scholarly journals Metonymy in scientific linguistic discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Alla Gabidullina ◽  
Anastasiia Sokolova ◽  
Elena Kolesnichenko ◽  
Marina Zharikova ◽  
Oleh Shlapakov
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Epistemic Situation ◽  
Transitional Phenomena ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transposition Mechanism

The purpose of the article was to show the features of the functioning of different types of metonymy in scientific linguistic discourse, which is understood as a verbalized epistemic situation common to the scientific sphere of communication, taken in the entire totality of linguistic and extralinguistic factors and enshrined in the form of texts (oral and written ones). The article deals with metonymy from the point of view of langue / parole: lexicalized metonymy in langue is a semantic transposition mechanism on contiguity and carries out a terminological nomination; discursive metonymy in parole becomes the result of syntagmatic contiguity of syntactic constructions. Linguistic metonymic terms are grouped by types of knowledge: declarative and procedural ones. The shifts of meaning between the logical terms “object”, “subject”, “general” and “specific”, “abstract” and “concrete”, “form”, “content”, etc., directed towards each other, are observed in metonymic terms of declarative type. Metonymy can reflect the processes due to the causality between adjacent objects. Transitional phenomena between lexicalized (linguistic) and discursive (speech) metonymy reflect those models that contain onyms; they are related to the designation of the subject of knowledge (linguist) and his scientific discovery.

scholarly journals V. On the structure of the gills of the Lamellibranchia

1903 ◽  
Vol 195 (207-213) ◽  
pp. 147-284 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gill Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Treatment ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
The Comparative Study

The comparative study of the gill structure of the Lamellibranchia may be said to date from 1875. Williams, it is true, had in 1854 published two papers on the subject, but owing to the fact that the morphological relations of the gill lamellæ to the gill axis and to other parts of the body were not then understood, and owing to the somewhat wild and fantastic mode of argument affected by this author, they cannot claim to be seriously regarded as the first important contribution to the literature of the subject. The few remarks on the different types of Lamellibranch gills made by Leuckart in 1848 (p. 113), Hancock in 1853 (p. 290), and Duvernoy in 1854 (p. 37) are of interest only from an historical point of view, and do not come within the range of the modern treatment of the subject; and the excellent figures and remarks on gill structure made by Deshayes in 1844-1848 cannot claim to be considered in the present connection, being purely descriptive and not comparative. It was Posner who first attempted a systematic investigation of the subject, and in his memoir of 1875 he discussed, not very astutely, the minute structure of the gills of Anodonta and eleven other genera of bivalve Mollusca. Some fifteen months later Peck, who in 1875, independently of Posner’s work, had commenced a similar investigation, published his important observations on the gills of Area, Mytilus, Dreissensia and Anodonta . It was this paper which first placed the comparative study of the gills upon a sound basis. The investigation was conducted in the laboratory of Professor Ray Lankester and under his direction, and the working hypothesis around which the paper was written, and which has stood the test of time ever since, was, as the author explains, supplied by Professor Lankester. An adequate terminology was propounded for the grosser and finer parts of the gill, and this terminology remains in general use at the present day.

scholarly journals El epistemotexto literario

Çédille ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 29-56
Author(s):  
Jesús Camarero ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Text ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Knowledge Based System ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Epistemological Perspective ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Different Types

From the point of view of Epistemocriticism, a literary text is considered to be at a crossroads where different types of knowledge combine in a transverse dynamics (transknowledge). Such definition refers to the concept of «epistemotext», and extends to the field of literary fictionality (epistemofiction), a knowledge-based system from an epistemological perspective.

scholarly journals Kantian Philosophy and ‘Linguistic Kantianism’

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Intellectual Milieu ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Determinism ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

The expression “linguistic Kantianism” is widely used to refer to ideas about thought and cognition being determined by language — a conception characteristic of 20th century analytic philosophy. In this article, I conduct a comparative analysis of Kant’s philosophy and views falling under the umbrella expression “linguistic Kantianism.” First, I show that “linguistic Kantianism” usually presupposes a relativistic conception that is alien to Kant’s philosophy (although Kant’s philosophy itself may be perceived as relativistic from a certain point of view). Second, I analyse Kant’s treatment of linguistic determinism and the place of his ideas in the 18th century intellectual milieu and provide an overview of relevant contemporary literature. Third, I show that authentic Kantianism and “linguistic Kantianism” belong to two different types of transcendentalism, to which I respectively refer as the “transcendentalism of the subject” and the “transcendentalism of the medium.” The transcendentalism of the subject assigns a central role to the faculties of the cognising subject (according to Kant, cognition is not the conforming of a subject’s intuitions and understanding to objects, but rather the application of a subject’s cognitive faculties to them). The transcendentalism of the medium assigns the role of an “active” element neither to the external world nor to the faculties of the cognising subject, but to something in between — language, in the case of “linguistic Kantianism.” I conclude that the expression “linguistic Kantianism” can be misleading when it comes to the origins of this theory. It would be more appropriate to refer to this theory by the expression “linguistic transcendentalism,” thus avoiding an incorrect reference to Kant.

Advice Not Safely Ignored: Professional Authority and the Strength of Legitimate Complexity

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852199402
Author(s):  
Gitte Sommer Harrits ◽  
Lars Thorup Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Expertise ◽  
Professional Advice ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Professional Authority ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

It is widely debated how ordinary citizens understand and use different types of knowledge and whether the authority of professional expertise is challenged by the spread of information. These debates underline that we know too little about how professional expertise is understood from the citizens’ point of view and how citizens decide whether or not to accept various types of expertise as authoritative. This article investigates professional authority understood as lay citizens’ willingness to follow certain types of professional advice. We argue that variation in professional authority can be explained by citizens’ evaluations of professional expertise and whether they perceive the tasks and problems addressed by professionals as having ‘legitimate complexity’. The analysis uses survey data from two countries, including vignettes on following advice in concrete everyday situations. We find legitimate complexity to be a strong predictor of professional authority although social status also plays a role.

scholarly journals Vocational training and sexual assault against women: challenges for graduation in nursing

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Alanny Rocha Aguiar ◽  
Raimunda Magalhães da Silva ◽  
Indara Cavalcante Bezerra ◽  
Luiza Jane Eyre de Souza Vieira ◽  
Ludmila Fontenele Cavalcanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Professional Performance ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Learning Scenarios ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Teaching Learning

Abstract Objectives: To understand the meanings of sexual assault against women in the point of view of students, professors and university managers of undergraduate nursing; and to understand how the contents on this subject are approached in undergraduate courses in Nursing in Higher Education Institutions. Method: A qualitative study, with data collection from March to November 2018, through interviews with ten students, ten teachers and seven managers from two private institutions. Data was treated by the modality of thematic content, with a theoretical-analytical reference of 'gender violence' and 'rape culture'. Results: The topic is approached in a fragmented way in different academic contexts, which leads to the reflection of the topic in the training of nurses, extending to their professional performance. Conclusion and implications for practice: The possibilities of incorporating the subject in the teaching-learning scenarios and practices converge to approach the content about the different types of violence in the undergraduate subjects, with educational actions with the population, potentializing the deconstruction of the culture of female subordination. In addition, the study is aligned with the appropriate time in which the reorientation of the curricular guidelines for the health courses is discussed.

scholarly journals ОЛИМПИАДА – РЕСУРС ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kseniya Lebedeva ◽  
Olesya Rybina
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Personal Significance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Is Development

Рассматриваются вопросы организации профессиональной подготовки студентов педагогических направлений с точки зрения использования такого ресурса, как олимпиады. Авторы обращают внимание на существенные признаки предметных и методических олимпиад, выделяемые российскими и зарубежными исследователями. Среди них можно назвать комплексность, практикоориентированность, личную значимость для обучающегося. По результатам проведенного исследования (онлайн-опрос, анализ студенческих текстов) сделаны выводы о необходимости проведения олимпиад разного вида в процессе подготовки будущих педагогов.The article considers the problem of professional training of students in pedagogical areas from the point of view of using such a resource as Olympiads. The authors pay attention to the essential features of the subject and methodological Olympiads identified by Russian and foreign researchers. Among them, the authors define such as complexity, practical orientation, and personal significance for the student. The complexity includes theoretical, practical, and methodological material in the Olympiad tasks. The practice orientation focuses on developing specific forms of interaction with students, lesson notes. The personal significance for students is development of educational independence. Based on the results of the conducted research (online survey, analysis of student texts), conclusions are made about the need to hold. Conclusions are drawn about efficiency of the different types of Olympiads in the process of training future teachers. The researchers think that participation of students in the Olympiad takes on a new meaning in their professional training, acting not only as a means of evaluating the acquired knowledge, skills, but also as a resource for developing their subject-methodical competencies and educational actions. The article is of interest to teachers of colleges and higher educational institutions and also students of pedagogical specialties.

scholarly journals Elli Björkstén - genusordning förnyare eller förvaltare?

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Lundquist Wanneberg
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
School System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Strength Determination ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Training Exercises

En skildring af gymnastikpædagogen Elli Björksténs perspektiver på og udvikling af idrætten omkring første halvdel af 1900-tallet med særligt fokus på Björksténs gymnastikforms indflydelse på kvinden som køn.Pia Lundquist Wanneberg: Elli Björkstén – an innovator or administer of the gender order?From a gender point of view a reformation of the Swedish Ling gymnastics took place during the beginning of the 20th Century: a division into a female and a male form of physical education. Originator was the Finnish gymnastic teacher Elli Björkstén and her reforming had consequences for the education in Swedish schools. Up until puberty, girls and boys could do gymnastics and sport together as well as do the same things, but after that the boys were guided towards exercises that worked on strength, determination and performance, and girls towards aesthetic exercises, which developed agility, flexibility and grace. From a fairly asexual environment, the dividing lines became more rigid at the time of puberty. What warranted the distinction was the first sight of the pubescent girl, who was physically weak: a weakness that was due to reproduction. Consequently, the physical education of girls and boys revealed important differences. Whilst the girls’ gymnastic lessons gave a lot of scope to rhythmic movements, such as singing- and dancing games, as well as exercises that demanded, for instance, agility, the boys’ lessons comprised, to the same extent, of endurance- and strength training exercises in the form of, for instance, apparatus gymnastics and running. The distinction within sport, however, lessened with the growing physiologisation of the subject. In his studies, Per- Olof Åstrand had shown that pubescent girls were not weaker that pubescent girls were not weaker than the boys. In the gymnastics section, however, this distinction remained until 1980. Girls and boys were still to be raised into two different types: one, supple and graceful and the other, strong with stamina. From a gender point of view, the individualisation of the school system did not entail any change. In school, the pupils were still regarded as two genders, not as people or individuals.

scholarly journals How Can We Know When Language Models Know? On the Calibration of Language Models for Question Answering

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 962-977
Author(s):  
Zhengbao Jiang ◽  
Jun Araki ◽  
Haibo Ding ◽  
Graham Neubig
Keyword(s):  
Question Answering ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Language Models ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Made In

Abstract Recent works have shown that language models (LM) capture different types of knowledge regarding facts or common sense. However, because no model is perfect, they still fail to provide appropriate answers in many cases. In this paper, we ask the question, “How can we know when language models know, with confidence, the answer to a particular query?” We examine this question from the point of view of calibration, the property of a probabilistic model’s predicted probabilities actually being well correlated with the probabilities of correctness. We examine three strong generative models—T5, BART, and GPT-2—and study whether their probabilities on QA tasks are well calibrated, finding the answer is a relatively emphatic no. We then examine methods to calibrate such models to make their confidence scores correlate better with the likelihood of correctness through fine-tuning, post-hoc probability modification, or adjustment of the predicted outputs or inputs. Experiments on a diverse range of datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods. We also perform analysis to study the strengths and limitations of these methods, shedding light on further improvements that may be made in methods for calibrating LMs. We have released the code at https://github.com/jzbjyb/lm-calibration.

scholarly journals Point of View and the Modalities of Narrative

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Darin Tenev
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper I will envisage the relationship between narrative modalities and point of view with the help of the narratological theory of Christo Todorov, who is a representative of the Bulgarian Guillaumist school. First, I will point to the multimodality of narrative modal logic with its combination of different types of modal categories (alethic, deontic, volitive, etc.). Then I will introduce Christo Todorov’s distinction between modal and transmodal categories, according to which modality (ability, desire, obligation) is what characterises the actions and transmodality (perception, emotion, intellection) is what characterises the subject of action. Along with Todorov I will claim that there are both modal and transmodal points of view, but unlike him I will define the point of view based not on the subject-image but on the directedness it introduces. My point will be that there is a double direction of the point of view: on the one hand, the direction of the subject to the object, and, on the other, the direction from one modality to another. This double direction, I will argue, is at the very basis of narrative logic, or of what I would call the ‘narrative potentiality.’

Point and planar defects in the iron sulfide compounds Fe1-xS

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Thao A. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Planar Defects ◽  
Selective Area ◽  
Vacancy Ordering ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Beam Lattice

It is well known that the large deviations from stoichiometry in iron sulfide compounds, Fe1-xS (0≤x≤0.125), are accommodated by iron vacancies which order and form superstructures at low temperatures. Although the ordering of the iron vacancies has been well established, the modes of vacancy ordering, hence superstructures, as a function of composition and temperature are still the subject of much controversy. This investigation gives direct evidence from many-beam lattice images of Fe1-xS that the 4C superstructure transforms into the 3C superstructure (Fig. 1) rather than the MC phase as previously suggested. Also observed are an intrinsic stacking fault in the sulfur sublattice and two different types of vacancy-ordering antiphase boundaries. Evidence from selective area optical diffractograms suggests that these planar defects complicate the diffraction pattern greatly.

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