scholarly journals FROM “INDIANS” TO “FIRST NATIONS”: CHANGING ANGLO-CANADIAN PERCEPTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY*

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 2005
Author(s):  
Smith B. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Treaty Rights ◽  
The North ◽  
Academic Conference ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Aboriginal Issues ◽  
Definition Of

A look at three university-organized conferences, the first in 1939, the second in 1966, and the most recent in 1997, reveals an increasing awareness of Aboriginal issues — particularly in the 1990s. From the mid- to the late twentieth century, Indians, now generally known as the First Nations, moved from the periphery into the centre of academic interest. The entrance of Aboriginal people, “the third solitude,” has altered completely the nature of Canada’s unity debate. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 19821 affirms the existence of Aboriginal and treaty rights. The definition of “Aboriginal peoples of Canada” in the new constitution of 1982 now includes the Métis, as well as the First Nations and Inuit. Today, no academic conference in Canada on federalism, identities, and nationalism, can avoid discussion of Aboriginal Canada.

scholarly journals The Oral Histories of Canada's Northern People, Anglo-Canadian Evidence Law, and Canada's Fiduciary Duty to First Nations: Breaking Down the Barriers of the Past

1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clay McLeod
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Fiduciary Duty ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
The North ◽  
System A ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Rules Of Evidence

This article is a call for Canadian Courts to interpret, respect and develop First Nations' rights from the perspective of the aboriginal peoples themselves. McLeod focuses on the First Nations of the North and how their traditional use of oral histories is profoundly affected by the current Canadian rules of evidence. Indeed, the whole concept of the adversarial system, a system based on Western European culture, assumptions, and principles, and its effectiveness in determining the "truth" is shown to be inadequate at addressing the concept of the "truth" as defined by the First Nations. McLeod exposes an inexcusable "cross-cultural clash" occurring within Canadian courtrooms that is causing the rules of evidence to become tools of oppression preventing the oral histories of the First Nations from properly being admitted and given due weight. McLeod continues, however, to suggest ways by which some of the rules of evidence could be utilized so as to effectively allow the aboriginal people the opportunity of presenting their oral histories to the Courts and having them accepted as being valid and trustworthy.

scholarly journals Old Keyam – A Framework for Examining Disproportionate Experience of Tuberculosis Among Aboriginal Peoples of the Canadian Prairies

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Kathleen McMullin ◽  
Sylvia Abonyi ◽  
Maria Mayan ◽  
Pamela Orr ◽  
Carmen Lopez-Hille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Tuberculosis Transmission ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

On the Canadian Prairies, First Nations and Métis peoples are disproportionately affected by tuberculosis (TB) compared to other Canadians. Statistics show enduring transmission and high rates of active TB disease. Despite awareness of the social determinants of TB transmission—such as substance abuse, comorbidities, and basic needs being unmet—transmission and outbreaks continue to occur among Aboriginal people. The Determinants of Tuberculosis Transmission project is a mixed methods, interdisciplinary study that used quantitative questionnaires and qualitative interviews to look more closely at patients’ experiences of TB. Provincial Network Committees (PNCs) comprised of Elders, traditionalists, community-based TB workers, and health researchers in three participating provinces guided the project from inception through to data analysis, interpretation, and dissemination. The collaborative efforts of the patients, the research team, and the PNCs uncovered a continuing influence of colonization in TB transmission. Overwhelming feelings of apathy and despair for the hold that TB continues to have in the lives of patients, families, and communities is captured by the Cree word “keyam,” which may be translated as “to give up” or to ask, “What is the use?” This paper explores the concept of keyam in relation to TB transmission.

Causes of Late Twentieth-Century Trends in New Zealand Precipitation

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline C. Ummenhofer ◽  
Alexander Sen Gupta ◽  
Matthew H. England
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Climate Modes ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation

Abstract Late twentieth-century trends in New Zealand precipitation are examined using observations and reanalysis data for the period 1979–2006. One of the aims of this study is to investigate the link between these trends and recent changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. The contributions from changes in Southern Hemisphere climate modes, particularly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the southern annular mode (SAM), are quantified for the austral summer season, December–February (DJF). Increasingly drier conditions over much of New Zealand can be partially explained by the SAM and ENSO. Especially over wide parts of the North Island and western regions of the South Island, the SAM potentially contributes up to 80% and 20%–50% to the overall decline in DJF precipitation, respectively. Over the North Island, the contribution of the SAM and ENSO to precipitation trends is of the same sign. In contrast, over the southwest of the South Island the two climate modes act in the opposite sense, though the effect of the SAM seems to dominate there during austral summer. The leading modes of variability in summertime precipitation over New Zealand are linked to the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The two dominant modes, explaining 64% and 9% of the overall DJF precipitation variability respectively, can be understood as local manifestations of the large-scale climate variability associated with the SAM and ENSO.

scholarly journals Nature’s Power and Native Persistence: The Influence of First Nations and the Environment is the Development of the Mattagami Hydro-Electric System During the Twentieth Century

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Jean Manore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Electric System ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Ontario Hydro

Abstract To date, most analyses of hydro-electric development portray the environment and Aboriginal Peoples as victims unable to alter or resist its intrusion on to the landscape. However, an examination of the Mattagami river developments in northeastern Ontario illustrates that environmental conditions constantly influence the shape and development of the hydro-electric system. Also, while the ability of the northeastern Aboriginal Peoples to affect hydro-electric development is limited for much of this century, by the 1990s, their persistence and perseverance coalesces with changing court decisions and legislation, empowering them to negotiate with Ontario Hydro a moratorium on further development on the Mattagami River.

scholarly journals V.M. SHUKSHIN AND “NEW PEASANT POETS”: SURVIVED CHILDREN OF NOT SURVIVED FATHERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
A.A. Shorokhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The article combines two significant historical and literary phenomena. The first is a group of Russian poets and prose writers of the early twentieth century, known under the general name “new peasant poets”. The second is a group of Russian writers of the late twentieth century, whose work has received a steady definition of “village prose”. V.M. Shukshin’s works are also referred to this cultural phenomenon. The article attempts to get away from simplifying definitions of “urban romance”, “village prose”, and to establish the civilizational continuity of Shukshin’s work with “new peasant poets” of the early twentieth century. The author also tries to consider the phenomenon of the group of “new peasant poets” from the cultural, philosophical and historical-biographical points of view – In the unity of their work, fate and dramatic changes in the history of Russia. The article uses theoretical works on Russian and world literature and history by M.M. Bakhtin, V.V. Kozhinova, I.R. Shafarevich, G.I. Shmeleva, P.F. Alyoshkina, S.Yu. and S.S. Kunyaevs, recent publications on Shukshin’s works by V.I. Belov, A.D. Zabolotsky, and A.N. Varlamov.

scholarly journals Chronic bronchitis in Aboriginal people—prevalence and associated factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Konrad ◽  
A Hossain ◽  
A Senthilselvan ◽  
JA Dosman ◽  
MD Pahwa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Introduction Knowledge about chronic bronchitis (CB) among Aboriginal people in Canada is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CB and its associated factors among Aboriginal people aged 15 years plus. Methods Logistic regression analysis was used on data from the cross-sectional 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey to determine risk factors associated with CB. Results CB prevalence was 6.6% among First Nations, 6.2% among Métis and 2.4% among Inuit. Prevalence was higher among females than males (7.2% versus 5.0%). Individuals with CB were more likely to be older, living at a lower income, with a lower educational attainment and residing in rural areas. Smoking status and body mass index were also significantly associated with CB, but their effect differed by sex. Obesity was particularly significantly associated with CB among females compared with males, and current smoking and non-smoking status was significantly associated with CB among females but not males. Conclusion These findings identify factors associated with CB among Aboriginal people. As such, they may represent potentially preventable risk factors that can inform health promotion and disease prevention practices.

scholarly journals Thin or Thick Inclusiveness? The Constitutional Duty to Consult and Accommodate First Nations in Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-175
Author(s):  
Ian James Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Judicial Interpretation ◽  
Treaty Rights ◽  
Aboriginal Rights ◽  
The Status ◽  
Natural Resource Exploitation ◽  
General Thrust

What has the addition of aboriginal rights to the Canadian constitution in 1982 meant for the place of First Nations’ interests in the Canadian constitutional order? This article considers this question in the context of natural resource exploitation – specifically, the exploitation of the oil or tar sands in Alberta. It details some of the leading jurisprudence surrounding Section 35 of the Constitution Act 1982, the section of the Constitution recognizing existing aboriginal and treaty rights. Arguably, Section 35 represented an important effort to improve the status of aboriginal peoples in Canada, to enhance the extent to which Canada included and respected the values and interests of First Nations. The article specifically considers how the judicial interpretation of the Crown’s duty to consult and accommodate aboriginal peoples is related to the theme of inclusivity. It argues that the general thrust of judicial interpretation has promoted a thin, or procedural, version of inclusiveness rather than a substantive, or thicker, one. Such a thicker version of inclusiveness would be one in which the pace of oil sands exploitation is moderated or halted in order to allow First Nations to engage in traditional activities connected intimately with aboriginal and treaty rights.

scholarly journals Native Americans: a visual exploration by S. N. Paleja

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Odeen
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
First Nations ◽  
School Library ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Aboriginal Peoples ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Special Collections ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Aboriginal Issues ◽  
Aboriginal Groups

Paleja, S.N. Native Americans: a visual exploration. Toronto: Annick Press, 2013. Print. This book is a non-fiction text using graphics to cover topics as diverse as Aboriginal arrival, culture, language, food, housing, and the environment to present-day Aboriginal issues. It is chock-full of information using a variety of non-linguistic representations, such as graphs, pictographs, and a variety of graphic organizers in the form of timelines and other visuals.  The colourful pictures help to draw children’s interest and they also help reluctant readers access the content. A major drawback of the text is that too much information is covered, which means that many of the facts have been overgeneralized and can result in children applying the content to all aboriginal groups.  There are occasional problems with diction, such as using the word “tribes” instead of “First Nations”. Also, there should have been more focus on their culture, what issues they face, and how those issues are dealt with in their communities. The book is intended for children ages 9-12 but too often, the language used is difficult for readers at this age.  In an attempt to include a vast amount of information the graphics become confusing and are difficult to interpret. This book is a good starting point for those interested in this topic and is certainly recommended reading for an elementary school.  The timelines and information capture some of the most important points in the historical development of the Aboriginal Peoples. Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Alicia OdeenAlicia worked for 5 years in a high school library before getting her dream job at the Bruce Peel Special Collections Library.  She now spends most of her time reading stories about dinosaurs, robots, and trains with her 3 year old son William.

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