scholarly journals Simulation Models for Solar Photovoltaic Materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-133
Author(s):  
M. Rizwan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Band Structure ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Semiconductor Materials ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Device Operation

Semiconducting materials have dominated the photovoltaic industry for a long time. The advancement in solar cell technology is significantly influenced by computer modelling, designing and simulations of the semiconductor materials used for the device operation. Different modelling techniques including one, two and three dimensional models had been employed to comprehend the device operation of solar cell and other electronic devices based on semiconductor materials such as silicon and gallium arsenide. The performance of computing power is increasing with the passage of time in order to improve modelling and designing of different semiconductor materials for solar cell devices. In this chapter, different reported semiconductor materials, their standard characteristics and basic history of modelling, standard models used in photovoltaic industry and principles of modelling such as carrier statistics, transitions, band structure and mobility are explained in detail. Different characteristics of semiconductor material like the carrier transportation, carrier statistics, band structure, and heavy doping effect and carrier generations are described with respect to material modelling.

scholarly journals STUDY OF DNIEPER’S ISLANDS’ SHORELINE CHANGE DYNAMICS WITHIN KIEV REGION (AT THE EXAMPLE OF VELYKIY PIVNICHNIY ISLAND)

2017 ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
O. Tomchenko ◽  
L. Mazurkiewicz ◽  
A. Malets
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Coastal Landscape ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
City Formation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Grand Island ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
The 19Th Century

Changes of Dnieper’s islands’ landscapes within Kyiv at the example of Velykiy Pivnichniy Island are studied. Using GIS, cartographic materials and remote sensing data the island’s square dynamic for more than seventy years is obtained. During decoding vector layers – the contours of the coastline of the island and the island area – were created and island’s square for 1942, 1975, 1985, 1990, 2000, 2015 years was estimated. Using module implemented in ArcScene ArcGIS the dynamics of long-term changes of Velykiy Island’s shape was modeled and clearly reflected in the form of three-dimensional models. The coastal landscape of Kyiv began to rapidly change for the past 100-200 years due to rapid urban sprawl. Before it Dnieper’s backwater in Kyiv formed by glaciers and it became the basis for floodplain in Kyiv region for a long time. In the 19th century held-rectifying work was conducted and it greatly influenced the coastal landscape of our city. Formation of new islands, such as Grand Island and changes of old islands (such as the island of Murom united with Truhanov Island) has begun. Great Island consisted of 2 parts, one of which joined the island much later than the first part of the island was formed. From 1950 to 1990 the island had the largest area and it was unchanged while this period. The rapid square reduction began in the 1990s when sand mining started for the purpose of Troieshchyna district building. Currently the island is used as a career for the extraction of sand, which is important for development of different districts, including cottages on the site of meadows and oak forests on north of the Gulf of Camel. It is a negative factor for the island, where there are different species of animals and plants are located. The island is also an example of modern Dnieper floodplain formation and it should be preserved as a conservation area of the city.

scholarly journals Analysis of the dependence of stresses and deformations on the surfaces of shoe soles of different thicknesses and materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 05001
Author(s):  
Olesya Golubeva ◽  
Alina Pogorelova
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Shoe Soles ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Distribution Of Stress ◽  
Shape And Size

For this study, three-dimensional models of the soles of work shoes of different thicknesses and consisting of different materials were created. These models were analyzed to obtain the distribution of stress and strain on their surfaces. To build the model, we used experimental data on the shape and size of the sole, as well as the properties of specific materials used in the manufacture of soles for work shoes used in agriculture. The goal was to determine the most suitable material, that is, which of the materials has the most suitable characteristics for the sole, has the best wear resistance when used in agriculture. We noticed a significant reduction in deformations on the surface of the sole with an increase in the thickness of the sole, as well as when using two-component casting of the sole from a combination of materials: low-density EVA and flexible PU, medium-density EVA and soft PVC. This indicates their advantages and maximum suitability.

A Three Dimensional Virtual System Used to Analyze the Normal and Prosthetic Joint of the Hip

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Razvan Cristian Vaduva ◽  
Ilaria Lorena Petrovici ◽  
Mihai Catalin Tenovici ◽  
Danut Nicolae Tarnita ◽  
Dragoş Laurenţiu Popa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Prosthetic Material ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Prosthetic Joint ◽  
Cemented Arthroplasty ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Materials Used

Treatment of hip pathology has evolved over the last two centuries, ranging from rudimentary surgical procedures to modern hip arthroplasty, with an explosion marked in the last 30 years, considered to be one of the most successful surgeries to date. Hip arthroplasty is a permanent challenge due to the desire to discover the "supreme prosthesis", for which competition is still open. Hip disorders requiring prosthesis show a change in articular morphology. Among the most common medical conditions that have as final therapeutic solution hip arthroplasty are: coxarthrosis, both primary and secondary, followed by traumatic conditions: femoral neck collapse and femoral neck pseudarthrosis, aseptic head necrosis femoral stage III, as well as rheumatic coxitis from rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis or juvenile art. Endoprosthetic arthroplasty can be defined as an intervention of reconstructive surgery with bone sacrifice and prosthetic replacement of the articular components. It is, in the end, an operation aimed at restoring joint mobility and normal functioning of the muscles, ligaments and other periarticular structures that control joint movement. The materials initially used (glass, metal, plastic) did not have the desired bone strength and integration capacity. It followed the development of cemented implants, obtaining different types of cement with better and better quality. Problems arising from cemented arthroplasty (decimation, involving prosthetic revision) have led to a parallel development of the design and materials used for uncured prostheses with the possibility of very good integration of prosthetic material into the bone, raising them to the top of preferences in recent years. Treatment of hip pathology has evolved over the last two centuries, ranging from rudimentary surgical procedures to modern hip arthroplasty, with an explosion marked in the last 30 years, considered to be one of the most successful surgeries to date. The purpose of this study was to obtain the three-dimensional models of the hip joint and the prosthesis for the use of these models for various analyzes and virtual experiments. At the end of the paper important conclusions were drawn based on the results obtained in the simulations using the finite element method.

scholarly journals Blocking Characteristics of Photoconductive Switches Based on Semi-Insulating GaP and GaN

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Marek Suproniuk ◽  
Karol Piwowarski ◽  
Bogdan Perka ◽  
Pawel Kaminski ◽  
Roman Kozlowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gallium Phosphide ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Semiconductor Materials ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Semiconductor Switches ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Insulating Gap ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Device Operation

This article presents results of research work aimed at manufacturing photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) based on semi-insulating (SI) gallium phosphide (GaP) and gallium nitride (GaN). Currently, the work is in progress to determine the optimal values of PCSS parameters. In this article, the parameters of the selected semiconductor materials used for making PCSSs, the device operation principle, and possible areas of use are presented. The paper demonstrates the construction of test PCSSs based on SI GaP and SI GaN and results of blocking characteristics measurements without the illumination, as well as with illumination with a small photon flux. Further research directions are presented also.

Two- and Three-Dimensional Models of Dispersion Based upon Measurements in the North Sea

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. van Dam
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Particle Simulation ◽  
Simulation Methods ◽  
The North ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

After a brief historical review some recent developments are discussed, with an emphasis on particle simulation methods. Examples are shown of relatively short and relatively long time scale applications in connection with accidental spills and problems of continuous sources respectively.

scholarly journals Generation of 3D Tumor Models from DICOM Images for Virtual Planning of its Recession

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (54) ◽  
pp. e10173
Author(s):  
Oscar Rodríguez-Bastidas ◽  
Hermes Fabián Vargas-Rosero
Keyword(s):  
Medical Images ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Reconstruction Technique ◽  
Virtual Planning ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Segmentation Strategy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Medical images are essential for diagnosis, planning of surgery and evolution of pathology. The advances in technology have developed new techniques to obtain digital images with more details, in return this has also led to disadvantages, such as: the analysis of large volumes of information, long time to determine an affected region and difficulty in defining the malignant tissue for its later extirpation, among the most relevant. This article presents an image segmentation strategy and the optimization of a method for generating three-dimensional models. A prototype was implemented in which it was possible to evaluate the segmentation algorithms and 3D reconstruction technique, allowing to visualize the tumor model from different points of view through virtual reality. In this investigation, we evaluate the computational cost and user experience, the parameters selected in terms of computational cost are the time and consumption of RAM, we used 140 MRI images each with dimensions 260x320 pixel, and as a result, we obtained an approximate time of 37.16s and consumption in RAM of 1.3GB. Another experiment carried out is the segmentation and reconstruction of a tumor, this model is formed by a three-dimensional mesh made up of 151 vertices and 318 faces. Finally, we evaluate the application, with a usability test applied to a sample of 20 people with different areas of knowledge. The results show that the graphics presented by the software are pleasant, they also show that the application is intuitive and easy to use. Additionally, it is mentioned that it helps improve the understanding of medical images.

scholarly journals Key Aspects in 3D Fatigue Crack Closure Numerical Modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio González-Herrera ◽  
Daniel Camas ◽  
J. Garcia-Manrique
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Crack Closure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Fatigue Crack Closure ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Key Aspects

Since long time, fatigue crack closure has been studied by means of finite element models. Initially by bi-dimensional models and recently, due to the higher computational capabilities, the use of three-dimensional models has been extended, providing a wider comprehension of the problem. Starting with the methodology used for 2D cases, a specific methodology for 3D models has been developed. Key parameters affecting the model have been analyzed and recommendations have been established. The numerical accuracy is evaluated in terms of crack closure and opening values. They main issues studied are the material behaviour, the loading cycles and crack growth scheme, the contact simulation, the meshing and the element size at the crack tip and along the thickness, the plastic wake computed and the opening and closure definition considered. This paper summarises the main learning and recommendations from the latest numerical modelling experience of the authors.

Characterization of Hygroscopic Swelling and Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical Design on Electronic Package

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-C. Hsu ◽  
Y.-T. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Moisture Diffusivity ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Moisture Expansion ◽  
Hygroscopic Swelling ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractThis paper discusses a successful experimental procedure to determine the hygroscopic swelling property of polymeric materials used in electronic packaging. Saturated moisture concentration and moisture diffusivity were determined by measuring the weight gain during moisture absorption. Hygromechanical properties, such as the coefficientof moisture expansion (CME), were determined through Thermo-Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) and Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) techniques. Fick's law of transient diffusion is solved by using finite element (FE) analysis to evaluate the overall moisture distributions. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional models based on the FE software ANSYS were developed to predict the thermal-induced strain, hygroscopic swelling deformation, and residual thermohygro-mechanicalstress distributions. Reliability analysis at three JEDEC preconditioning standards 60°C60%RH, 85°C60%RH and 85°C85%RH was carried out. A series of comprehensive parametric studies were conducted in this research.

Plastic replicas as three-dimensional models of pulps

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 544-546
Author(s):  
HL Wakkerman ◽  
GS The ◽  
AJ Spanauf
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models
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