scholarly journals The Association Between Electronic Device Use During Family Time and Family Well-Being: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhi Zhao ◽  
Ningyuan Guo ◽  
Man Ping Wang ◽  
Daniel Yee Tak Fong ◽  
Agnes Yuen Kwan Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Communication ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Communication Quality ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Family Dinner

BACKGROUND Electronic devices (eDevices) may have positive or negative influences on family communication and well-being depending on how they are used. OBJECTIVE We examined eDevice use during family time and its association with the quality of family communication and well-being in Hong Kong Chinese adults. METHODS In 2017, a probability-based 2-stage random sampling landline telephone survey collected data on eDevice use in daily life and during family time (eg, family dinner) and the presence of rules banning eDevice use during family dinner. Family communication quality was rated from 0 to 10 with higher scores being favorable. Family well-being was calculated as a composite mean score of 3 items each using the same scale from 0 to 10. The associations of family communication quality and well-being with eDevice use in daily life and during family time were estimated using beta-coefficient (β) adjusting for sociodemographics. The mediating role of family communication quality in the association between eDevice use and family well-being was analyzed. RESULTS Of the 2064 respondents (mean age 56.4 [SD 19.2] years, 1269/2064 [61.48%] female), 1579/2059 (76.69%) used an eDevice daily for a mean of 3.6 hours (SD 0.1) and 257/686 (37.5%) used it for 30+ minutes before sleep. As much as 794/2046 (38.81%) often or sometimes used an eDevice during family time including dinner (311/2017, 15.42%); 713/2012 (35.44%) reported use of an eDevice by family members during dinner. Lower family communication quality was associated with hours of eDevice use before sleep (adjusted β=–.25; 95% CI –0.44 to –0.05), and often use (vs never use) of eDevice during family dinner by oneself (adjusted β=–.51; 95% CI –0.91 to –0.10) and family members (adjusted β=–.54; 95% CI –0.79 to –0.29). Similarly, lower family well-being was associated with eDevice use before sleep (adjusted β=–.26; 95% CI –0.42 to –0.09), and often use during family dinner by oneself (adjusted β=–.48; 95% CI –0.83 to –0.12) and family members (adjusted β=–.50; 95% CI –0.72 to –0.28). Total ban of eDevice use during family dinner was negatively associated with often use by oneself (adjusted odds ratio 0.49; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.85) and family members (adjusted odds ratio 0.41; 95% CI 0.28, 0.60) but not with family communication and well-being. Lower family communication quality substantially mediated the total effect of the association of eDevice use time before sleep (61.2%) and often use at family dinner by oneself (87.0%) and by family members (67.8%) with family well-being. CONCLUSIONS eDevice use before sleep and during family dinner was associated with lower family well-being, and the association was substantially mediated by family communication quality. Our results suggest that interventions on smart use of eDevice may improve family communication and well-being.

scholarly journals The Association Between Electronic Device Use During Family Time and Family Well-Being: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

10.2196/20529 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. e20529
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhi Zhao ◽  
Ningyuan Guo ◽  
Man Ping Wang ◽  
Daniel Yee Tak Fong ◽  
Agnes Yuen Kwan Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Communication ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Communication Quality ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Family Dinner

Background Electronic devices (eDevices) may have positive or negative influences on family communication and well-being depending on how they are used. Objective We examined eDevice use during family time and its association with the quality of family communication and well-being in Hong Kong Chinese adults. Methods In 2017, a probability-based 2-stage random sampling landline telephone survey collected data on eDevice use in daily life and during family time (eg, family dinner) and the presence of rules banning eDevice use during family dinner. Family communication quality was rated from 0 to 10 with higher scores being favorable. Family well-being was calculated as a composite mean score of 3 items each using the same scale from 0 to 10. The associations of family communication quality and well-being with eDevice use in daily life and during family time were estimated using beta-coefficient (β) adjusting for sociodemographics. The mediating role of family communication quality in the association between eDevice use and family well-being was analyzed. Results Of the 2064 respondents (mean age 56.4 [SD 19.2] years, 1269/2064 [61.48%] female), 1579/2059 (76.69%) used an eDevice daily for a mean of 3.6 hours (SD 0.1) and 257/686 (37.5%) used it for 30+ minutes before sleep. As much as 794/2046 (38.81%) often or sometimes used an eDevice during family time including dinner (311/2017, 15.42%); 713/2012 (35.44%) reported use of an eDevice by family members during dinner. Lower family communication quality was associated with hours of eDevice use before sleep (adjusted β=–.25; 95% CI –0.44 to –0.05), and often use (vs never use) of eDevice during family dinner by oneself (adjusted β=–.51; 95% CI –0.91 to –0.10) and family members (adjusted β=–.54; 95% CI –0.79 to –0.29). Similarly, lower family well-being was associated with eDevice use before sleep (adjusted β=–.26; 95% CI –0.42 to –0.09), and often use during family dinner by oneself (adjusted β=–.48; 95% CI –0.83 to –0.12) and family members (adjusted β=–.50; 95% CI –0.72 to –0.28). Total ban of eDevice use during family dinner was negatively associated with often use by oneself (adjusted odds ratio 0.49; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.85) and family members (adjusted odds ratio 0.41; 95% CI 0.28, 0.60) but not with family communication and well-being. Lower family communication quality substantially mediated the total effect of the association of eDevice use time before sleep (61.2%) and often use at family dinner by oneself (87.0%) and by family members (67.8%) with family well-being. Conclusions eDevice use before sleep and during family dinner was associated with lower family well-being, and the association was substantially mediated by family communication quality. Our results suggest that interventions on smart use of eDevice may improve family communication and well-being.

scholarly journals The effect of the 2008 recession on well-being and employment status of people with and without mental health problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unnur Jónsdóttir ◽  
Edda Björk þórðardóttir ◽  
Thor Aspelund ◽  
þórarinn Jónmundsson ◽  
Kristjana Einarsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background The world was hit hard by the 2008 recession which led to increased unemployment and financial strain. However, how the recession affected people with pre-existing mental health problems has been understudied. This study investigates the effect of the 2008 recession in Iceland on stress, well-being and employment status of people with regard to whether they are suffering from mental health problems. Methods The study cohort included participants (18–69 years old) of the ‘Health and Wellbeing of Icelanders’, a 3-wave survey conducted before (in 2007) and after (in 2009 and 2012) the recession in 2008. Self-assessed well-being was measured with the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of the 2008 recession on self-assessed well-being and employment status in 2009 and 2012, using 2007 as a reference year. Results Participants with no pre-recession mental health problems were at increased risk of both poor well-being, (with adjusted odds ratio at 1.66, in 2009 and 1.64 in 2012) and higher perceived stress, (with adjusted odds ratio at 1.48 in 2009 and 1.53 in 2012), after the recession. Interestingly, no significant change in well-being and perceived stress was observed among participants suffering from pre-recession mental health problems. Both groups had increased risk of unemployment after the recession. Conclusion Results indicate that after recessions, the risk of stress and poor well-being increases only among those who do not suffer from pre-recession mental health problems.

scholarly journals Are specific elements of electronic health record use associated with clinician burnout more than others?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1401-1410
Author(s):  
Ross W Hilliard ◽  
Jacqueline Haskell ◽  
Rebekah L Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Electronic Health Record ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Copy And Paste

Abstract Objective The study sought to examine the association between clinician burnout and measures of electronic health record (EHR) workload and efficiency, using vendor-derived EHR action log data. Materials and Methods We combined data from a statewide clinician survey on burnout with Epic EHR data from the ambulatory sites of 2 large health systems; the combined dataset included 422 clinicians. We examined whether specific EHR workload and efficiency measures were independently associated with burnout symptoms, using multivariable logistic regression and controlling for clinician characteristics. Results Clinicians with the highest volume of patient call messages had almost 4 times the odds of burnout compared with clinicians with the fewest (adjusted odds ratio, 3.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-10.14; P = .007). No other workload measures were significantly associated with burnout. No efficiency variables were significantly associated with burnout in the main analysis; however, in a subset of clinicians for whom note entry data were available, clinicians in the top quartile of copy and paste use were significantly less likely to report burnout, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.22 (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.93; P = .039). Discussion High volumes of patient call messages were significantly associated with clinician burnout, even when accounting for other measures of workload and efficiency. In the EHR, “patient calls” encompass many of the inbox tasks occurring outside of face-to-face visits and likely represent an important target for improving clinician well-being. Conclusions Our results suggest that increased workload is associated with burnout and that EHR efficiency tools are not likely to reduce burnout symptoms, with the exception of copy and paste.

Family e-chat group use was associated with family well-being and personal happiness in Hong Kong adults amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cross-sectional study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Jie Gong ◽  
Bonny Yee Man Wong ◽  
Sai Yin Ho ◽  
Agnes Yuen Kwan Lai ◽  
Shengzhi Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Family Communication ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Communication Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Voice Calls

BACKGROUND Family e-chat groups are commonly used, but little is known about its associations with family and individual well-being amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE Under the Hong Kong Jockey Club SMART Family-Link project, we examined the associations of family e-chat group use amidst the COVID-19 pandemic with family well-being and personal happiness, and the mediating effects of family communication quality on these associations. METHODS A territory-wide self-administered online survey was conducted in May 2020 on Chinese adults in Hong Kong. Respondents reported the number of family e-chat groups (0, 1, 2, ≥3), the instant messaging (IM) functions used (receiving/sending text messages, photos/pictures, short videos, voice messages, making voice calls and video calls), and the average numbers of IM messages sent and received daily (<1, 1-2, 3-10, 11-20, >20) in family e-chat groups. Prevalence was weighted by sex, age, and education of the general population. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for IM function use by demographics were calculated. Adjusted β for family well-being (health, harmony, and happiness), and personal happiness (all scale 0-10, higher scores indicate better outcomes) by number of family e-chat groups and IM function use were calculated, and the mediation effect of family communication quality on these associations examined. RESULTS Of 4890 respondents, 4046 (82.7%) had ≥1 family e-chat group. Sending/receiving text messages was most commonly used (weighted prevalence: 78.4%), followed by receiving/sending photos/pictures (76.5%), making voice calls (46.2%), receiving/sending short videos (37.2%) and voice messages (13.8%), and making video calls (8.2%). Women and older age were associated with having more groups (aPRs: 1.04-1.22, all P≤.03) and non-text function use (aPRs: 1.10-3.10, P≤.02). Better family well-being was associated with having more groups (β: 0.23-0.77), receiving/sending photos/pictures (β: 0.33), voice calls (β: 0.18), video calls (β: 0.45), more IM functions used (β: 0.43-0.51), and more IM messages received/sent daily (β: 0.38-0.54) (all P≤.01). Higher personal happiness was associated with having more groups (β: 0.30-0.72), receiving/sending photos/pictures (β: 0.30), video calls (β: 0.32), more IM functions use (β: 0.36-0.42) and more IM messages received/sent daily (β: 0.42-0.67) (all P≤.01). Family communication quality mediated the associations of more groups and more IM functions used with family well-being (mediated proportions: 75.5% and 69.5%, respectively) and personal happiness (mediated proportions: 66.4% and 46.2%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study showing that, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, having more family e-chat groups and using more IM functions including sending/receiving photos/pictures and making video calls in family e-chat groups, were associated with better family well-being and personal happiness, and about half to three-quarters of these associations were mediated by family communication quality. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the associations. People without or with low use of family e-chat groups would need more attention and assistance.

WOMEN’S ATTACHMENT AND CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES OF RECREATIONAL PARKS IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Nadzirah Khairrussalleh ◽  
Norhuzailin Hussain ◽  
Norsidah Ujang
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Klang Valley ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

Childhood experiences influence attachment to recreational parks and green spaces in women’s adulthood. Studies have shown that the adults’ frequency of visiting recreational parks is correlated with the frequent visits during their childhood. This study examines women’s attachment and their childhood experiences. Questionnaire surveys were distributed to 510 women (as park users) involving two public parks namely Bukit Kiara and Bukit Jalil Recreational Parks. Results show majority of the respondents spent their leisure time in the parks for relaxing with family members. Most of the women were attached to the greenery of the landscape in the parks, as they associated the recreational park with relaxation and peaceful. The women’s childhood experiences with nature were identified as having a memorable family time, which was correlated with their positive attachment of the recreational park as adults. The findings can guide the park managers, planners and designers in providing a park that is responsive to the women’s needs and demands that can contribute to their emotional and social well-being.

P2666Association of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurrence time and the survival in all-Japan utstein registry: difference between international resuscitation guidelines 2005 and 2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Kato ◽  
T Otsuka ◽  
Y Seino ◽  
Y Tahara ◽  
N Yonemoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Cerebral Performance Category ◽  
Resuscitation Guidelines ◽  
Favorable Neurological Outcome ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Abstract Background/Introduction Previous studies have shown that out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurring at night have poor outcomes compared with OHCA occurring during daytime. On the other hand, nationwide OHCA outcomes have gradually improved in Japan. Purpose We sought to examine whether one-month survival of OHCA differed between daytime and nighttime occurrences, and they differed between the periods of International Resuscitation Guidelines 2005 and 2010. Methods Using the All-Japan Utstein Registry between 2005 and 2015, adult OHCA patients whose collapse was witnessed by a bystander and the call-to-hospital admission interval was shorter than 120 min were included in this study. OHCA patients were divided by period of the International Resuscitation Guideline 2005 and 2010. Guideline 2005 included years from 2006 to 2010, while Guideline 2010 included years from 2011 to 2015. The primary outcome was one-month survival with favorable neurological outcome, defined as Cerebral Performance Category scale of 1 or 2. Daytime, evening, and night were defined as 0700 to 1459 h, 1500 to 2259 h, and 2300 to 0659 h, respectively. Results Among 479,046 cases, 20.3% revealed OHCA occurring at night. OHCA patients occurring at night had lower rate of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator use than those occurring at both daytime and evening. In addition, of those who received bystander CPR, higher rate of patients received CPR by family members. OHCA patients occurring at night in both guideline periods had significantly worse one-month survival than those occurring during daytime (reference) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.69, 0.64; 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.72, 0.61–0.67; P<0.001, P<0.001, Guideline 2005 and 2010 respectively). OHCA patients occurring during daytime in Guideline 2010 had better one-month survival than those in Guideline 2005 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval 1.24–1.34; P<0.001). Conclusions One-month survival with favorable neurological outcome in OHCA patients occurring at night remains to be significantly worse than those occurring during daytime, even improved by the periods during daytime. CPR training for the family members should be more expanded and strengthened against the night time imperfection.

Implicit Family Financial Socialization and Emerging Adults’ Financial Well-Being: A Multi-Informant Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margherita Lanz ◽  
Angela Sorgente ◽  
Sharon M. Danes
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Family Communication ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Financial Socialization ◽  
Communication Quality ◽  
Model Family

This study’s purpose is to investigate how implicit family financial socialization (family communication quality and family economic enmeshment) influences emerging adults’ objective and subjective financial well-being mediated by the degree to which the emerging adult child adopts their parents as financial role model. Using a multi-informant approach, structural equation model family-level analyses were conducted based on responses from mothers, fathers, and emerging adults in 160 Italian families. Results indicate that family communication quality has an indirect, positive effect on subjective financial well-being through adoption of parents as a financial role model. Family economic enmeshment has a direct, negative effect on the emerging adult’s personal income not received from their parents. A direct, positive relationship was found between adoption of parents as financial role models and economic dependence on parents.

scholarly journals What positives can be taken from the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Cornell ◽  
Brooke Nickel ◽  
Erin Cvejic ◽  
Carissa Bonner ◽  
Kirsten J McCaffery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Positive Effect

Objective: To investigate whether Australians have experienced any positive effects during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the disruption to society and daily life. Methods: National online longitudinal survey. As part of a June 2020 survey, participants (n=1370) were asked "In your life, have you experienced any positive effects from the COVID-19 pandemic" (yes/no), with a free-text explanation if yes, and also completed the WHO-Five well-being index. Differences were explored by demographic variables. Free-text responses were thematically coded. Results: 960 participants (70%) reported experiencing at least one positive effect during the COVID-19 pandemic. Living with others (p=.045) and employment situation (p<.001) at baseline (April), were associated with experiencing positive effects. Individuals working for pay from home were more likely to experience positive effects compared to those who were not working for pay (aOR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.63, p<.001), or who were working for pay outside the home (aOR=0.40, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.58, p<.001). Age and education were not associated with positive effects when controlling for employment and household numbers. There was an overall effect of gender (p=.001), where those identifying as female were more likely than males (aOR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.25, 2.09) to report experiencing a positive effect. 54.2% of participants reported a sufficient level of wellbeing, 23.2% low wellbeing and a further 22.6% very low wellbeing. Of those experiencing positives, 945/960 (98%) provided an explanation. The three most common themes were "Family time" (33%), "Work flexibility" (29%), and "Calmer life" (19%). Conclusion: A large proportion of surveyed Australians reported positive effects resulting from changes to daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Enhancing these aspects may build community resilience to cope with future pandemic responses. The needs of people living alone, and of those having to work outside the home or who are unemployed, should be considered by health policy makers and employers in future pandemic preparedness efforts, as these groups were least likely to report positive experiences and may be more vulnerable.

scholarly journals Associations of physical activity in rural life with happiness and ikigai: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kabasawa ◽  
Junta Tanaka ◽  
Yumi Ito ◽  
Kinya Yoshida ◽  
Kaori Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Snow Removal ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Fourth Quartile

AbstractPhysical activity is associated with subjective well-being. In rural communities, however, physical activity may be affected by environmental factors (e.g., nature and socioecological factors). We examined the association of two physical activities in rural life (farming activity and snow removal) with subjective well-being in terms of happiness and ikigai (a Japanese word meaning purpose in life). In this cross-sectional study, we analysed data collected from community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 40 years in the 2012–2014 survey of the Uonuma cohort study, Niigata, Japan. Happiness (n = 31,848) and ikigai (n = 31,785) were evaluated with respect to farming activity from May through November and snow removal from December through April by using an ordinal logistic regression model with adjustments for potential confounders. The analyses were conducted in 2019. Among the participants who reported some farming or snow-removal time, median farming and snow-removal time (minutes per day) was 90.0 and 64.3 for men and 85.7 and 51.4 for women, respectively. Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that longer time farming was associated with greater happiness and ikigai in men (adjusted odds ratio for first vs. fourth quartile: happiness = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 1.35; ikigai = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.50), and also in women (adjusted odds ratio for first vs. fourth quartile: happiness = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.001, 1.36; ikigai = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.20, 1.67). More snow-removal time was inversely associated with happiness and with ikigai in women only (adjusted odds ratio for first vs. fourth quartile: happiness = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.67, 0.85; ikigai = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.88). Our findings showed that physical activity in rural life was associated with happiness and with ikigai, and gender differences were observed in their associations with more snow-removal time. These results may be useful in helping to identify people in rural communities who are vulnerable in terms of psychological well-being.

Assessment of health related issues in individuals’, couples’, and families’ daily life

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meinrad Perrez ◽  
Michael Reicherts ◽  
Yves Hänggi ◽  
Andrea B. Horn ◽  
Gisela Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Lower Variability

Abstract. Most research in health psychology is based on retrospective self reports, which are distorted by recall biases and have low ecological validity. To overcome such limitations we developed computer assisted diary approaches to assess health related behaviours in individuals’, couples’ and families’ daily life. The event- and time-sampling-based instruments serve to assess appraisals of the current situation, feelings of physical discomfort, current emotional states, conflict and emotion regulation in daily life. They have proved sufficient reliability and validity in the context of individual, couple and family research with respect to issues like emotion regulation and health. As examples: Regarding symptom reporting curvilinear pattern of frequencies over the day could be identified by parents and adolescents; or psychological well-being is associated with lower variability in basic affect dimensions. In addition, we report on preventive studies to improve parental skills and enhance their empathic competences towards their baby, and towards their partner.

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