Enzyme-based nanocomplexes and their construction for detoxification of organophosphorus compounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 361-379
Author(s):  
Elena Efremenko ◽  
Il'ya Lyagin ◽  
Aslanli Aslanli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Biological Methods

Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) pose a serious threat, as they can have a neurotoxic effect on the human body, even death. In this regard, the main challenge of our times is the search for effective ways of degradation of OPC. In this case, preference is given to biological methods of OPC detoxification, which do not require the use of harsh chemical methods of degradation and are suitable for in vivo use. One of such methods is the use of biocatalysts — enzymes capable of hydrolyzing OPC. To stabilize the activity of enzymes, as well as leveling a possible immune response from the body when used in vivo, various modification methods are used, such as nanocapsulation, the formation of enzymepolyelectrolyte complexes, immobilization of the enzyme on various functionalized carriers, etc. The chapter contains the information on examples of such biocatalysts, discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.

Programming the anti-tumor immune response in vitro and its application to stop the growth of tumor cells and prolonging the lifespan of mice with carcinoma in vivo

2017 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
С.В. Калиш ◽  
С.В. Лямина ◽  
А.А. Раецкая ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
И.Ю. Малышев
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ehrlich Carcinoma ◽  
Ec Cells ◽  
Growth Of Tumor ◽  
Immune Response In Vitro

Цель - представить доказательства правомерности гипотезы, что комбинированный пул репрограммированных in vitro макрофагов и лимфоцитов будет эффективно ограничивать пролиферацию опухолевых клеток in vitro , а при введении в организм будет существенно ограничивать развитие опухоли in vivo . Методика. Размножение опухолевых клеток инициировали in vitro путем добавления клеток карциномы Эрлиха (КЭ) в среду культивирования RPMI-1640. Развитие асцитной опухоли in vivo воспроизводили путем внутрибрюшной инъекции клеток КЭ мышам. Результаты. Установлено, что M3 макрофаги вместе с антиген-репрограммированными лимфоцитами оказывают выраженный противоопухолевый эффект и in vitro, и in vivo , который был существеннее противоопухолевого эффекта цисплатина. Заключение. Факты, свидетельствующие, что М3 макрофаги в сочетании с in vitro антиген-репрограммированными лимфоцитами значительно подавляют рост опухоли in vivo , делают перспективным разработку клинической версии биотехнологии ограничения роста опухоли путем предварительного программирования противоопухолевого иммунного ответа «в пробирке». Aim. To test a hypothesis that a combined pool of in vitro reprogrammed macrophages and lymphocytes will effectively limit growth of tumor cells in vitro , and injections of these cells into the body will considerably limit development of a tumor in vivo . Methods. Tumor growth was initiated in vitro by addition of Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cells to the RPMI-1640 cell culture medium and in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of EC cells into mice. Results. M3 macrophages in combination with antigen-reprogrammed lymphocytes exerted a pronounced antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo, which was superior to the effect of cisplatin. Conclusion. M3 macrophages in combination with in vitro antigen-reprogrammed lymphocytes significantly inhibited the tumor growth in vivo . This fact justifies development of a clinical version of the tumor growth restricting biotechnology using pre-programming of the antitumor immune response in vitro .

Dehydration enhances endotoxin fever by increased production of endogenous pyrogen

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. R41-R47 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morimoto ◽  
N. Murakami ◽  
T. Ono ◽  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Endogenous Pyrogen

The febrile responses in rats to an intravenous injection of the bacterial endotoxin Salmonella typhosa were investigated under normally hydrated and dehydrated conditions. When endotoxin was injected intravenously into the dehydrated rats, a biphasic-patterned fever resulted, whereas in normal rats an intravenous injection of endotoxin did not induce fever. No significant differences in febrile responses to the intravenous endogenous pyrogen (EP), prostaglandin E2, and intracerebroventricular prostaglandin E2 between normal and dehydrated rats were observed. When the blood plasma obtained from rats with endotoxin-induced fever under dehydrated conditions was transferred to the normal rats, a significant rise in the body temperature was induced. The effect of hydration by an administration of the hypotonic solution after dehydration was examined in endotoxin-induced fever and in changes of the basic blood parameters. It is concluded that febrile responses to endotoxin during dehydrated condition are caused by an increased production of EP. The migration of leukocytes from circulation to any other tissue will be an important factor in producing EP under dehydrated conditions. Furthermore, under dehydrated condition, EP may be produced by numerous macrophages in tissues in vivo, where many kinds of leukocytes migrate and exchange signals with each other in developing an immune response.

scholarly journals Unity, Continuity, Structure, and Function. The Ongoing Search for a Deeper Understanding of the Many Roles Attributed to Fascia in the Living Human Body - An Osteopathic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Colin Armstrong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Form ◽  
In Situ Methods ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Progress in technologies, notably in vivo and in situ methods, has equipped scientists with the necessary skills to explore the living human body in increasingly minute detail. This has led to a better understanding of the dynamic interplay between the various elements that make up the living human body. To further understand the interplay, this research focuses on the insights and observations of the founders of osteopathy, who placed great importance on the role of fascia in the body. Modern anatomical investigation still relies heavily on dissection to describe the structural organization of living organisms. Therefore, at present, a major challenge faced by modern anatomists is to move towards a more holistic and integrative understanding of the unity, continuity, and dynamic interplay between the various elements that come together to create the living human form.

Design and development of smart and safe helmet for inhibiting COVID- 19 virus infection: a simple idea for solving big crisis

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjunatha C
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Body Cell ◽  
Simple Idea ◽  
Better Than

Abstract: The worldwide epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has recently spread due to SARS-CoV-2 virus has been declared a pandemic. Herewith, a possible solution in order to prevent/restrict the spreading of the current COVID‐ 19 pandemic is proposed. The major issue is uncontrolled spreading of virus through breathing. Since, prevention is better than curing, it is very important to prevent the entry of virus inside the body. To prevent the entry of COVID-19 virus or any type of harmful viruses, bacteria, invisible microbes into the human body, a “Smart-HELMET” that allow pure and healthy oxygen inside the body, is proposed. The strategy for designing ‘Smart-HELMET’, its working mechanism, the chemistry and biology of virus-human body cell interaction is also detailed. The proposed ‘Smart-HELMET’ prevent the epidemic of any disease related respiratory illness, and help the patients, doctors, healthcare supporting staff, government, and people outside to deal this type of issue like normal disease till we find the perfect medicine to treat in vivo condition.

scholarly journals Optimization of AZ91D Process and Corrosion Resistance Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungkyu Han ◽  
Matthew Zielewski ◽  
David Martinez Holguin ◽  
Monica Michel Parra ◽  
Namsoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Progress on Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques focusing on ceramics and polymers evolves, as metals continue to be a challenging material to manipulate when fabricating products. Current methods, such as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM), face many intrinsic limitations due to the nature of their processes. Material selection, elevated cost, and low deposition rates are some of the barriers to consider when one of these methods is to be used for the fabrication of engineering products. The research presented demonstrates the use of a Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) system for the creation of metallic specimens. This project explored the feasibility of fabricating elements made from magnesium alloys with the potential to be used in biomedical applications. It is known that the elastic modulus of magnesium closely approximates that of natural bone than other metals. Thus, stress shielding phenomena can be reduced. Furthermore, the decomposition of magnesium shows no harm inside the human body since it is an essential element in the body and its decomposition products can be easily excreted through the urine. By alloying magnesium with aluminum and zinc, or rare earths such as yttrium, neodymium, cerium, and dysprosium, the structural integrity of specimens inside the human body can be assured. However, the in vivo corrosion rates of these products can be accelerated by the presence of impurities, voids, or segregation created during the manufacturing process. Fast corrosion rates would produce improper healing, which, in turn, involve subsequent surgical intervention. However, in this study, it has been proven that magnesium alloy AZ91D produced by WAAM has higher corrosion resistance than the cast AZ91D. Due to its structure, which has porosity or cracking only at the surface of the individual printed lines, the central sections present a void-less structure composed by an HCP magnesium matrix and a high density of well dispersed aluminum-zinc rich precipitates. Also, specimens created under different conditions have been analyzed in the macroscale and microscale to determine the parameters that yield the best visual and microstructural results.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellfritzsch ◽  
Scherließ
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Cellular Immune

Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

scholarly journals Platinum Nanoparticles: Synthesis Strategies and Applications

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-86
Author(s):  
Vineet Kumar ◽  
Ayushi Gautam ◽  
Praveen Guleria
Keyword(s):  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Biological Methods

Plantinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have huge potential as heterogeneous catalyst, chemiresistor coating material, nanomedicine, nanosensor, and electronic components along with various other industrial applications. Physical, chemical as well as biological methods are used for the synthesis of plantinum NPs. Physical methods depend upon the physical phenomenon for Pt NPs synthesis. Chemical methods involve one or other chemical reactions to prepare Pt NPs. Biological methods are preferred over other methods. Among all biological sources, use of plant extracts for Pt NPs synthesis is safe and cost-effective. Pt NPs have application in catalysis, electronics, nanodiagnosis and nanomedicine. Synthesis of diverse Pt NPs using different plant bioresource may be more useful for various in vivo applications in future.

scholarly journals CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NIDANA AND SAMPRAPTHI OF AMAVATA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AUTOIMMUNITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2219-2224
Author(s):  
Aswathy P.M. ◽  
Nagaraj S
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Causative Factors

The human body is a conglomeration of dosha, dhatu and mala. Even though doshas are having opposite gunas they do not harm the body when in equilibrium state and it maintains the integrity of dushyas. Ama is a unique concept in Ayurveda which can be considered as improperly digested food or accumulated metabolic waste which is not expelled out of the body has a tremendous capacity to vitiate the dosha, dhatu and mala and is capable of producing various diseases. Amavata is a disease entity where ama and vata plays important role in the samprapthi of disease and viruddha ahara and chesta are considered to be the main causative factors. Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. Keywords: Amavata, Ama, virudhahara, cheshta, autoimmunity

scholarly journals On the calculated method for assessing the impact of hydrolysis products from uranium hexafluoride on the human body

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Svetlana P. Babenko ◽  
Andrey V. Bad’in
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Uranium Hexafluoride ◽  
The Body ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. This article refers to the authors’ calculation method for studying the effects UF6 (uranium hexafluoride, UHF) on the human body. A review of this method’s main ideas and the features of the approach to solving the problem at certain stages of the movement of UHF from being released into the air before entering the body is offered. The possibilities of the proposed method and its place in many well-known studies in this direction are described. Material and methods. The research material is UHF. It serves as the primary working substance in technologies for enriching natural uranium with the 235U isotope. UHF, due to various circumstances, appears in the production room in a gaseous state. A method for studying the effects of UHF on humans is to describe the distribution processes of UHF molecules in the volume of the working room, chemical transformations of UHF, physical transformations of the resulting products, i.e., all processes accompanied by the delivery of toxic substances and their transfer from the source to the person and before excretion from the body in a natural way. The description of these processes is carried out analytically. Results. Lists the results that can be obtained by calculation. Discussion. A discussion of the results is carried out in the following areas. The issue of the possibility of using the described calculation method to solve the problems of ensuring labor safety at work is considered. The question of trust in the calculated values characterizing the effect of UHF on the human body is being studied. To solve this problem, we compared the calculated results obtained for a particular process and the experimental ones implemented in a similar process. Conclusion. A conclusion is made regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the method under investigation for studying the effects of UHF on humans and determining their place among existing methods.

scholarly journals Amidoximes and Oximes: Synthesis, Structure, and Their Key Role as NO Donors

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Sahyoun ◽  
Axelle Arrault ◽  
Raphaël Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
The Body ◽  
No Donors ◽  
External Sources

Nitric oxide (NO) is naturally synthesized in the human body and presents many beneficial biological effects; in particular on the cardiovascular system. Recently; many researchers tried to develop external sources to increase the NO level in the body; for example by using amidoximes and oximes which can be oxidized in vivo and release NO. In this review; the classical methods and most recent advances for the synthesis of both amidoximes and oximes are presented first. The isomers of amidoximes and oximes and their stabilities will also be described; (Z)-amidoximes and (Z)-oximes being usually the most energetically favorable isomers. This manuscript details also the biomimetic and biological pathways involved in the oxidation of amidoximes and oximes. The key role played by cytochrome P450 or other dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reductase pathways is demonstrated. Finally, amidoximes and oximes exhibit important effects on the relaxation of both aortic and tracheal rings alongside with other effects as the decrease of the arterial pressure and of the thrombi formation

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