Inactivation of Bacillus Spores in Wash Waters Using Dilute Chlorine Bleach Solutions at Different Temperatures and pH Levels

Bacillus anthracis spores are highly resistant to disinfection. The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution for the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii spores (a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) in wash down wastewater was evaluated by a series of bench-scale and pilot-scale experiments. The wastewater was generated from a simulated decontamination of interior laboratory surfaces and personal protective equipment. A concentration of approximately 5% (v/v) bleach solution was adequate for a ≥7 log10inactivation of Bacillus spores spiked in wastewater after 10 min of contact time at room temperature. This sodium hypochlorite dose is less than the U.S. National Response Team-recommended formulation of 10% (v/v) bleach solution with 10% (v/v) vinegar. For the wash down waters evaluated, the addition of vinegar was not required. Inactivation of Bacillus spores was faster when a detergent was added to the wash down waters tested.

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Food Spoilage by Bacilli: Combined Effects of pH, aw and Storage Temperature on Spore Germination and Growth in Cultural Broth Added with Solutes and Organic Acids

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i330227 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Barbara Franceschini ◽

Maria Paola Previdi ◽

Irene Schianchi

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sodium Chloride ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Organoleptic Characteristics ◽

Effects Of Ph ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Combined Action ◽

Bacillus Spores ◽

Favorable Conditions

Aims: The control of Bacillus spores plays an important role in quality assurance and safety of processed foods. Their growth can be avoided by either sterilization or pasteurization in combination with a lowering of pH (≤ 4.6) or water activity (aw < 0.90) or with the combined action of both parameters (spore germination inhibition). In some food products, the reduction of pH to values lower than 4.6 or a thermal treatment of sterilization can lead to nutritional and organoleptic changes, that are not always satisfactory for the consumer. The aim of this work was to produce data for a range of spoilage bacilli at a variety of pH and aw values and to monitor the potential outgrowth of these spores when stored at different temperatures. This study focused on the influence of the type of acid or solute used. Place and Duration of Study: Quality, Safety and Pre-Industrialization Area, Stazione Sperimentale per l’Industria delle Conserve Alimentari-SSICA, Parma, Italy between March 2018 and November 2019. Methodology: B. sublitilis, B. licheniformis, B. cereus spore’s growth was studied in broth under the following conditions: aw (0.90 to 0.93), temperature (6, 12 and 30°C) and pH (4.9 to 5.5). Selected water activities were reached by the addition of appropriate amount of sodium chloride, sucrose or glycerol; pH was adjusted to various values with lactic acid, acetic acid or citric acid. Results: A combination of aw 0.92, with glycerol or sodium chloride and pH 5.1 inhibits the germination of all strains spores. B. subtilis was the species able to grow in the less favorable conditions. Acetic acid proved the strongest antimicrobial action; sodium chloride resulted more effective in inhibiting growth when used in combination with acids tested. Conclusion: The results achieved can be useful for the food industry, identifying the conditions that could preserve the product by means of a less drastic heat treatment preserving as much as possible the natural organoleptic characteristics.

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Observations oh Nucleation and Growth of Voids in Nickel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069065 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 414-415

Author(s):

J. L. Brimhall ◽

H. E. Kissinger ◽

B. Mastel

Keyword(s):

High Purity ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Early Growth ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Pure Nickel ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Total Fluence ◽

Neutron Exposure ◽

Growth Of Voids

Some information on the size and density of voids that develop in several high purity metals and alloys during irradiation with neutrons at elevated temperatures has been reported as a function of irradiation parameters. An area of particular interest is the nucleation and early growth stage of voids. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the microstructure in high purity nickel after irradiation to a very low but constant neutron exposure at three different temperatures.Annealed specimens of 99-997% pure nickel in the form of foils 75μ thick were irradiated in a capsule to a total fluence of 2.2 × 1019 n/cm2 (E > 1.0 MeV). The capsule consisted of three temperature zones maintained by heaters and monitored by thermocouples at 350, 400, and 450°C, respectively. The temperature was automatically dropped to 60°C while the reactor was down.

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The structure of membranes and membrane proteins embedded in amorphous ice

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100122563 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 432-433

Author(s):

Uwe Lücken ◽

Joachim Jäger

Keyword(s):

Phase Transition ◽

Transition Temperature ◽

Membrane Proteins ◽

Phase Transition Temperature ◽

Lipid Vesicles ◽

Freezing Stress ◽

Amorphous Ice ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Band Pass ◽

Lipid Polymorphism

TEM imaging of frozen-hydrated lipid vesicles has been done by several groups Thermotrophic and lyotrophic polymorphism has been reported. By using image processing, computer simulation and tilt experiments, we tried to learn about the influence of freezing-stress and defocus artifacts on the lipid polymorphism and fine structure of the bilayer profile. We show integrated membrane proteins do modulate the bilayer structure and the morphology of the vesicles.Phase transitions of DMPC vesicles were visualized after freezing under equilibrium conditions at different temperatures in a controlled-environment vitrification system. Below the main phase transition temperature of 24°C (Fig. 1), vesicles show a facetted appearance due to the quasicrystalline areas. A gradual increase in temperature leads to melting processes with different morphology in the bilayer profile. Far above the phase transition temperature the bilayer profile is still present. In the band-pass-filtered images (Fig. 2) no significant change in the width of the bilayer profile is visible.

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Microstructure of sputter deposited Ni-Sb ohmic contacts on GaAs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100154226 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

S. Yegnasubramanian ◽

V.C. Kannan ◽

R. Dutto ◽

P.J. Sakach

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Ohmic Contacts ◽

Surface Defects ◽

Pure Metal ◽

Device Fabrication ◽

Native Oxide ◽

Metal Thin Films ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Sputter Deposited

Recent developments in the fabrication of high performance GaAs devices impose crucial requirements of low resistance ohmic contacts with excellent contact properties such as, thermal stability, contact resistivity, contact depth, Schottky barrier height etc. The nature of the interface plays an important role in the stability of the contacts due to problems associated with interdiffusion and compound formation at the interface during device fabrication. Contacts of pure metal thin films on GaAs are not desirable due to the presence of the native oxide and surface defects at the interface. Nickel has been used as a contact metal on GaAs and has been found to be reactive at low temperatures. Formation Of Ni2 GaAs at 200 - 350C is reported and is found to grow epitaxially on (001) and on (111) GaAs, but is shown to be unstable at 450C. This paper reports the investigations carried out to understand the microstructure, nature of the interface and composition of sputter deposited and annealed (at different temperatures) Ni-Sb ohmic contacts on GaAs by TEM. Attempts were made to correlate the electrical properties of the films such as the sheet resistance and contact resistance, with the microstructure. The observations are corroborated by Scanning Auger Microprobe (SAM) investigations.

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Comparative Labelling and Biokinetic Studies of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn)

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1620603 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 16 (01) ◽

pp. 30-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Agha ◽

R. B. R. Persson

Keyword(s):

Complex Formation ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Ph Value ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Reduction Step ◽

Labelling Yield ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Kinetics Of

SummaryGelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTcchelate and reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc in preparations of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The labelling yield of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) chelate was as high as 90—95% when 100 μmol EDTA · H4 and 0.5 (Amol SnCl2 was incubated with 10 ml 99mTceluate for 30—60 min at room temperature. The study of the influence of the pH-value on the fraction of 99mTc-EDTA shows that pH 2.8—2.9 gave the best labelling yield. In a comparative study of the labelling kinetics of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc- DTPA(Sn) at different temperatures (7, 22 and 37°C), no significant influence on the reduction step was found. The rate constant for complex formation, however, increased more rapidly with increased temperature for 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). At room temperature only a few minutes was required to achieve a high labelling yield with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) whereas about 60 min was required for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn). Comparative biokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the maximum activity in kidneys is achieved after 12 min with 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) but already after 6 min with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The long-term disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) from the kidneys is about five times faster than that for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn).

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Quantitative Assessment of Soluble Fibrin in Plasma by Affinity Chromatography – A Comparative Study with desAA-Fibrin, desAABB-Fibrin and Fibrinogen

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657891 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (02) ◽

pp. 533-538 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wilfried Thiel ◽

Ulrich Delvos ◽

Gert Müller-Berghaus

Keyword(s):

Affinity Chromatography ◽

Calcium Ions ◽

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Fluid Phase ◽

Soluble Fibrin ◽

Binding Characteristics ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Immobilized Proteins ◽

Sepharose 4B

SummaryA quantitative determination of soluble fibrin in plasma was carried out by affinity chromatography. For this purpose, desAA-fibrin and fibrinogen immobilized on Sepharose 4B were used at the stationary side whereas batroxobin-induced 125I-desAA-fibrin or thrombin-induced 125I-desAABB-fibrin mixed with plasma containing 131I-fibrinogen represented the fluid phase. The binding characteristics of these mixtures to the immobilized proteins were compared at 20° C and 37° C. Complete binding of both types of fibrin to the immobilized desAA-fibrin was always seen at 20° C as well as at 37° C. However, binding of soluble fibrin was accompanied by substantial binding of fibrinogen that was more pronounced at 20° C. Striking differences depending on the temperature at which the affinity chromatography was carried out, were documented for the fibrinogen-fibrin interaction. At 20° C more than 90% of the applied desAA-fibrin was bound to the immobilized fibrinogen whereas at 37° C only a mean of 17% were retained at the fibrinogen-Sepharose column. An opposite finding with regard to the tested temperature was made with the desAABB-fibrin. Nearly complete binding to insolubilized fibrinogen was found at 37° C (95%) but only 58% of the desAABB-fibrin were bound at 20° C. The binding patterns did not change when the experiments were performed in the presence of calcium ions. The opposite behaviour of the two types of soluble fibrin to immobilized fibrinogen at the different temperatures, together with the substantial binding of fibrinogen in the presence of soluble fibrin to insolubilized fibrin in every setting tested, devaluates affinity chromatography as a tool in the quantitative assessment of soluble fibrin in patients’ plasma.

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106. Efficacy of Chlorine Bleach in Killing and Blocking Allergic Reactions to Mold on Contaminated Building Materials

10.3320/1.2758451 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

J. Martyny ◽

K. Pacheco ◽

R. Harbeck ◽

E. Barker ◽

M. Sills ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Allergic Reactions ◽

Chlorine Bleach

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Heat wave effects on biomass and vegetative growth of macrophytes after long-term adaptation to different temperatures: a mesocosm study

Climate Research ◽

10.3354/cr01352 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 265-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Y Cao ◽

ÉM Neif ◽

W Li ◽

J Coppens ◽

N Filiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Wave ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Wave Effects ◽

Different Temperatures

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Effect Of Elevated Temperatures On Complete Concrete Deformation Diagrams

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2019.11.09-14 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 9-14

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Peak Load ◽

Relative Deformation ◽

Deformation Characteristics ◽

Compression Tests ◽

Strain Behavior ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Deformation Diagrams

The analysis of the previous results of the study on concrete stress-strain behavior at elevated temperatures has been carried out. Based on the analysis, the main reasons for strength retrogression and elastic modulus reduction of concrete have been identified. Despite a significant amount of research in this area, there is a large spread in experimental data received, both as a result of compression and tension. In addition, the deformation characteristics of concrete are insufficiently studied: the coefficient of transverse deformation, the limiting relative compression deformation corresponding to the peak load and the almost complete absence of studies of complete deformation diagrams at elevated temperatures. The two testing chambers provided creating the necessary temperature conditions for conducting studies under bending compression and tension have been developed. On the basis of the obtained experimental data of physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete at different temperatures under conditions of axial compression and tensile bending, conclusions about the nature of changes in strength and deformation characteristics have been drawn. Compression tests conducted following the method of concrete deformation complete curves provided obtaining diagrams not only at normal temperature, but also at elevated temperature. Based on the experimental results, dependences of changes in prism strength and elastic modulus as well as an equation for determining the relative deformation and stresses at elevated temperatures at all stages of concrete deterioration have been suggested.

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