Design and development of smart and safe helmet for inhibiting COVID- 19 virus infection: a simple idea for solving big crisis

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjunatha C
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Body Cell ◽  
Simple Idea ◽  
Better Than

Abstract: The worldwide epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has recently spread due to SARS-CoV-2 virus has been declared a pandemic. Herewith, a possible solution in order to prevent/restrict the spreading of the current COVID‐ 19 pandemic is proposed. The major issue is uncontrolled spreading of virus through breathing. Since, prevention is better than curing, it is very important to prevent the entry of virus inside the body. To prevent the entry of COVID-19 virus or any type of harmful viruses, bacteria, invisible microbes into the human body, a “Smart-HELMET” that allow pure and healthy oxygen inside the body, is proposed. The strategy for designing ‘Smart-HELMET’, its working mechanism, the chemistry and biology of virus-human body cell interaction is also detailed. The proposed ‘Smart-HELMET’ prevent the epidemic of any disease related respiratory illness, and help the patients, doctors, healthcare supporting staff, government, and people outside to deal this type of issue like normal disease till we find the perfect medicine to treat in vivo condition.

scholarly journals OOCHIP: Compartmentalized Microfluidic Perfusion System with Porous Barriers for Enhanced Cell–Cell Crosstalk in Organ-on-a-Chip

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Qasem Ramadan ◽  
Sajay Bhuvanendran Nair Gourikutty ◽  
Qingxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Porous Barriers ◽  
Cell Cell

Improved in vitro models of human organs for predicting drug efficacy, interactions, and disease modelling are crucially needed to minimize the use of animal models, which inevitably display significant differences from the human disease state and metabolism. Inside the body, cells are organized either in direct contact or in close proximity to other cell types in a tightly controlled architecture that regulates tissue function. To emulate this cellular interface in vitro, an advanced cell culture system is required. In this paper, we describe a set of compartmentalized silicon-based microfluidic chips that enable co-culturing several types of cells in close proximity with enhanced cell–cell interaction. In vivo-like fluid flow into and/or from each compartment, as well as between adjacent compartments, is maintained by micro-engineered porous barriers. This porous structure provides a tool for mimicking the paracrine exchange between cells in the human body. As a demonstrating example, the microfluidic system was tested by culturing human adipose tissue that is infiltrated with immune cells to study the role if the interplay between the two cells in the context of type 2 diabetes. However, the system provides a platform technology for mimicking the structure and function of single- and multi-organ models, which could significantly narrow the gap between in vivo and in vitro conditions.

scholarly journals Unity, Continuity, Structure, and Function. The Ongoing Search for a Deeper Understanding of the Many Roles Attributed to Fascia in the Living Human Body - An Osteopathic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Colin Armstrong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Form ◽  
In Situ Methods ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Progress in technologies, notably in vivo and in situ methods, has equipped scientists with the necessary skills to explore the living human body in increasingly minute detail. This has led to a better understanding of the dynamic interplay between the various elements that make up the living human body. To further understand the interplay, this research focuses on the insights and observations of the founders of osteopathy, who placed great importance on the role of fascia in the body. Modern anatomical investigation still relies heavily on dissection to describe the structural organization of living organisms. Therefore, at present, a major challenge faced by modern anatomists is to move towards a more holistic and integrative understanding of the unity, continuity, and dynamic interplay between the various elements that come together to create the living human form.

scholarly journals BRIEF REVIEW OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AS ANTIVIRAL AGENT: POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervilla Dass
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 – COVID-19, was first identified amongst an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Research for effective therapies including antiviral agents, immunotherapies, and vaccines are being investigated and developed as potential therapies. Acetylcysteine a precursor in the formation of the antioxidant Glutathione (GSH) in the body is an important determinant of cellular redox status in endothelial cells, in maintaining intracellular GSH/Glutathione oxidized (GSSG) homeostasis, hence represents one of the most important antioxidant defense systems in lung cells, also, used in the prophylaxis or therapy of Virus Diseases. There are multiple reasons for maintaining adequate GSH levels in lungs. Researchers have demonstrated that, immunomodulatory agents that have increased survival in combination with influenza antivirals in murine models include N-acetylcysteine. These anti-oxidant capacities of NAC are mostly indirect, via a pro-glutathione effect where NAC provides L-cysteine residues required for glutathione synthesis. Therefore, antioxidants like NAC represent a potential additional treatment option that could be considered either as adjuvant therapy. According to the latest study by Jason Kim et al, March 2020, it is indicated glutathione, as top hits and highly ranked for potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2; and have also warranted further investigation for potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2. Still, its clinical effectiveness needs further investigations, since most of the results in this area of research are derived from in vitro and in vivo studies.  Further research as antiviral agent may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of viral infections such as COVID 19. Keywords:  COVID-19, World Health Organization (WHO), N-Acetylcysteine, Antiviral, reactive oxygen intermediates, glutathione, antioxidant

Enzyme-based nanocomplexes and their construction for detoxification of organophosphorus compounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 361-379
Author(s):  
Elena Efremenko ◽  
Il'ya Lyagin ◽  
Aslanli Aslanli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Biological Methods

Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) pose a serious threat, as they can have a neurotoxic effect on the human body, even death. In this regard, the main challenge of our times is the search for effective ways of degradation of OPC. In this case, preference is given to biological methods of OPC detoxification, which do not require the use of harsh chemical methods of degradation and are suitable for in vivo use. One of such methods is the use of biocatalysts — enzymes capable of hydrolyzing OPC. To stabilize the activity of enzymes, as well as leveling a possible immune response from the body when used in vivo, various modification methods are used, such as nanocapsulation, the formation of enzymepolyelectrolyte complexes, immobilization of the enzyme on various functionalized carriers, etc. The chapter contains the information on examples of such biocatalysts, discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals Optimization of AZ91D Process and Corrosion Resistance Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungkyu Han ◽  
Matthew Zielewski ◽  
David Martinez Holguin ◽  
Monica Michel Parra ◽  
Namsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Progress on Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques focusing on ceramics and polymers evolves, as metals continue to be a challenging material to manipulate when fabricating products. Current methods, such as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM), face many intrinsic limitations due to the nature of their processes. Material selection, elevated cost, and low deposition rates are some of the barriers to consider when one of these methods is to be used for the fabrication of engineering products. The research presented demonstrates the use of a Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) system for the creation of metallic specimens. This project explored the feasibility of fabricating elements made from magnesium alloys with the potential to be used in biomedical applications. It is known that the elastic modulus of magnesium closely approximates that of natural bone than other metals. Thus, stress shielding phenomena can be reduced. Furthermore, the decomposition of magnesium shows no harm inside the human body since it is an essential element in the body and its decomposition products can be easily excreted through the urine. By alloying magnesium with aluminum and zinc, or rare earths such as yttrium, neodymium, cerium, and dysprosium, the structural integrity of specimens inside the human body can be assured. However, the in vivo corrosion rates of these products can be accelerated by the presence of impurities, voids, or segregation created during the manufacturing process. Fast corrosion rates would produce improper healing, which, in turn, involve subsequent surgical intervention. However, in this study, it has been proven that magnesium alloy AZ91D produced by WAAM has higher corrosion resistance than the cast AZ91D. Due to its structure, which has porosity or cracking only at the surface of the individual printed lines, the central sections present a void-less structure composed by an HCP magnesium matrix and a high density of well dispersed aluminum-zinc rich precipitates. Also, specimens created under different conditions have been analyzed in the macroscale and microscale to determine the parameters that yield the best visual and microstructural results.

Pollen germination of Larix sibirica (Siberian larch) in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronghui Ho ◽  
Glenn E. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Generative Cell ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stalk Cell ◽  
Body Cell

Mature pollen grains of Siberian larch were successfully germinated in vitro for the first time. Mature grains, containing two prothallial cells, a generative cell, and a tube cell, were incubated in stock solution B for periods up to 5 days. At the 2-day stage, the generative cell had divided into a stalk cell and body cell. In 5 days, the body nucleus had divided into two male nuclei contained within the body cell. Pollen germination was limited to elongation of the intine towards the distal pole, accompanied by a splitting of the exine, but without any suggestion of the formation of a pollen tube. This supports the suggestion of previous studies in vivo on other species of Larix pollen that a pollen tube does not form before the pollen grain reaches the nucellus of the ovule.

scholarly journals Amidoximes and Oximes: Synthesis, Structure, and Their Key Role as NO Donors

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Sahyoun ◽  
Axelle Arrault ◽  
Raphaël Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
The Body ◽  
No Donors ◽  
External Sources

Nitric oxide (NO) is naturally synthesized in the human body and presents many beneficial biological effects; in particular on the cardiovascular system. Recently; many researchers tried to develop external sources to increase the NO level in the body; for example by using amidoximes and oximes which can be oxidized in vivo and release NO. In this review; the classical methods and most recent advances for the synthesis of both amidoximes and oximes are presented first. The isomers of amidoximes and oximes and their stabilities will also be described; (Z)-amidoximes and (Z)-oximes being usually the most energetically favorable isomers. This manuscript details also the biomimetic and biological pathways involved in the oxidation of amidoximes and oximes. The key role played by cytochrome P450 or other dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reductase pathways is demonstrated. Finally, amidoximes and oximes exhibit important effects on the relaxation of both aortic and tracheal rings alongside with other effects as the decrease of the arterial pressure and of the thrombi formation

scholarly journals 2D Quantitative Imaging of Magnetic Nanoparticles by an AC Biosusceptometry Based Scanning Approach and Inverse Problem

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7063
Author(s):  
Gabriel Gustavo de Albuquerque Biasotti ◽  
Andre Gonçalves Próspero ◽  
Marcelo Dante Tacconi Alvarez ◽  
Maik Liebl ◽  
Leonardo Antonio Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Sensor Positions ◽  
Better Than

The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications requires the quantitative knowledge of their quantitative distribution within the body. AC Biosusceptometry (ACB) is a biomagnetic technique recently employed to detect MNPs in vivo by measuring the MNPs response when exposed to an alternate magnetic field. The ACB technique presents some interesting characteristics: non-invasiveness, low operational cost, high portability, and no need for magnetic shielding. ACB conventional methods until now provided only qualitative information about the MNPs’ mapping in small animals. We present a theoretical model and experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of ACB reconstructing 2D quantitative images of MNPs’ distributions. We employed an ACB single-channel scanning approach, measuring at 361 sensor positions, to reconstruct MNPs’ spatial distributions. For this, we established a discrete forward problem and solved the ACB system’s inverse problem. Thus, we were able to determine the positions and quantities of MNPs in a field of view of 5×5×1 cm3 with good precision and accuracy. The results show the ACB system’s capabilities to reconstruct the quantitative spatial distribution of MNPs with a spatial resolution better than 1 cm, and a sensitivity of 1.17 mg of MNPs fixed in gypsum. These results show the system’s potential for biomedical application of MNPs in several studies, for example, electrochemical-functionalized MNPs for cancer cell targeting, quantitative sensing, and possibly in vivo imaging.

scholarly journals Hydrogen peroxide: history of discovery, chemical and biochemical aspects, place of formation and role in the body (review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Д.А. Еникеев ◽  
К.О. Кузнецов ◽  
О.А. Еникеев ◽  
Д.Р. Кузнецова ◽  
Э.Н. Хисамов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

В статье приведен обзор литературы за последние 100 лет. Затронута история открытия и применения перекиси водорода в различные годы. Подробно описаны химические и физические свойства перекиси водорода, её механизмы действия in vivo и in vitro. Затронута тема образования перекиси водорода в собственных клетках организма человека и животных, описаны физиологические функции эндогенной перекиси водорода в человеческом теле. The article provides a review of literature for the past 100 years; touches on the history of discovery and the use of hydrogen peroxide in different years; describes in detail chemical and physical properties of hydrogen peroxide, and its mechanisms of action in vivo and in vitro. The review addresses the formation of hydrogen peroxide in human and animal cells and describes physiological functions of endogenous hydrogen peroxide in the human body.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

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