scholarly journals Genetic Screening of Cervical Cancer

OBM Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Ciro Comparetto ◽  
◽  
Franco Borruto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Screening And Prevention

Medical genetics plays an important role in the screening and prevention of numerous diseases. Thus, it is important to develop effective screening and prevention programs and improve the assessment of the susceptibility of diseases. The development of screening and prevention programs depends on the identification of early biomarkers (including functional and behavioral) for the risk and onset of the disease, and such programs need to be designed according to internationally accepted criteria. Cervical cancer represents a very relevant disease from the health and social perspective; around 528,000 new cases are diagnosed every year globally, of which, 85% are from developing countries, representing almost 12% of all cancers in females. Substantial reductions in the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer have been observed after the introduction of prevention campaigns with the implementation of cervical screening programs through Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and, in particular, following the introduction of organized programs which guarantee a high level of screening coverage, as well as, the quality and continuity of diagnostic-therapeutic procedures. It is estimated that Pap smear screening every 3-5 years provides 80% protection against the onset of cancer. Advances in diagnostic techniques, particularly the development of easy-to-use molecular genetic tests, are replacing the use of the established Pap smear as a screening tool. This is possible owing to the discovery in 1975 that some cellular morphological changes (koilocytosis) were related to the presence of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV test is performed on a small sample of cells taken from the cervix, similar to the Pap test; however, it is not a morphological exam but a molecular biology exam that detects the presence of HPV by identifying its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). The results of numerous experimental studies have demonstrated a greater sensitivity of this test compared to the sensitivity of the traditional Pap test. However, the HPV test has a lower specificity due to two main factors: 1) The HPV test is based on the search for the types of viruses that have a greater oncogenic potential, and 2) It does not discriminate between transient infections and persistent and productive infections. The most widely used molecular tests are based on the search for HPV sequences and genotyping using molecular biology techniques, such as direct hybridization, qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral nucleotide sequencing.

scholarly journals Breakthroughs and Issues in HPV Genital Infections in relation to Cervical Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Farhat Hussain ◽  
Khairun Nahar ◽  
Kaniz Fatema ◽  
Mahbuba Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Neoplastic Process

The field of cervical cancer prevention is rapidly evolving because of identification of the cause of disease. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the association applies equally to both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma and is consistent worldwide. HPV 16 and 18 together attribute 70% of world's cervical cancer. HPV is highly prevalent among sexually active women and traceable in its natural history with technology that can detect HPV DMA at all stages of infection and neoplastic process. HPV DMA testing represents the scientifically obvious next step after Pap test for secondary prevention. A clinically validated and FDA approved HPV test has proven a substantial gain in sensitivity with a limited loss in speciality as compared to the standard Pap smear. We are now in the fortunate position of having two highly promising HPV vaccines in the pipeline. These vaccines today represent new hope for protection against cervical cancer, pre-cancerous cervical lesions and other HPV related condition for the current generation of adolescents, for the young and middle aged women as well as for the future generations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12163 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.27-30

scholarly journals The effect of Pap smear screening on cervical cancer stage among southern Thai women

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Niu ◽  
Shama Virani ◽  
Surichai Bilheem ◽  
Hutcha Sriplung
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Thai Women ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Late Stage Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

AbstractOur study aimed to investigate the effect of Pap smear screening on stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer in a heterogeneous population of Thai women. Data was merged from the population-based cancer registry and screening registry based on unique identification numbers from 2006 to 2014. Patients being screened had lower odds to be diagnosed at late stage. After adjustment, married women had reduced risk of late stage cancer compared to single women. Muslim women had almost twice the risk of being diagnosed late stage compared to Buddhist women. The odds of being diagnosed at late stage decreased with increased number of screening. The probability of being diagnosed at late stage increased rapidly among females aged 40 to 55 years. Pap smear screening is a protective factor in diagnosis of late stage cervical cancer. Patients were more likely to be diagnosed at early stage with more frequent screening. For future screening programs, it will be beneficial to shorten screening intervals and take more concern for vulnerable population: women aged between 40 and 55 years, and women who are single or Muslim.

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers regarding cervical cancer and its screening using Pap smear, in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, Fiji.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaran Naidu ◽  
Gillian Heller ◽  
George Qalomaiwasa ◽  
Sheetal Naidu ◽  
Rajat Gyaneshwar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Fiji has a high rate of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women in the country. Less than 10% of women are screened for cervical cancer in Fiji.In this paper we report the result of a study on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers (KAPB) to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears, conducted on 1505 rural women in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To assess the knowledge, attitudes, practice and barriers to cervical cancer and it’s screening with Pap smears in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Structured questionnaires were administered to women presenting to a rural outreach Reproductive Health education and clinics, by trained health educators to ascertain their Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice and Barriers to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Seventy two percent of rural women had no knowledge of cervical cancer and 80% had no knowledge of the risk factors of cervical cancer. Lack of knowledge was significantly different for age groups (p=0.006), education levels and employment status(p&lt;0.001) and ethnicity  (p=0.022). Those groups with lowest knowledge were teenagers (18 to 19 years); those with less education; and iTaukei respondents. Of the respondents who had at least some knowledge of the Pap smear, 75% had had a Pap test. Of those who had no knowledge of the Pap smear, only 45% had had the test (p&lt;0.001). Of those who did not have a Pap smear the commonest barrier was lack of knowledge at 46.3% and fear of procedure was 29.4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: More education is required to acquaint women in rural Fiji about cervical cancer, its associated risk factors as well as the benefits of cervical cancer screening programs and other prevention strategies. </p>

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CERVICAL PAP SMEARS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
S. Preetika ◽  
Sahayaraj Sahayaraj
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the less developed countries. Cervical cancer may be prevented or diagnosed at early stages due to the easy accessibility and clinical evaluation of the cervix. A pap test is a simple, easy, painless procedure which can be carried out as an outpatient procedure to detect specic, nonspecic inammations, precancerous and cancerous lesions In our study we have analysed the results of PAP smears of women in all age groups and have tried to evaluate the prevalence of cervical lesions and the importance of cervical cancer screening. Material And Methods: Our study was conducted between October 2020 to JULY 2021 and patients who have visited the Gynaec OP during this period were included for this study. We received Pap smears from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, stained the slides with Pap stain and studied the smears according to the new Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology 2014. Results: In our study, majority of the patients were in the age group of 41-50 years. Smears showing ASCUS were 14 , LSIL reports were 5, HSIL reports were 4. No Smears showed squamous cell carcinoma in our study. Reports in our study like many other studies has shown the importance of Pap smear test in screening cervical cancer. By conducting health camps, increasing health awareness and performing Pap smear screening programmes the incidence of cervical carcinoma can be decreased.

Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in the Dominican Republic: Perspectives of Focus Group Participants in the Santo Domingo Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica J. Liebermann ◽  
Nancy VanDevanter ◽  
Taraneh Shirazian ◽  
Natalia Frías Gúzman ◽  
Mimi Niles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
Pap Screening ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the Dominican Republic, and high rates persist despite existing Pap smear screening programs. The purpose of this study was to explore Dominican women’s knowledge and attitudes regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening practices, and perceived barriers and facilitators to early detection of cervical cancer. Method: Six focus groups ( N = 64) were conducted in Spanish in urban, suburban, and rural locations, in private and public school settings, community and workplace settings, in or near Santo Domingo, as part of a larger study on barriers and facilitators to HPV vaccine implementation. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and translated from Spanish to English. Qualitative data analysis used inductive and deductive approaches. Results: Knowledge regarding HPV and cervical cancer varied across groups, but all agreed there was significant stigma and fear regarding HPV. Most women reported having Pap screening at least yearly. Follow-up of abnormal Pap testing was less consistent, with cost and uncertainty about provider recommendations identified as barriers. Discussion: Broader examination of provider-level and health system barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer prevention in the Dominican Republic is essential, in order to inform interventions to improve the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening and treatment programs and reduce preventable deaths.

Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among Clinic Attendees in Trelawny, Jamaica

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bessler ◽  
Maung Aung ◽  
Pauline Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Background Use of the Pap test has resulted in a decline in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries. Yet, despite established cervical cancer screening programs, a significant portion of Jamaican women are not undergoing screening for cervical cancer. This study was carried out to identify factors that affect Jamaican women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer. Methods A population survey was administered to 367 clinic-attending women 25 to 54 years of age in the Parish of Trelawny from May to July of 2005. An interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed the women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening. Results Overall, 11% of the women had never had a Pap smear and only 38% had a Pap test within the last year. Annual visits to a health provider have a strong influence on women's decisions to regularly screen for cervical cancer. Provider recommendation also positively affected initial receipt of a Pap smear as well as continued regular screening. Conclusions Programs that promote annual health checkups, encourage consistent provider recommendations, and emphasize screening as a preventive measure might positively influence women's decisions to screen for cervical cancer.

Awareness of cervical cancer and screening among rural Nepalese women.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1553-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cancer Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cancer Support ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

1553 Background: Cervical cancer is leading female cancer in Nepal. Despite the existence of effective screening using Pap smear, the uptake of screening is poor. Objectives of this study were to determine the baseline information about the knowledge of cervical cancer and explore attitude and practice of Pap smear screening among the women of rural community of Nepal. Methods: A cross sectional population based descriptive study of female attending free cervical cancer screening camp in different rural community of Nepal organized by Nepal cancer Support group and Nepal cancer Hospital, funded by Direct Relief was conducted from 1/06/2016 to 31/12/2016- using self- administered questionnaire to elicit information on demographic characteristics, knowledge, screening behaviors and determinants of cervical cancer. Results: A total of 2529 women participated in nine screening camp, out of which 55.95% (1416) were illiterate whereas only 4.95% (129) were graduate. Mean age of participates were 40.5±11.97 (17-83)yrs. 31.63% (800) of women married before age of 16 and 32.08% (811) women had their first childbirth before age of 18 years. Only 6.88% (174) women were working outside and rest were working in household work and farming. 76.24% (1928) women knew nothing about cervical cancer. Although 38.71% (979) women heard about Pap smear, only 10.36% (262) knew about eligibility of screening, 1.58% (40) knew about screening interval and 16.57% (419) know that Pap smear is used for detections of cancerous and precancerous lesions of cervix. However, knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer was found in 5.9% (150). Of the female respondents, 78.09% (1975) did not feel susceptible to cervical cancer and 82.25% (2080) had never been screened before. The most common reason for not doing Pap test is they never heard about it (59.99%:1516). The other reason includes do not have any symptoms (17.79%:450); embarrassment (2.49%:62); do not know where to do (1.27%:32); fear of finding out cancer (0.51%:13) and never advised by doctor (0.4%:10). Conclusions: The study revealed very low cervical cancer knowledge and poor screening behavior among the women. This may be due to lack of awareness, education and low priority of women’s health issue.

scholarly journals Impact of mobile technologies on cervical cancer screening practices in Lagos, Nigeria (mHealth-Cervix): Protocol for a randomised controlled trial

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Kehinde S. Okunade ◽  
Omolola Salako ◽  
Adebola A. Adejimi ◽  
Oluwatosin J. Akinsola ◽  
Omolara Fatiregun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Screening Practices ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Screening Adherence ◽  
Pap Test Screening

Background: Incidence and mortality from cervical cancer have remained high due to many obstacles facing the implementation of organized screening programs in resource-constrained countries such as Nigeria. The application of mobile technologies (mHealth) to health services delivery has the potential to reduce inequalities, empower patients to control their health, and improve the cost-effectiveness of health care delivery. Aim: To assess the efficacy of mobile technology intervention on Pap test screening adherence compared to a control condition and also determine the factors affecting the uptake of Pap smear screening practices among women in Lagos. Methods: This is a multi-center randomized controlled trial that will involve women aged 25 to 65 years attending the General Outpatient clinics of the two tertiary health institutions in Lagos, Nigeria between April and December 2020. At baseline, a total of 200 National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) enrollees will be randomized to either a text message arm or usual care (control) arm. The primary outcome is the completion of a Pap smear within 6 months of enrolment in the study. The associations between any two groups of continuous variables will be tested using the independent sample t-test (normal distribution) or the Mann-Whitney U test (skewed data) and that of two groups of categorical variables with Chi-square X2or Fisher's exact test where appropriate. Using binary logistic regression model, we will adjust for age and other relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables and adherence to Pap test screening. Statistical significance will be defined as P-value less than 0.05. Discussion: The mHealth-Cervix study will evaluate the impact of mobile technologies on cervical cancer screening practices in Lagos, Nigeria as a way of contributing to the reduction in the wide disparities in cervical cancer incidence through early detection facilitated using health promotion to improve Pap smear screening adherence. Registration: PACTR202002753354517 13/02/2020

scholarly journals Cervical cancer screening of female of rural community of Nepal: Knowledge, attitude and practices

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cancer Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Interval ◽  
Pap Smear Screening

Purpose and Objectives: Cervical cancer is leading female cancer in Nepal. Despite the existence of effective screening using Pap smear, the uptake of screening is poor. This is mainly due to lack of knowledge, lack of availability of services in rural area and low priority of women’s health issue. Objectives of this study were to determine the baseline information about the knowledge of cervical cancer and explore attitude and practice of Pap smear screening among the women of rural community of Nepal. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional population based descriptive study of female attending free health camp in different rural community of Nepal organized by Nepal Cancer Hospital was conducted using self-administered questionnaire to elicit information on demographic characteristics, knowledge, screening behaviors and determinants of cervical cancer. Knowledge is elicited about eligibility for screening and screening interval according to American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines. Practices are evaluated as having ever been screened themselves. Attitudes referred to the various reasons for not getting screened themselves. Results: A total of 500 women participated in this study, out of which 44.4% (228) were either illiterate or just educated up to primary school. Mean age of participates were 40.6±10.3 yrs. 47.4% (238) of women married before age of 18 and 57% (258) women had their first childbirth before age of 21 years. Only 33.8% (169) female knew that cervical cancer is preventable and is curable in early stage. Although 42.6% (213) women heard about Pap smear, only 38.2% (191) knew about eligibility of screening and 11% (55) knew about screening interval. However, knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer was found in 8.2% (41). About 26.8% (134) women had done Pap test at least once. The most common reason for not doing Pap test is they never heard about it (41.8%: 209). The other reason includes do not know where to do (9.6%: 48); never adviced by doctor (9%: 45); embarrassment (2.4%: 12); fear of finding out cancer (3.2%: 16) and do not have any symptoms (2.4%: 12). Conclusions: The study revealed low cervical cancer knowledge and poor screening behavior among the women. This may be suggestive of even poorer awareness and screening and practices among older women who are less educated or with no education.

HPV test self collection versus CO-testing (2015-2018): New experience in a screening program in a northern province of Argentina, Tucumán.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13063-e13063
Author(s):  
Juan Jose Zarba ◽  
Silvia Victoria Holgado ◽  
Conrado Oscar Cinto ◽  
Veronica Ali ◽  
Maria Fernanda Arrieta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Uterine Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Population Screening ◽  
Hpv Test

e13063 Background: The benefits of population screening under the program in women at risk of uterine cervical cancer both methodsof detection, the search of lesions by gynecological cytology or the search for infection by oncogenic virus of the VPH family is widely demonstrated. Each of them has considerations to favor and others against. In Tucuman the two are applied since December 2014. Objective:to analyze partial results of the first stage of application of two methods under population screening program in women at risk of cervical cancer in Tucumán, Argentina. Methods: We analized the period December 2014 December 2018 of the files of the national register (SITAM: Sistema de Información de tamizaje- It is an on-line information system that allows the nominalized registration of women who access studies, diagnoses and treatments for the prevention of cervical cancer).49337samples from non-pregnant, aged 30 and older women without health insurance were included. 2 collection methods were applied: "Co-testing" (CT), cytological for PAP test and biological sampling for HPV Test ((T-HPV) and "Self-collected sampling" (SC) biological material for T-HPV. In cytology, Pap smear were stained with Papanicolaou and for the biological material, T-HPV Hybrid Capture was applied to detect 13 oncogenic HPV types. Bethesda System was used for cytological diagnosis. Results: until 2019 January, 49337 samples were processed, 7352 (14,8%) womenhave HPV oncogenic. Conclusions: the application of T-HPV to SC samples showed a interesting positivity,demonstrating once again T-HPV is an important strategy in the cervical cáncer prevention program.[Table: see text]

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