Substitution Model Distance Analysis for SARS-CoV-2 in China, USA, and Europe (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiuying Wang ◽  
Yi-Hau Chen
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Nucleotide Substitution ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
The Other ◽  
Substitution Model ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Substitution Models ◽  
The Usa

BACKGROUND Coronavirus pandemic has been a wake-up call for the world. A dispute over the origin of SARS-CoV-2 has been raised. Study results showed that all SARS-CoV-2 sequences around the world sharing a common ancestor towards the end of 2019. Nevertheless, it is hard to reach conclusion regarding SARS-CoV-2 origin. OBJECTIVE In this study, we compare the divergence of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the three areas, China, the USA, and Europe. METHODS We download SARS-CoV-2 sequences of China, USA, and Europe from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). To investigate the diversity of these sequences from these three areas, we apply 17 different nucleotide substitution models to compare the diversity of these SARS-CoV-2 sequences. In the three groups of SARS-CoV-2 sequences, we calculate the pairwise nucleotide substitution distance of any two sequences in each group and then compare the distances in these three groups. RESULTS The analyzed results are consistent in most of the 17 substitution models. The outcomes from 14 substitution models show that China has the lowest diversity, followed by Europe and lastly by the USA. For the other 3 models, in one model, China has the lowest diversity, followed by the USA and lastly by Europe; in another model, USA has the lowest diversity, followed by China and lastly by Europe, and in the last one model, Europe has the lowest diversity, followed by China and lastly by the USA. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we compare the diversity of SARS-CoV-2 samples from China, Europe, and the USA. Different substitution models were applied to analyze the data. Our outcome shows that China has the smallest mean distance value, followed by Europe and lastly by the USA, which consists with the virus transmission time order that SARS-CoV-2 starts in China, then outbreaks in Europe and finally in the USA.

scholarly journals All Straussians Now?

Philosophy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leo Strauss ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Usa

Of course, we are not all Straussians, even now, and not just because Leo Strauss is virtually unknown outside the small circle of his followers. (Leo Strauss's name does not even appear in the first five works of philosophical reference we consulted.) Ignorance aside, many readers of Philosophy, along with many other intellectuals, academics, teachers and students, would in any case be appalled to learn that they have any beliefs in common with what is known to-day as neo-Conservatism. But neo-Conservatism is undoubtedly influential in contemporary American foreign policy, and its philosophical roots are Straussian in the very direct sense that many of those driving that policy would regard themselves as having been influenced by Strauss. And only the other day we heard an eminent member of the Conservative Shadow Cabinet in Britain declare that modern conservatism had just two options: to go backwards with Michael Oakeshott's inimitable brand of clubbable nostalgia or brightly forward into the twenty-first century with the neo-Conservatism of Leo Strauss.To describe Leo Strauss as a neo-Conservative is itself an irony Strauss may have been appreciated. For Strauss was neither neo nor a conservative. He was not neo because he believed that the only way to understand our situation was to go back to the ancients, and to understand them on their own terms. We had to read Plato and Aristotle, and to understand them we had to read the Greek historians, Xenophon above all; to understand modernity we had to read Machiavelli, the first modern, and to understand him we had to read Livy, and so on and so on. And he was not conservative, if by conservative one means having an over-weening commitment to some local history or tradition or being nostalgic for an imaginary past. Strauss believed, as did the ancients, in a universal human nature, and he believed that from this nature followed certain things about the conditions necessary for human flourishing, now and in the future.Strauss was born in Germany in 1899, into orthodox Jewry. His studies in Germany included a year in Freibourg as a colleague of both Husserl and Heidegger. He left Germany in 1932, and for most of the rest of his life he was a teacher in American universities, notably in Chicago and St John's College Annapolis. What the ancients and his own experience further taught Strauss was this: ‘Liberal democracy is the only decent and just alternative available to modern man. But he also knew that liberal democracy is exposed to, not to say beleagured by threats, both practical and theoretical. Among those threats is the aspect of modern philosophy that makes it impossible to give rational credence to the principles of the American regime, thereby eroding conviction of the justice of its cause.’ The words are those of Allan Bloom, Strauss's pupil, taken from his obituary of Strauss in 1974, and in Strauss's view as well as in Bloom's the sources of that erosion included as well as Heidegger, Rousseau and Nietzsche.Strauss himself had a horror of anything except thought. In Bloom's words he ‘was active in no organization, served in no position of authority, and had no ambitions other than to understand and help others who might also be able to do so.’Nevertheless, despite Strauss's own reticence and his almost complete neglect in the academic world, some of those he helped, and some of their pupils are now influential in the highest political circles in the USA. They too believe in a universal human nature and that it is to be found in Africa and Asia and everywhere else in the world, as much as in the West. They believe that if you have the power to afford the benefits of liberal democracy in places where people have for decades suffered under tyranny or are locked into cycles of ethnic strife and slaughter, you should not turn your head away and pass on the other side of the road, as in different ways old Conservatives and modern cultural relativists might be inclined to do. You should actually intervene, even at cost to yourself.These beliefs may be wrong, but they could well seem attractive to those seeking a better future for the world as a whole. They are not self-evidently absurd or wicked. They, and their best sources, deserve thought and study. It is time for the writings of Leo Strauss to appear on syllabuses of political philosophy.

Pregnancy in adolescence: incidence and outcome in European countries

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (S5) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Deschamps ◽  
G. Valantin
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
School Health ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Pregnancy In Adolescence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Clinical Problems

Pregnancy in adolescence is now a very great concern for doctors, teachers and social workers throughout the world and yet about 95% of the publications on this topic have come from the USA. The remainder are mainly from the UK and Scandinavia. Other countries have produced only a small number of papers, focusing mainly on clinical problems such as the pathological events and complications during pregnancy or delivery. In France, the first paper to appear in a paediatric journal was published in 1977 in the French journal of school health (Martin, 1977). On the other hand, teenage magazines often contain articles about sexual behaviour and pregnancy in adolescence. There is now a great concern in the adolescents' press about the problems of sexuality, contraception, abortion and pregnancy, including advertising for pregnancy tests.

scholarly journals WORLD AND NATIONAL FITNESS TRENDS 2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Vorobiova
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fitness Industry ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Child ◽  
The Usa ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Development Prospects

The sphere of fitness develops dynamically and is one of the most profitable in the world and, as a result, investment attractive. Nevertheless, the competitive ability of a fitness club depends on the speed with which the new directions are introduced in it and what range of services they provide to clients. That is why it is important to be able to foresee the most popular trends and the ways of their adaptation to a concept of a particular fitness club. The objective - comparison of world and national trends and an attempt to evaluate tendencies of fitness industry development in Ukraine. Methods. The research is based on the analysis of sources of literature as well as thoughts of experts concerning perspectives of fitness development in Ukraine. Results. The comparison of the world and national (the USA, China, Spain) trends of 2018 has allowed to discover that world trends reflect the USA trends by 95% and only by a half – trends of the other represented countries. It is connected with the fact that in the research for revealing of the world trends out of representatives of 41 countries – 91,3 % respondents are from the USA. The author does not highlight this in the original article. The present fact proves the necessity of research of national trends specifically and not to focus on the «world» tendencies, as they reflect development prospects mostly in one country (USA). This statement is true and for the trends of 2019, because the study of this issue in Spain coincides with the results of the world rating only by 60 %. Conclusions. Such researches have not been conducted in Ukraine, but specialists stress the growth in the popularity of such directions in the future: child fitness, fitness for older adults, experienced and educated fitness professionals, exercise and weight loss, securing safety and quality of fitness services, nutrition guidance (trends are presented in no particular order). In general, fitness professionals consider the necessity of forming fitness culture among the population of various cities and villages of all the regions in Ukraine to be an overriding necessity for the development of the fitness sphere.

scholarly journals COVID-19 testing in India in comparison to the rest of the world. If Indian testing strategy was replicated in the other top 15 COVID-19 affected countries in the world, the status would be startlingly different

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 107-109
Author(s):  
Purvish M. Parikh ◽  
Ajay Bapna ◽  
M. Vamshi Krishna ◽  
Prashant Mehta ◽  
Shyam Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Better Than

In terms of the absolute number of COVID-19 positive cases, India is among the top four countries in the world. There is a lot of unwarranted criticism about the alleged inadequacy of COVID-19 testing in India. The facts available from international and publicly available online non-government source covering the entire world show otherwise. While India is fourth in terms of an absolute number of cases, its rank is 132nd in terms of cases per million population and 107th for deaths per million population. These are indications that India is doing much better in the battle against COVID-19 than it is getting credit for. The correct benchmark for the adequacy of testing is the percentage of COVID-19 positive results as compared to the total number of tests performed. India ranks 5th (out of 215) in this respect – being better than some western countries such as the USA, Spain, and France. Thus, the Indian strategy for COVID-19 testing is better and more appropriate than the majority of other countries with the large absolute number of positive cases.

scholarly journals Is English a Killer Language or an International Auxiliary? Its Use and Function in a Globalised World

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Ceramella
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Function

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">I<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">n the Introduction to this article, I deal with the importance of speaking one’s </span>own language as a way to assert one’s identity. Then I pass on to the evolution of the English language from its start as Old English, spoken by only a few thousand Angles and Saxons.</p><p align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">I remark how, at fi rst, it was contaminated by thousands of </span>Latin, French and Scandinavian words, of which contemporary English still bears many clear traces, but nobody has ever thought that English was ever in danger of disappearing. By contrast, in the long run, it became the mother tongue of the speakers in comparatively newly founded countries, such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, and owing to the spread of the British Empire, it has dramatically increased its appeal becoming the most spoken and infl uential language in the world. Thus, according to some linguists, it has led several languages virtually to the verge of disappearance. Therefore, I argue whether English has really vampirised them, or has simply contributed to make people understand each other, sometimes even in the same country where lots of diff erent tongues are spoken (e.g. Nigeria).</p><p align="LEFT">It is self-evident that English has gradually been taking the role of a common unifying factor in our globalised world. In this view, I envisage a scenario where English may even become the offi cial l anguage o f the E U with the c ontributions &amp; coming, though in varying doses, from all the speakers of the other EU languages.</p>

scholarly journals The United States of America – A Declining World Hegemon?

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Benjamin Klasche
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Global Commons ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

In this article the alleged demise of the United States of America (USA) and the ability of its challengers will be discussed and analyzed. Based on George Modelski’s concept of Long-Cycles in Global Politics we can anticipate a disruption in the hegemonic position – currently held by the USA. Considering, the possibility of this scenario, the author executed a pragmatic comparative study and sketches out the chances for the two main competitors – China and India – which struggle mightily with domestic issues and on the other side presents four arguments, why the decline of the USA is not as apparent and looming as partly presumed. The arguments are: (i) the independence supply of natural resources; (ii) its supremacy over the world seas; (iii) reinstated activity in the Rimland and (iiii) control over the Global Commons.

scholarly journals Global Economy: New Risks and Leadership Problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Viacheslav M. Shavshukov ◽  
Natalia A. Zhuravleva
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Macroeconomic Analysis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Special Drawing Rights

After the global crisis of 2008–2009, the world economy entered the era of restructuring. This article focuses on the risks that a new leader will face in the process of shaping the world economy. The methods employed in the research include big data processing of continuous change and the results of the symmetric macroeconomic analysis based on the statistics collected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), The Word Bank (WB), Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Central banks and Treasuries. The study results proved that the recessionary processes, their depth and global nature, are caused by a combination of world financial system crises and general civilization problems. These new systemic risks for the world economy might result in new global crises that will limit the resources of international financial institutions for sustainable development. Besides, for most banks these crises will mean shifting a big share of derivatives to the off-balance liabilities, using Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) in deals, followed by an increase in state and corporate debts, trade wars, a slowdown of economic development in China, and widening contradictions between global and national finances. Regular research and systematization have developed certain guidelines for the global economic restructuring process. First of all, it is recommended on the base of interstate compromises to focus on international agreements to ensure a solid foundation for global finance. On the basis of the comparative analysis carried out for the USA, China and other counties, it was made clear that no one leader in world economy in 21st century views the world reserve as based on the currency of one country only. Instead, there will be a slow transition to using Special Drawing Rights (SDR) with a basket from 15–20 currencies G20.

scholarly journals Mapping of the Research Output in Food Economics: A Scientometrics View of the Scopus Database

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 349-363
Author(s):  
R. Sebastiyan ◽  
◽  
V. Rameshbabu ◽  
T.M. Surulinathi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Publication Output ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Vos Viewer ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Publication ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scopus Database

Since food is considered important in the world, the current study analyzed the characteristics of scientific publications based on several subtle indicators of scientometrics in the field of food economics for strengthening public health in the future. Accordingly, a total of 26306 publications from 1915 to 2021 are evaluated based on the Scopus database with the help of scientific tools such as Hitcite, Biblioshiny and VoS viewer. The results show that the resourcefulness experts are identified in terms of their publication only, that namely Drewnowski, Kesselheim. On the other hand, the author Popkini is considered as the key author rather than the above-said authors in terms of global citations. The similarity in the above context is that all the topmost authors belong to the USA. More importantly, the summary of citations in total publication output is revealed that a single paper is recorded the range of citations between 1042-2766, the 500 citations are recorded from the 64 papers, and 844 papers accounted with more than 100 citations.

CULT OF FIRE IN THE FUNERAL RITES OF THE IRANIAN PEOPLES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Б.А. Битиев
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Dead Person ◽  
Common Basis ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
The One

Параллели в обрядности между осетинами и остальными иранскими народами являются перспективными и интересными, но малоисследованными вопросами этнологической науки. Одним из основных схожих ритуалов, имеющих общее происхождение у арийцев, является культ огня. Так, в статье автором поставлены цели: рассмотреть связь огня с погребальными обрядами иранских народов, провести параллели в исследуемой обрядности и показать их идентичность, а также происхождение от одной общей основы. Огонь одна из самых главных природных стихий, играющих в жизни человечества огромную роль. Огонь та природная стихия, которая всегда завораживала человека, вызывая уважение и страх. Именно поэтому в обычаях и традициях подавляющего большинства народов мира существует культ огня. Но в обрядности иранских народов огню отводится еще большее значение. Не зря в среде арийских народов зародилась религия огнепоклонников Зороастризм. Представление об огне, как высшей всепроникающей и всеочищающей стихии, слишком глубоко укоренилось в мировоззрении каждого иранца. Помимо очистительной функции огня, в обрядности иранских народов эта природная стихия представляется как предохраняющая от влияния злых сил материя. Поэтому священный огонь, с одной стороны, не должен касаться усопшего, потому что огонь символизирует жизнь, а покойник смерть. Вот почему в обрядности рассмотренных нами иранских народов пока покойник находится в доме, огонь не разводят. С другой стороны, в течение трех дней на могиле покойного разводят огонь, выполняющий вышеуказанные функции.Особенно данный обряд распространен у курдов-езидов и осетин, сумевших сохранить свои традиции в большей степени. Таким образом, несмотря на множество дифференцирующих факторов (влияние мировых религий, значительные расстояния между народами), рассмотренные в работе параллели служат ярким примером родства иранских народов и их происхождения от общего предка. Parallels in rites between the Ossetians and other Iranian peoples are promising and interesting, but little studied issues of ethnological science. One of the main rituals that have a common origin among the Aryans is the cult of fire. Thus, in the article, the author sets goals: to consider the connection of fire with the funeral rites of the Iranian peoples, to draw parallels in the studied rites and to show their identity, as well as their origin from one common basis. Fire is one of the most important natural elements that plays a huge role in the life of mankind. Fire is the natural element that has always fascinated a person, causing respect and fear. Consecutively, there is the cult of fire in the customs and traditions of the vast majority of peoples of the world. But, in the rites of the Iranian peoples, fire is given even more importance. It is not for nothing that Zoroastrianism, the religion of fire, was born among the fire worshipping Aryan peoples. The idea of fire as the highest all-pervading and all-purifying element is too deeply rooted in the worldview of every Iranian. In addition to the purifying function of the fire, in the rites of the Iranian peoples, this natural element is represented as a matter that protects against the influence of evil forces. Therefore, the sacred fire, on the one hand should, not touch the deceased, because the fire symbolizes life, and the deceased stands for death. That is why in the rites of the Iranian peoples that we have considered, as long as the body of a dead person in the house the fire is never lit. On the other hand, a fire is lit on the grave of the deceased for three days, which performs the above functions, especially for Yazidi Kurds and Ossetians, who managed to preserve their traditions to a greater extent. Thus, despite many differentiating factors due to the influence of world religions, significant distances between peoples, the parallels considered in this paper serve as a vivid example of the kinship of the Iranian peoples and their origin from a common ancestor.

scholarly journals Transformation the world construction after the Second World War and places in its USA and USSR (1945 – 1946)

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Yuliya Podriez
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Universe

The article is devoted to studing the trunsformation (changes) in the world after the Second World War, as well as the role and the place in it of two powerful states – the USA and the USSR. The article is devoted to the study of the question of the universe after the Second World War, as well as the role and the place in it of two powerful states – the USA and the USSR. In the article, the author emphasizes the objective and subjective circumstances that transformed Soviet-American relations since 1945. At the same time, it is emphasized that relations are complicated by the emergence of a new factor – atomic. Consideration of Soviet-USA relations is proposed through the lens of attempting to establish USA-USSR cooperation in the economic sphere, the development of nuclear weapons, and a technological approach in strategic arms. Much attention is paid to the meeting of the Big Three, which took place in Potsdam. In particular, on the one hand, the focus is on the direct procedure for concluding peace treaties and establishing diplomatic relations with Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland; on the other, the distribution of spheres of influence across Germany, based on the relevant protocol. In general, the author attempted to prove that the Berlin Conference made it possible to find mutually agreed solutions and to reach compromises, despite the escalation.

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