An Historical Sketch of the American Population Control Movement

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Mass
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World Population ◽  
Present System ◽  
American Population ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Population Establishment

This paper critically examines the fundamental premises and historical background of the American population control movement and shows how the theories of Thomas Malthus became interwoven with those of the eugenics movement during the first four decades of this century. After World War II, the concern of eugenicists with “race betterment” and with halting multiplication of the “unfit” was replaced by claims that the world was gravely menaced by a “population explosion.” This thematic shift was consistent with the economic and political aims of American financiers and industrialists after 1945, and many of them, as indicated in this paper, became leading figures of the Population Establishment. The author has proceeded with the belief that a rationally planned economy based upon collective ownership of wealth by the working class can furnish goods and services in abundance, while eradicating unemployment, starvation, and oppression. An end to economic exploitation would greatly expand health care facilities and educational opportunities, and demographic problems could be studied and solved within the context of constructing a society that served, rather than pillaged, its members. Today, the goal of intelligent planning of births, at both the family level and the collective level, is blocked by the continuing existence of capitalism. For that reason, exposition of scientific alternatives to present-day world population control plans is preceded by the urgent task of analyzing the complex interplay between those plans and the present system of exploitation and oppression. In her conclusion, the author briefly reappraises the theories of Malthus, which have consistently shaped the decisions made by the Population Establishment. Like Malthus' assertions at the dawn of the industrial era, contemporary neo-Malthusian pronouncements ultimately rest upon assumptions that economic and social irrationalities are invincible and eternal. As the author indicates, neither capitalist society nor plans of action that seek to prolong its existence can offer solutions for today's pressing problems of famine and impoverishment.

Detonating the Population Bomb

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-192
Author(s):  
Emily Klancher Merchant
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
National Security ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Population Establishment ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Global Population

Chapter 6 documents the fragmentation of what had previously been a consensus regarding global population growth at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, resulting in the emergence of two separate factions. The population establishment continued to promote the position of the erstwhile consensus, which held that rapid population growth in developing countries was a barrier to economic development and could be adequately slowed through voluntary family planning programs. The population bombers contended that population growth anywhere in the world posed an immediate existential threat to the natural environment and American national security and needed to be halted through population control measures that demographers had previously rejected as coercive. These two positions went head-to-head at the UN World Population Conference in 1974, where both were rejected by leaders of developing countries.

2. Historical background

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhona K. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
International Human

This chapter provides an historical sketch of international human rights. It considers the divergent views as to the origins of human rights, and suggests that human rights represent the modern interpretation and an expansion of the traditional concept of the rule of law. The chapter discusses the law of aliens; diplomatic laws; the laws of war; slavery; minority rights; the establishment of the International Labour Organization; and human rights protection after World War II.

Council of Foreign Ministers

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-539
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Foreign Ministers

On April 26 the Council of Foreign Ministers' deputies resumed negotiations on the Austrian treaty in London; no progress was made, however, and the meeting was adjourned to allow further time for direct negotiations between the Soviet Union and Austria on Austrian payment for Soviet goods and services received since the end of World War II.

America's Neglected Veterans: 1.7 Million Who Served Have No Health Coverage

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffie Woolhandler ◽  
David U. Himmelstein ◽  
Ronald Distajo ◽  
Karen E. Lasser ◽  
Danny McCormick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Military Veterans ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Veterans Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Vietnam Era

Many U.S. military veterans lack health insurance and are ineligible for care in Veterans Administration health care facilities. Using two recently released national government surveys—the 2004 Current Population Survey and the 2002 National Health Interview Survey—the authors examined how many veterans are uninsured (lacking health insurance coverage and not receiving care from the VA) and whether uninsured veterans have problems in access to care. In 2003, 1.69 million military veterans neither had health insurance nor received ongoing care at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals or clinics; the number of uninsured veterans increased by 235,159 since 2000. The proportion of nonelderly veterans who were uninsured rose from 9.9 percent in 2000 to 11.9 percent in 2003. An additional 3.90 million members of veterans' households were also uninsured and ineligible for VHA care. Medicare covered virtually all Korean War and World War II veterans, but 681,808 Vietnam-era veterans were uninsured (8.7 percent of the 7.85 million Vietnam-era vets). Among the 8.27 million veterans who served during “other eras” (including the Persian Gulf War), 12.1 percent (999,548) lacked health coverage. A disturbingly high number of veterans reported problems in obtaining needed medical care. By almost any measure, uninsured veterans had as much trouble getting medical care as other uninsured persons. Thus millions of U.S. veterans and their family members are uninsured and face grave difficulties in gaining access to even the most basic medical care.

World Population: Control or Crisis?

Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 163 (3869) ◽  
pp. 763-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sax
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
World Population

Evolution and Performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
L. B. Singhal
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World War ◽  
Export Processing Zone ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Free Trade Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Processing Zone

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as a specially delineated duty free enclave for trade operations. This area is reckoned as a foreign territory for the purpose of duties and tariffs. Movement of goods/services between SEZ and Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) is treated as exports and imports. SEZ units can be set up for export of goods and services including trading. Establishment of EPZs/SEZs is essentially a post World War-II syndrome when import substitution was gradually discarded to adopt export led growth – opened up/free trade policy. Rationale for setting up EPZs/SEZs emanates from natural endowments and other resources of different countries. The developing countries have plenty of cheep labour but they lack in export related infrastructure, technology and even access to their products in overseas markets. The first example of EPZ – Shannon Export Processing Zone – designed to liberalize trade/FDI debuted in Ireland during 1956. First FTZ in India was set up at Kandla in 1965. Then came the establishment of EPZs at SEEPZ (1974), Cochin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Falta, Noida and Surat. As a part of its Export & Import Policy, the Government of India had announced setting up of SEZs in April 2000. The Government of India has enacted SEZ Act, 2005 in June 2005. At present, 14 SEZs are operating and approvals have been given for establishment of 64 more such enclaves. The paper attempts to throw light on the major issues involving evolution and performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs.

Not Better Lives, Just Fewer People: The Ideology of Population Control

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Park
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Population Control ◽  
World Population ◽  
Care Field ◽  
Government Involvement ◽  
Development Alternatives ◽  
Economic Development Strategies

At a time of increasing government involvement in and popular support for limitation of the world's population, a critique is made of population control. The socioeconomic basis of desirable family size for the world's working peoples is reviewed and the intent of population programs is described. Underlying assumptions and choices of world population planners, as reflected in economic development strategies and political power, are outlined. “Overpopulation” is interpreted as a consequence, not a cause, of problems which themselves must be attacked in spite of entrenched elites who seek to secure the current order. The damaging role of population propaganda and the importance of eliminating sexist and racist ideas, in a program for basic development alternatives, are emphasized. Specific actions are proposed in the health care field.

Funding of contraceptive research

1976 ◽  
Vol 195 (1118) ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Government Support ◽  
World Population ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Improved Methods

This paper presents data on financial support of the reproductive sciences and contraceptive development assembled in the course of a two-year review of research funding by an international group of scientists and scientific administrators. Until the mid-1960s, research in reproduction was supported primarily by university budgets, philanthropic funds, and pharmaceutical firms. This research received only an insignificant share of the government support of biomedical research which grew rapidly following World War II. Establishment in the U. S. of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1963 ushered in a decade of rapid growth of government funding for the field. Expressed in terms of constant dollars (1970 = 100), total world support from all sources reached a peak of $100 million in 1972 and 1973 and declined in 1974 and 1975. Over the past decade, governments have become the major source of support for the field, as the proportion contributed by private foundations and pharmaceutical firms has declined. While the major impetus for recent support of the reproductive sciences has stemmed from concern with world population growth, and hence is part of an effort to find improved methods of fertility control, fundamental research has received nearly 60% of the funding throughout the past decade while applied contraceptive research has received about 30 %. As pharmaceutical firm expenditures have become a smaller proportion of the total funds involved in contraceptive development, they have been supplemented by missionoriented programmes in the public sector devoted to this effort.

scholarly journals Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast as a tourism resource

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-511
Author(s):  
Myroslava I. Haba ◽  
Nataliia I. Dnistrianska ◽  
Halyna Ya. Ilnytska-Hykavchuk ◽  
Oksana P. Makar ◽  
Mariana I. Senkiv
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Tourism Resource ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Information Materials ◽  
Private Investors

The article describes the theoretical and methodical foundations of the study of the Jewish cultural heritage as a modern tourism resource. It turned out that in both foreign and domestic literature studies are not enough. The historical background of the formation of the cultural heritage of the Jewish ethnic group in the territory of the modern Lviv Oblast, which for many centuries has been the center of Jewish life, is considered. The dynamics of the ethnical composition of the population of the Lviv Oblast in 19312001 is studied and a significant reduction in the share of the Jewish community is found. The dynamics of the share of the Jewish population in urban settlements of the Lviv Oblast is studied, and it is found that it sharply decreased after the events of the World War II, primarily as a result of the Holocaust. A map of the share of the Jewish population in the urban settlements of the Oblast in 1939 is developed. The existing objects of Jewish cultural heritage (in particular, synagogues and cemeteries) in Lviv and other cities of the Lviv Oblast are characterized, and a map of these objects is developed. The main centers of Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: Lviv, Brody, Busk, Zhovkva, Rava-Ruska, Uhniv, Velyki Mosty, Sokal, Belz, Stryi, Drohobych, Staryi Sambir, Turka. It found that the main problems of the Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: neglected state of the objects, insufficient funding for the rehabilitation and restoration of these objects, the absence of tourist routes involving these objects, etc. The tourist route “By places of the Jewish sacred heritage of the Lviv Oblast” is developed and a map of this route is created. Measures for the restoration and popularization of Jewish cultural heritage of the Oblast are identified: allocation of budgetary funds, attraction of private investors, international organizations and Jewish communities; development of new tourist routes; determination of places by information stands; publication of information materials about objects; organization of international conferences, round tables, festivals; training of guides on the topic of Jewish cultural heritage, etc.

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