The Role of Gateway Drugs and Psychosocial Factors in Substance Dependence in Eastern India

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahoo Saddichha ◽  
Baxi Neeraj Prasad Sinha ◽  
C. R. J. Khess
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Addiction Psychiatry ◽  
Initiation Factors ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Gateway Drugs

Objective: Western studies have identified the gateway patterns of substance use which lead the way from the so called “Soft Drugs” (like nicotine, etc.) to the “Hard Drugs” (like Opioids) [the Gateway hypothesis]. Nicotine and alcohol have been implicated as the most common initiating drugs in studies from different places, however, studies are lacking from this region. This study was designed to find the drugs of initiation and to understand the factors for initiation, maintenance, and relapse of these substances in persons dependent on them in Eastern India. Method: Seventy subjects with ICD 10 DCR diagnosis of substance dependence admitted consecutively in Center for Addiction Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry (CIP), Ranchi, were taken up for the study after taking written informed consent. A semi-structured questionnaire including the substance use part of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI) was administered. Results: Alcohol and opioids were the most common drugs of dependence but nicotine and alcohol were found to be the most common initiating drugs in both alcohol and opioid groups. Persons dependent on opioids presented earlier for treatment, with earlier development of withdrawal symptoms and having completed lesser years of formal education, and had higher monthly incomes as compared to those dependent on alcohol. The most common psychosocial factors determining initiation and maintenance were peer pressure or curiosity. Conclusions: If adolescents and youth can be motivated to stay away even from the “gateway drugs” by targeting common initiation factors, it may lead to delay in dependence or possibly avoidance of development of dependence.

scholarly journals Socio-Demographic Profile Of Psychoactive Substance Users Attending a Centre For Mental Health, Rupandehi

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
M. Dhungana ◽  
M. Thapa ◽  
D. Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Substance Users ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Substance Disorder

Introduction: Psychoactive substance use is known since the origin of mankind and has been global problem that is influenced by social, economic, political and psychosocial factors. The menace of psychoactive substance abuse is that it is not only a socially unacceptable reality but in itself a disorder and is emerging as a major public health burden. Material and Method: A descriptive study was carried out with the view to find out the prevalence of psychoactive substance disorder in de-addiction unit at Centre for Mental Health (Chautari Nepal Health Foundation) in Rupandehi district of province-5, Nepal. All patients who were admitted during the study period with psychoactive substance use Disorder were interviewed by using semi structured performa for addiction. Total 387 patients with psychoactive substance dependence (according ICD-10) were enrolled in the study after providing written informed consent. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software version 16. Results: Among 387 psychoactive substance users, majority of them (34.1%) were in the age group 35 years and above, 57.1% were belonged to Brahmin/ Chhetri ethnic group. Greater proportion 44.4% of psychoactive substance abuser had started taking the drugs between the age of 16-20 years of age. Alcohol was most commonly used psychoactive substance as 47.5% were dependent to alcohol. Conclusion: Based on the study findings, it is concluded that addiction is a global burden. Youth is a vulnerable group. Therefore, special attention, Psycho education related to psychoactive substance should be started before adolescent.

scholarly journals Sociological and Psychological Factors on Prohibited Substances Abuse in Rehabilitation Centre of Medan City, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 4137-4142
Author(s):  
Vita Camellia ◽  
Fasihah Irfani Fitri ◽  
Muhammad Surya Husada ◽  
Dudy Aldiansyah ◽  
Muhammad Ichwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intensive Intervention ◽  
Substance Disorders ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Substance Involvement

INTRODUCTION: Prohibited substances issue and their abuse have become a scourge for people in Indonesia. This situation creates concern for every level of society since this is very influential to damage and can even eliminate generations at a later time. AIM: This study aims to determine the characteristics of age, education, psychological and social problems related to substance dependence experienced by individuals with substance disorders who undergo rehabilitation in Medan, Indonesia. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analytic, in which the sample of this study was individuals who underwent rehabilitation in the Rehabilitation Center in Medan City who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured interview was carried out with the MINI ICD-10 on part M. disorders related to psychoactive substances. Furthermore, to see the level of dependence, WHO ASSIST questionnaire (The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) was used. RESULTS: This study discovered that subjects with age above 21 years were the most dominant of the prohibited substance users group as many as 87 people (69%), Batak tribe with 73 people (57.9%), residence originating from outside the city with 70 people (55.6%), Unmarried with 87 people (70.2%), education level is medium (junior high school) with 117 people (92.9%) and work as many as 77 people (61.1%). The study also found that the most dominant number of prohibited substances users were single users of methamphetamine and a combination of two substances, each of which was 49 people (38.9%). There is no relationship between social factors and patterns of prohibited substance use. Also, the most dominant users of prohibited substances who undergo rehabilitation are those based on family and police (involuntary admission). Finally, as many as 70 people used methamphetamine require intensive intervention. CONCLUSION: This study shows that social and demographic factors are not related to the pattern of prohibited substance use.

Epidemiological profile of drug users in Tunisia

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S308-S308
Author(s):  
R. Sellami ◽  
N. Messedi ◽  
I. Feki ◽  
D. Trigui ◽  
A. Zahaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

IntroductionChanging cultural values and increasing economic stress are leading to initiation into substance use. Despite religious and legal constraints on Muslims against the consumption of drugs, drug addiction is a widespread problem and is destroying the lives of many individuals and families, in Tunisia.ObjectivesTo examine the socio-demographic characteristics of Tunisian addicts and to identify the drugs commonly used.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study, which included 200 patients at the addiction treatment center “Aide et Ecoute” in Sfax (Tunisia). The survey was conducted during the month of January to September 2014.ResultsOnly males were found to get treatment in the addiction center for various addictions. The mean age was 33.32 years and the mean age for starting substance use was 17.30 years. More than half (65.9%) were not married and 59.5% had involvement with criminal justice. Substance dependence was commonly seen in poor and middle socioeconomic class. The most common substance used was buprenorphine (34.8%). There was a significant relation between buprenorphine consumption and immigration (P= 0.013). Peer pressure was one of the most important factors for trial of substance in our study.ConclusionAs the mean age of initiation of substance abuse was early twenties, in liaison with schools and colleges, some recreational activities can be generated to prevent diversion of youth towards the devil of drug abuse.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

How Is Substance Use Linked to Psychosis? A Study of the Course and Patterns of Substance Dependence in Psychosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahoo Saddichha ◽  
Shravani Sur ◽  
Baxi Neeraj Prasad Sinha ◽  
Christoday Raja Jayant Khess
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Dependence

Standard EMDR Protocol for Alcohol and Substance Dependence Comorbid With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Four Cases With 12-Month Follow-Up

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Kullack ◽  
Jonathan Laugharne
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress

This report begins with a summary of the literature regarding the theoretical models behind the comorbid relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders and the various modified addiction protocols formulated to assist in treating these disorders. This case series outlines the effect that the standard eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) protocol had on alcohol and substance dependence for 4 patients who attended our Post Traumatic Stress Clinic in Fremantle, Western Australia, primarily for treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Patients were assessed for substance use disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus prior to, immediately after, and 12 months after completing EMDR therapy. Results indicate that the standard EMDR protocol was successful in reducing alcohol and substance use. Prior to treatment, 3 patients met criteria for alcohol dependence and 1 met criteria for substance dependence. At 12-month follow-up, 3 out of 4 clients did not meet the diagnostic criteria for current alcohol dependence or current substance dependence. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to theories of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder and the modified EMDR protocols developed for patients with substance dependence.

scholarly journals Adolescent cannabis use, baseline prodromal symptoms and the risk of psychosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Mustonen ◽  
Solja Niemelä ◽  
Tanja Nordström ◽  
Graham K. Murray ◽  
Pirjo Mäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
General Population ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Prodromal Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Icd 10

BackgroundThe association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis has been studied extensively but the temporal order still remains controversial.AimsTo examine the association between cannabis use in adolescence and the risk of psychosis after adjustment for prodromal symptoms and other potential confounders.MethodThe sample (n = 6534) was composed of the prospective general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1986. Information on prodromal symptoms of psychosis and cannabis use was collected using questionnaires at age 15–16 years. Participants were followed up for ICD-10 psychotic disorders until age 30 years using nationwide registers.ResultsThe risk of psychosis was elevated in individuals who had tried cannabis five times or more (hazard ratio, (HR) = 6.5, 95% CI 3.0–13.9). The association remained statistically significant even when adjusted for prodromal symptoms, other substance use and parental psychosis (HR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.1–8.0).ConclusionsAdolescent cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychosis even after adjustment for baseline prodromal symptoms, parental psychosis and other substance use.Declaration of interestNone.

A Comparison of Psychosocial Factors, Substance Use Behaviors, and Sexual Behaviors by Self-Reported HIV Status Among Middle-Aged Hispanic Men Who Have Sex With Men

2020 ◽  
pp. 154041532092356
Author(s):  
Beatriz Valdes ◽  
Deborah Salani ◽  
Joseph P. De Santis
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Illicit Substance Use ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Sex With Men

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant health issue among Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM). Despite existing research, no studies have compared psychosocial factors by self-reported HIV antibody status. Method: Participants ( n = 150) completed measures of social support, loneliness, depressive symptoms, substance use, and sexual behaviors. Results: Participants with a self-reported HIV-antibody positive status reported lower levels of social support and higher levels of illicit substance use. Hispanic MSM with an unknown HIV antibody status reported more sexual partners. Conclusion: More research is needed to address psychosocial factors (social support, loneliness, depressive symptoms), substance use, and sexual behaviors among Hispanic MSM.

Young construction workers: substance use, mental health, and workplace psychosocial factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Pidd ◽  
Vinita Duraisingam ◽  
Ann Roche ◽  
Allan Trifonoff
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Young Australian workers are at elevated risk of mental health and alcohol and other drug related problems. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between alcohol and drug (AOD) use, psychological wellbeing, and the workplace psychosocial environment among young apprentices in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey of a cohort of 169 construction industry apprentices in their first year of training was undertaken. The survey included measures of psychological distress (K10), quantity/frequency measures of alcohol and illicit drug use, and workplace psychosocial factors. Findings Construction industry apprentices are at elevated risk of AOD related harm and poor mental health. Levels of psychological distress and substance use were substantially higher than age/gender equivalent Australian population norms. Job stress, workplace bullying, and general social support accounted for 38.2 per cent of the variance in psychological distress. General social support moderated the effects of job stress and bullying on psychological distress. Substance use was not associated with psychological distress. However, workplace social support accounted for 2.1 per cent of the variance in AUDIT-C scores, and 2.0 per cent of the variance in cannabis use. Workplace bullying explained 2.4 per cent of the variance in meth/amphetamine use. Practical implications Construction trades apprentices are a high-risk group for harmful substance use and poor mental health. Study results indicate that psychosocial wellbeing interventions are warranted as a harm reduction strategy. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind to describe a cohort of Australian construction trade apprentices in terms of their substance use and psychological wellbeing. The study shows workplace psychosocial factors may predict young workers psychological wellbeing.

scholarly journals Substance Use Disorders in Men Presenting to a Psychosexual Clinic

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ravi Philip Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Family History ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorders ◽  
Community Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Current

Introduction. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are commonly associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Community-based studies have found a significant association between SUDs and sexual dysfunction in men, with a possible causal relation in the case of nicotine. Methods. The case records of 105 men presenting to a clinic for patients with psychosexual disorders were reviewed. Men with and without comorbid SUDs were compared in terms of demographic, clinical, and familial variables. Results. 25 of the 105 men (23.8%) had a lifetime diagnosis of SUD, and 19 (18.1%) had a current SUD. The commonest substances involved were nicotine (n = 21, 20%) and alcohol (n = 9, 9.5%). Men with comorbid SUDs were more likely to report a family history of substance dependence, particularly alcoholism. Single men with SUDs were more likely to have a comorbid mood disorder. Conclusion. SUDs, particularly nicotine and alcohol use disorders, are common comorbidities in patients with psychosexual disorders. Identifying and treating these disorders in this population are important aspects of management.

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