Between Textual Borrowing and Forgery. On Compilatory Practices of Medieval Universal Chroniclers Based on Martinus Polonus

The author’s goal is to add to the understanding of the issue of where the border line is that marks the passage from an enlarged copy (an augmented or developed version) of a given chronicle to an independent authorial entity. In this context a side question arises concerning the acceptability of textual borrowing in the face of medieval authorial practices and conventions, i.e. where compiling ends and falsifying begins. The aforementioned issues are discussed on the basis of five historiographical texts composed between the mid–thirteenth and the third quarter of the 15th cent. Their common denominator is their affinity with the famous Chronicle of Popes and Emperors by Martin the Pole (or of Oppavia). Examining the character of the borrowings, their ideological stance, and their political opinions, the author reaches the conclusion that it was not the copy–and–paste technique frequently employed by the chroniclers, but their intentions that decide whether the resulting works should be treated as new entities, sometimes even forgeries.

Meningkatkan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru Kelas dalam Penyusunan RPP Melalui Supervisi Akademik pada SDN Sungai Andai 3 Banjarmasin oleh : Sulis

Professional teachers must have 5 (five) competencies, one of which is the competence of preparing lesson plans. There are several factors that cause teachers to have difficulty in compiling it 1) Teachers do not have a linear educational basis so they are not equipped with knowledge about planning and implementing learning. 2) Teachers have never attended training on RPP preparation so they only copy and paste from their friends, even though, they are not relevant to the situation and conditions in their school so that the existing RPP cannot be used as a reference in the learning process. 3) Teachers have attended training, but have not been able to apply it in schools. One of the programs that can be held in the context of teacher empowerment is academic supervision (academic supervision).This research was conducted in three stages, namely preparation, implementation and evaluation/reflection, and carried out at least in two cycles. This research is aimed at teachers of all subjects who do not have a linear teacher education background totaling 20 people, namely: 16 class teachers, 2 sports teachers, and 2 PAI teachers. In cycle I, this action research involved 5 subject teachers who did not have a teacher education background, who were in this school. The research begins by submitting a self-made lesson plan according to the subjects and competency standards of each to the supervisor. Based on these data, supervisors provide guidance to teachers according to the difficulties of each teacher. In the second cycle, planning activities are based on reflection from cycle 1, while the steps for action and observation activities are the same as in cycle 1 by paying attention to the priority problems concluded in cycle 1 and followed by reflection activities.The results showed, in the components of the formulation of learning objectives indicators, there was an increase from 40% in the initial ability, to 60% in cycle 1 and increased to 70% at the end of the activity. In the Determination Component of learning materials and there is an increase in ability from 65% to 70% after cycle 1 and is stronger to 80%. In the Component Selection of Strategies and learning methods, there was a significant increase from the original 40% to 60% in cycle 1 and increased again to 75% after cycle 2. In the selection of media and learning tools there was also an increase from 60% at the beginning activities and after cycle 1, it becomes 80% after cycle 2. While in terms of planning evaluation of learning. From the original only 40% at the beginning of the activity, to 60% at the end of cycle 1 and managed to reach 70% at the end of cycle 2.Keywords: Academic Supervision, Pedagogic Competency

Ideal Architecture Unit: Vacant Offices into Desirable Student Housing

<p>The architectural quality of student housing in new Zealand is a growing concern. Students often accept living in damp and mouldy flats as “a rite of passage”. Student Housing highlights that the environment students live in directly impacts how they think and feel, and ultimately how they succeed at university. Those students fortunate enough to live in University Halls rather than private accommodation are only provided with basic facilities that cater to the ‘typical student’ rather than their individual field of study and personal differences. This research proposes that we exceed current expectations and practice, firstly through designing accommodation based on students area of study and, secondly, through prefabricated design of a single ‘Ideal Unit’ adapted to suit a specific site. Specific design for architecture students will be explored, due to higher housing demands than most students. establishing what makes architecture students different from other students is essential in order to cater to these needs. These are both physical and intellectual needs, ranging from facilities such as workshop, pin up space and drawing boards to the need for architectural delight. Prefabrication allows faster construction and lower costs, however this design method has resulted in ‘copy and paste’ architecture that is monotonous and without excitement. An ‘Ideal Unit’ with a small number of variations allows no two users to have the exact same experience. The work of Le Corbusier is explored, in particular the Modulor. This thesis argues that the Modulor is applicable to modern design and should be used, to ensure we build for the human body rather than arbitrary measurements. The desired outcomes of this research is a site specific design located in Wellington. A prefabricated unit is modified for the site with the ability to be applied in another location. Overall this research will comment and critique on current institutional student housing practices, both locally and internationally. While advocating for a change not just to architecture student accommodation but to all student accommodation. What we study and how we live are so intertwined that we can no longer ignore the needs associated with what we study, we must design for it.</p>

Ideal Architecture Unit: Vacant Offices into Desirable Student Housing

<p>The architectural quality of student housing in new Zealand is a growing concern. Students often accept living in damp and mouldy flats as “a rite of passage”. Student Housing highlights that the environment students live in directly impacts how they think and feel, and ultimately how they succeed at university. Those students fortunate enough to live in University Halls rather than private accommodation are only provided with basic facilities that cater to the ‘typical student’ rather than their individual field of study and personal differences. This research proposes that we exceed current expectations and practice, firstly through designing accommodation based on students area of study and, secondly, through prefabricated design of a single ‘Ideal Unit’ adapted to suit a specific site. Specific design for architecture students will be explored, due to higher housing demands than most students. establishing what makes architecture students different from other students is essential in order to cater to these needs. These are both physical and intellectual needs, ranging from facilities such as workshop, pin up space and drawing boards to the need for architectural delight. Prefabrication allows faster construction and lower costs, however this design method has resulted in ‘copy and paste’ architecture that is monotonous and without excitement. An ‘Ideal Unit’ with a small number of variations allows no two users to have the exact same experience. The work of Le Corbusier is explored, in particular the Modulor. This thesis argues that the Modulor is applicable to modern design and should be used, to ensure we build for the human body rather than arbitrary measurements. The desired outcomes of this research is a site specific design located in Wellington. A prefabricated unit is modified for the site with the ability to be applied in another location. Overall this research will comment and critique on current institutional student housing practices, both locally and internationally. While advocating for a change not just to architecture student accommodation but to all student accommodation. What we study and how we live are so intertwined that we can no longer ignore the needs associated with what we study, we must design for it.</p>

Stochastic Effects in Retrotransposon Dynamics Revealed by Modeling under Competition for Cellular Resources

Transposons are genomic elements that can relocate within a host genome using a ‘cut’- or ‘copy-and-paste’ mechanism. They make up a significant part of many genomes, serve as a driving force for genome evolution, and are linked with Mendelian diseases and cancers. Interactions between two specific retrotransposon types, autonomous (e.g., LINE1/L1) and nonautonomous (e.g., Alu), may lead to fluctuations in the number of these transposons in the genome over multiple cell generations. We developed and examined a simple model of retrotransposon dynamics under conditions where transposon replication machinery competed for cellular resources: namely, free ribosomes and available energy (i.e., ATP molecules). Such competition is likely to occur in stress conditions that a malfunctioning cell may experience as a result of a malignant transformation. The modeling revealed that the number of actively replicating LINE1 and Alu elements in a cell decreases with the increasing competition for resources; however, stochastic effects interfere with this simple trend. We stochastically simulated the transposon dynamics in a cell population and showed that the population splits into pools with drastically different transposon behaviors. The early extinction of active Alu elements resulted in a larger number of LINE1 copies occurring in the first pool, as there was no competition between the two types of transposons in this pool. In the other pool, the competition process remained and the number of L1 copies was kept small. As the level of available resources reached a critical value, both types of dynamics demonstrated an increase in noise levels, and both the period and the amplitude of predator–prey oscillations rose in one of the cell pools. We hypothesized that the presented dynamical effects associated with the impact of the competition for cellular resources inflicted on the dynamics of retrotransposable elements could be used as a characteristic feature to assess a cell state, or to control the transposon activity.

Pelatihan Menulis Karya Ilmiah Berbasis Pustaka Acuan di SMA Negeri 6 Kota Tangerang Selatan

As an education senior High School 6 South Tangerang City is a school that has good integrity in the South Tangerang City area. This is in accordance with the vision and mission of senior High School 6 South Tangerang City that wants to be a religious, superior, creative character and environmentally friendly outcome. So to obtain superior results, need expertise or competence that is mastered by students. One of the expected competencies is to be able to write scientific papers so we provide tridarma of tertiary institutions for the community through training in writing reference-based scientific papers in senior High School 6 South Tangerang City. This kind of training is needed because now students need references to make scientific work that is a mandatory task in Indonesian language lessons. However, problems that arise related to the difficulty of getting reference sources in accordance with the specified theme. So with this training it is expected that students of senior High School 6 South Tangerang City are able to write scientific papers with various sources of reference unreadable not just copy and paste on Google

Claims of Medical Malpractice in the Age of Information Technology

"Introduction. Medical practice is almost constantly bending to new technologies, and in recent years, the health care system has been increasingly dominated by advances in information technology. Its use offers many advantages, but it also has its own risks. Material and method. The authors conducted a literature review to see to what extent the accessibility and effective use of information technology, i.e. electronic health records (EHR) influence risk of malpractice. Results. The literature refers both to how EHR use can prevent malpractice claims, and how it can increase their number. Thus, EHR can prevent medical errors and associated complaints by: instant access to complete patient information (including laboratory and imaging results); improving communication between medical team members; reducing drug errors (e.g. drug interactions, allergic reactions); prompt request for further investigations. However, the misuse of EHR can create new problems: inadequate training with errors from implementation and accommodation; automatic or unexpected deletion of the recommended medication; the temptation to use the information obtained previously and the circumvention of the stage of obtaining a new medical history or the temptation to copy and paste the information from the previous consultations to the current consultation - which will lead to the perpetuation of errors and omissions from the previous consultations; increased risk of privacy and confidentiality breach. Likewise, certain facilities that these systems allow may be ambivalent, and may both reduce or increase the risk of complaints, depending on how they are used: communication between doctor and patient through messages, including updating prescriptions and reporting symptoms that require prompt evaluation but at the same time, delay in response may dissatisfy the patient. Conclusions. The implementation of EHR brings many advantages, both for the patient and for the medical staff in terms of accessing information, facilitating communication and carrying out treatment plans, but the medical staff must be constantly aware of the risks involved, especially related to their proper use. "

Regulation of retrotransposition in Arabidopsis

Plant genomes are largely comprised of retrotransposons which can replicate through ‘copy and paste' mechanisms. Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are the major class of retrotransposons in plant species, and importantly they broadly affect the expression of nearby genes. Although most LTR retrotransposons are non-functional, active retrotranspositions have been reported in plant species or mutants under normal growth condition and environmental stresses. With the well-defined reference genome and numerous mutant alleles, Arabidopsis studies have significantly expanded our understanding of retrotransposon regulation. Active LTR retrotransposon loci produce virus-like particles to perform reverse transcription, and their complementary DNA can be inserted into new genomic loci. Due to the detrimental consequences of retrotransposition, plants like animals, have developed transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing mechanisms. Recently several different genome-wide techniques have been developed to understand LTR retrotransposition in Arabidopsis and different plant species. Transposome, methylome, transcriptome, translatome and small RNA sequencing data have revealed how host silencing mechanisms can affect multiple steps of retrotransposition. These recent advances shed light on future mechanistic studies of retrotransposition as well as retrotransposon diversity.

Plagiarism Detection Methods and Tools: An Overview

Plagiarism Detection Systems play an important role in revealing instances of a plagiarism act, especially in the educational sector with scientific documents and papers. The idea of plagiarism is that when any content is copied without permission or citation from the author. To detect such activities, it is necessary to have extensive information about plagiarism forms and classes. Thanks to the developed tools and methods it is possible to reveal many types of plagiarism. The development of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the availability of the online scientific documents lead to the ease of access to these documents. With the availability of many software text editors, plagiarism detections becomes a critical issue. A large number of scientific papers have already investigated in plagiarism detection, and common types of plagiarism detection datasets are being used for recognition systems, WordNet and PAN Datasets have been used since 2009. The researchers have defined the operation of verbatim plagiarism detection as a simple type of copy and paste. Then they have shed the lights on intelligent plagiarism where this process became more difficult to reveal because it may include manipulation of original text, adoption of other researchers' ideas, and translation to other languages, which will be more challenging to handle. Other researchers have expressed that the ways of plagiarism may overshadow the scientific text by replacing, removing, or inserting words, along with shuffling or modifying the original papers. This paper gives an overall definition of plagiarism and works through different papers for the most known types of plagiarism methods and tools.

Unbiased proteomic mapping of the LINE-1 promoter using CRISPR Cas9

Background The autonomous retroelement Long Interspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) mobilizes though a copy and paste mechanism using an RNA intermediate (retrotransposition). Throughout human evolution, around 500,000 LINE-1 sequences have accumulated in the genome. Most of these sequences belong to ancestral LINE-1 subfamilies, including L1PA2-L1PA7, and can no longer mobilize. Only a small fraction of LINE-1 sequences, approximately 80 to 100 copies belonging to the L1Hs subfamily, are complete and still capable of retrotransposition. While silenced in most cells, many questions remain regarding LINE-1 dysregulation in cancer cells. Results Here, we optimized CRISPR Cas9 gRNAs to specifically target the regulatory sequence of the L1Hs 5’UTR promoter. We identified three gRNAs that were more specific to L1Hs, with limited binding to older LINE-1 sequences (L1PA2-L1PA7). We also adapted the C-BERST method (dCas9-APEX2 Biotinylation at genomic Elements by Restricted Spatial Tagging) to identify LINE-1 transcriptional regulators in cancer cells. Our LINE-1 C-BERST screen revealed both known and novel LINE-1 transcriptional regulators, including CTCF, YY1 and DUSP1. Conclusion Our optimization and evaluation of gRNA specificity and application of the C-BERST method creates a tool for studying the regulatory mechanisms of LINE-1 in cancer. Further, we identified the dual specificity protein phosphatase, DUSP1, as a novel regulator of LINE-1 transcription.