based assays for the rapid screening of amyloid inhibitors. In the first assay, interaction between biotin-tagged FF peptide and the streptavidin labelled gold nanoparticles (s-AuNPs) were used. In another assay, thiol-Au interactions were used to develop an assay for detection of amyloid inhibitors. It is envisaged that the proposed analytical method will provide a simple, facile and cost effective technique for the screening of amyloid inhibitors and may be of immense practical implications to find the therapeutic remedies for the diseases associated with the protein aggregation.

Therapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer’s Type of Dementia: A Focus on FGF21 Mediated Neuroprotection

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 2555-2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeev Taliyan ◽  
Sarathlal K. Chandran ◽  
Violina Kakoty
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Endocrine Hormone ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Neurodegenerative disorders are the most devastating disorder of the nervous system. The pathological basis of neurodegeneration is linked with dysfunctional protein trafficking, mitochondrial stress, environmental factors and aging. With the identification of insulin and insulin receptors in some parts of the brain, it has become evident that certain metabolic conditions associated with insulin dysfunction like Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, obesity etc., are also known to contribute to neurodegeneration mainly Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Recently, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, FGF21 has proved tremendous efficacy in diseases like diabetes mellitus, obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Increased levels of FGF21 have been reported to exert multiple beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome. FGF21 receptors are present in certain areas of the brain involved in learning and memory. However, despite extensive research, its function as a neuroprotectant in AD remains elusive. FGF21 is a circulating endocrine hormone which is mainly secreted by the liver primarily in fasting conditions. FGF21 exerts its effects after binding to FGFR1 and co-receptor, β-klotho (KLB). It is involved in regulating energy via glucose and lipid metabolism. It is believed that aberrant FGF21 signalling might account for various anomalies like neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic dysfunction etc. Hence, this review will majorly focus on FGF21 role as a neuroprotectant and potential metabolic regulator. Moreover, we will also review its potential as an emerging candidate for combating metabolic stress induced neurodegenerative abnormalities.

The Effects of D-aspartate on Neurosteroids, Neurosteroid Receptors, and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-325
Author(s):  
Mahdi Goudarzvand ◽  
Yaser Panahi ◽  
Reza Yazdani ◽  
Hosein Miladi ◽  
Saeed Tahmasebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Objective: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model for multiple sclerosis. The present study has been designed to compare the efficiencies of oral and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of D-aspartate (D-Asp) on the onset and severity of EAE, the production of neurosteroids, and the expression of neurosteroid receptors and inflammatory mediators in the brain of EAE mice. Methods: In this study, EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice treated with D-Asp orally (D-Asp-Oral) or by IP injection (D-Asp-IP). On the 20th day, brains (cerebrums) and cerebellums of mice were evaluated by histological analyses. The brains of mice were analyzed for: 1) Neurosteroid (Progesterone, Testosterone, 17β-estradiol) concentrations; 2) gene expressions of cytokines and neurosteroid receptors by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and 3) quantitative determination of D-Asp using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Further, some inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were identified in the mouse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Our findings demonstrated that after D-Asp was administered, it was taken up and accumulated within the brain. Further, IP injection of D-Asp had more beneficial effects on EAE severity than oral gavage. The concentration of the testosterone and 17β-estradiol in D-Asp-IP group was significantly higher than that of the control group. There were no significant differences in the gene expression of cytokine and neurosteroid receptors between control, D-Asp-IP, and D-Asp-Oral groups. However, IP treatment with D-Asp significantly reduced C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and MMP-2 serum levels compared to control mice. Conclusion: IP injection of D-Asp had more beneficial effects on EAE severity, neurosteroid induction and reduction of inflammatory mediators than oral gavage.

Antidiabetic Properties of Medicinal Mushrooms with Special Reference to Phellinus Species: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thekkuttuparambil A Ajith ◽  
Kynoor K Janardhanan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Chronic Complications ◽  
Medicinal Mushrooms ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Microvascular Diseases

: Diabetes remains the major public health challenge to 21st century. It is strongly related to lifestyle changes. Most chronic complications of diabetes are macrovascular and microvascular diseases resulting from the existing hyperglycemic status. Failure of first line therapy which is based on diet modifications and exercise, conventional treatment using antihyperglycemic agents with different mechanisms of action will be implemented for type II diabetes in modern medicine. Higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms are highly praised for their nutritional value and pharmacological properties. They have long been used traditionally for the maintenance of health, prevention and treatment of various human ailments. Reports indicate the beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms in diabetes treatments. However, scientific evidences are insufficient to make definitive conclusions on the efficacy of individual medicinal mushrooms. Mushrooms belong to the genera Phellinus such as Phellinus linteus, Phellinus ribis, Phellinus rimosus and Phellinus igniarius. They possess significant hypoglycemic effect in experimental diabetic models. However, well-designed controlled clinical trials are needed to establish their safety and bioactivity.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: is there neuroinvasion?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor McQuaid ◽  
Molly Brady ◽  
Rashid Deane
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus (CoV), is known to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, and a number of non-respiratory complications, particularly in older male patients with prior health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. These prior health conditions are associated with vascular dysfunction, and the CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications include multiorgan failure and neurological problems. While the main route of entry into the body is inhalation, this virus has been found in many tissues, including the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels, and in neurons and CSF. Main body We reviewed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, ACE2 distribution and beneficial effects, the CNS vascular barriers, possible mechanisms by which the virus enters the brain, outlined prior health conditions (obesity, hypertension and diabetes), neurological COVID-19 manifestation and the aging cerebrovascualture. The overall aim is to provide the general reader with a breadth of information on this type of virus and the wide distribution of its main receptor so as to better understand the significance of neurological complications, uniqueness of the brain, and the pre-existing medical conditions that affect brain. The main issue is that there is no sound evidence for large flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, at present, compared to its invasion of the inhalation pathways. Conclusions While SARS-CoV-2 is detected in brains from severely infected patients, it is unclear on how it gets there. There is no sound evidence of SARS-CoV-2 flux into brain to significantly contribute to the overall outcomes once the respiratory system is invaded by the virus. The consensus, based on the normal route of infection and presence of SARS-CoV-2 in severely infected patients, is that the olfactory mucosa is a possible route into brain. Studies are needed to demonstrate flux of SARS-CoV-2 into brain, and its replication in the parenchyma to demonstrate neuroinvasion. It is possible that the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are a consequence of mainly cardio-respiratory distress and multiorgan failure. Understanding potential SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion pathways could help to better define the non-respiratory neurological manifestation of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bone on the Biology of Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 740-740
Author(s):  
Gerard Karsenty
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Biology Of Aging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Regulate Energy Metabolism

Abstract We hypothesized that bone may secrete hormones that regulate energy metabolism and reproduction. Testing this hypothesis revealed that the osteoblast-specific secreted protein osteocalcin is a hormone regulating glucose homeostasis and male fertility by signaling through a GPCR, Gprc6a, expressed in pancreatic β bells and Leydig cells of the testes. The systematic exploration of osteocalcin biology, revealed that it regulates an unexpectedly large spectrum of physiological functions in the brain and peripheral organs and that it has most features of an antigeromic molecule. As will be presented at the meeting, this body of work suggests that harnessing osteocalcin for therapeutic purposes may be beneficial in the treatment of age-related diseases such as depression, age-related memory loss and the decline in muscle function seen in sarcopenia.

scholarly journals From Exercise to Cognitive Performance: Role of Irisin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7120
Author(s):  
Mirko Pesce ◽  
Irene La Fratta ◽  
Teresa Paolucci ◽  
Alfredo Grilli ◽  
Antonia Patruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
General Exercise ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii Domain ◽  
The Brain

The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are well known. In general, exercise offers an effective way to improve cognitive function in all ages, particularly in the elderly, who are considered the most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, myokines, hormones secreted by muscle in response to exercise, have recently gained attention as beneficial mediators. Irisin is a novel exercise-induced myokine, that modulates several bodily processes, such as glucose homeostasis, and reduces systemic inflammation. Irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), a transmembrane precursor protein expressed in muscle under the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). The FNDC5/irisin system is also expressed in the hippocampus, where it stimulates the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor in this area that is associated with learning and memory. In this review, we aimed to discuss the role of irisin as a key mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and memory in the elderly, suggesting its roles within the main promoters of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain.

scholarly journals In the nose or on the tongue? Contrasting motivational effects of oral and intranasal oxytocin on arousal and reward during social processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Kou ◽  
Chunmei Lan ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Social Processing ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Intervention

AbstractIntranasal oxytocin exerts wide-ranging effects on socioemotional behavior and is proposed as a potential therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders. However, following intranasal administration, oxytocin could penetrate directly into the brain or influence its activity via increased peripheral concentrations crossing the blood–brain barrier or influencing vagal projections. In the current randomized, placebo-controlled, pharmaco-imaging clinical trial we investigated effects of 24IU oral (lingual) oxytocin spray, restricting it to peripherally mediated blood-borne and vagal effects, on responses to face emotions in 80 male subjects and compared them with 138 subjects treated intranasally with 24IU. Oral, but not intranasal oxytocin administration increased both arousal ratings for faces and associated brain reward responses, the latter being partially mediated by blood concentration changes. Furthermore, while oral oxytocin increased amygdala and arousal responses to face emotions, after intranasal administration they were decreased. Thus, oxytocin can produce markedly contrasting motivational effects in relation to socioemotional cues when it influences brain function via different routes. These findings have important implications for future therapeutic use since administering oxytocin orally may be both easier and have potentially stronger beneficial effects by enhancing responses to emotional cues and increasing their associated reward.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Spontaneous Arachnoid Cyst Rupture Presenting as Right Hemiplegia and Expressive Aphasia in a Pediatric Patient

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Anne Bryden ◽  
Natalie Majors ◽  
Vinay Puri ◽  
Thomas Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cyst Rupture ◽  
The Brain

This study examines an 11-year-old boy with a known history of a large previously asymptomatic arachnoid cyst (AC) presenting with acute onset of right facial droop, hemiplegia, and expressive aphasia. Shortly after arrival to the emergency department, the patient exhibited complete resolution of right-sided hemiplegia but developed headache and had persistent word-finding difficulties. Prior to symptom onset while in class at school, there was an absence of reported jerking movements, headache, photophobia, fever, or trauma. At the time of neurology consultation, the physical exam showed mildly delayed cognitive processing but was otherwise unremarkable. The patient underwent MRI scanning of the brain, which revealed left convexity subdural hematohygroma and perirolandic cortex edema resulting from ruptured left frontoparietal AC. He was evaluated by neurosurgery and managed expectantly. He recovered uneventfully and was discharged two days after presentation remaining asymptomatic on subsequent outpatient visits. The family express concerns regarding increased anxiety and mild memory loss since hospitalization.

scholarly journals Interaction of clozapine with metformin in a schizophrenia rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Horvath ◽  
G. Kis ◽  
G. Kekesi ◽  
A. Büki ◽  
L. G. Adlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Antidiabetic Drug ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Behavioral Parameters ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe low efficacy of antipsychotic drugs (e.g., clozapine) for negative symptoms and cognitive impairment has led to the introduction of adjuvant therapies. Because previous data suggest the procognitive potential of the antidiabetic drug metformin, this study aimed to assess the effects of chronic clozapine and metformin oral administration (alone and in combination) on locomotor and exploratory activities and cognitive function in a reward-based test in control and a schizophrenia-like animal model (Wisket rats). As impaired dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) function might play a role in the cognitive dysfunctions observed in patients with schizophrenia, the second goal of this study was to determine the brain-region-specific D1R-mediated signaling, ligand binding, and mRNA expression. None of the treatments affected the behavior of the control animals significantly; however, the combination treatment enhanced D1R binding and activation in the cerebral cortex. The Wisket rats exhibited impaired motivation, attention, and cognitive function, as well as a lower level of cortical D1R binding, signaling, and gene expression. Clozapine caused further deterioration of the behavioral parameters, without a significant effect on the D1R system. Metformin blunted the clozapine-induced impairments, and, similarly to that observed in the control animals, increased the functional activity of D1R. This study highlights the beneficial effects of metformin (at the behavioral and cellular levels) in blunting clozapine-induced adverse effects.

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