After-School Supervision and Children's Cognitive Achievement

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Welsch ◽  
David M. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Cognitive Achievement ◽  
After School ◽  
Adult Supervision ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government ◽  
School Supervision ◽  
To Receive

Abstract This paper estimates the relationship between after-school supervision and cognitive achievement using a nationally-representative sample of children. The topic has important public policy implications due to the large role assumed by the government in providing childcare. The effects of family and nonfamily supervision are considered separately. Estimates suggest that adult supervision, regardless of whether it is provided by a family or nonfamily member, is not directly related to a child's cognitive performance. Instead, children who are likely to receive after-school adult supervision from a family member possess unmeasured personal- or family-specific traits that induce improved cognitive performance. In contrast, children who are likely to receive supervision from nonfamily members possess unmeasured traits that lead to lower cognitive outcomes.

scholarly journals Change in Cognitive Performance by Race or Ethnicity and Multimorbidity Among Older Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 329-329
Author(s):  
Ana Quinones ◽  
Siting Chen ◽  
Anda Botoseneanu ◽  
Heather Allore ◽  
Jason Newsom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Observation Window ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Understanding factors that influence cognitive performance remain critical priorities, particularly among racial/ethnic groups that have higher prevalence of dementia. This study assesses race/ethnic (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic) differences in cognitive performance in adjusted models accounting for co-existing self-reported chronic conditions (arthritis, diabetes, cancer, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, lung disease, osteoporosis, stroke), age, sex, education, and income. Data from the 2011-2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally-representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries (N=7,041, mean age=77.5), were used to estimate a series of cross-sectional multivariable linear regressions to evaluate race/ethnic differences in cognitive performance scores on the NHATS cognitive composite test of memory, orientation, and executive function domains (range 0-33) over seven years. In adjusted models, black participants had lower cognitive scores relative to white participants in 2011 (b=-2.25, 95% CI[-2.52, -1.98]) and by the end of the observation period in 2017 (b=-3.24, 95% CI[-3.72, -2.76]). Similarly, Hispanic participants experienced lower cognitive scores relative to white participants in 2011 (b=-2.31, 95% CI[-2.77, -1.84]) which persisted to the end of the observation window (b=-2.77, 95% CI[-3.66, -1.89]). Racial/ethnic groups had significantly lower cognitive scores relative to white Medicare beneficiaries over seven years of assessment. These analyses build toward longitudinal analyses of repeated observations of cognitive performance. Given the broad clinical and policy implications involved in caring for persons with dementia, it will be important to intervene earlier on modifiable risk factors to postpone cognitive declines among older minority ethnic adults.

scholarly journals English Private Tutoring in Macao: Perceptions of Senior Secondary Three Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien Nga Man Chan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Private Tutoring ◽  
After School ◽  
Perceptions Of Students ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
Individual School ◽  
The Government ◽  
Senior Secondary ◽  
To Receive

Purpose: This article examines how individual, school, and social factors shape the perceptions of students in Senior Secondary Three (SS3; in some schools called Form Six [F6]) toward English private tutoring in Macao. Design/Approach/Methods: This is a comparative study of two F6 classes of an English-medium secondary school and four SS3 classes of a Chinese-medium secondary school in Macao, with a total number of 145 students. Mixed-methods approach (questionnaires and interviews) is employed in the study. Findings: The respondents’ participation in English tutoring is not very intensive. They prefer to receive government-subsidized after-school tutoring taught by their schoolteachers more than fee-paying English tutoring taught by tutors outside. Low level of social competition and high tertiary enrollment rates contribute to this phenomenon. Students’ needs and beliefs in English learning play key roles in determining their receipt of English tutoring. Originality/Value: Teachers may need better understanding of their students’ needs so as to design suitable pedagogies. Schools can consider more fully the types of tutoring that they provide for different kinds of pupils. The government-subsidized after-school tutoring could be a plausible way to reduce educational inequality.

Pribumisasi Islam dalam Tafsir al-Azhar Pada QS. At-Taubah ayat 60 tentang Mustahiq Zakat

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-248
Author(s):  
Rafika Ariandini
Keyword(s):  
Community Organizations ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Receive

One of the goals of zakat is to prosper Muslims. To achieve these objectives, the Qur'an guides the distribution of zakat, namely in the QS. At-Taubah verse 60. 8 groups are entitled to receive zakat, namely the destitute, poor, amil zakat, al-mu'allafah qulubuhum, ar-riqab, people who are in debt, fi sabilillah and ibnu sabil . In reality, there are still distributions of zakat that are not following these provisions, because there are people who are not included in the group mustahiq zakat, but he gets zakat. QS interpretation study is needed. At-Taubah verse 60 contextually, so that it can be used as a guide in the distribution of zakat in Indonesia. The theory used in this research is the theory of the Islamic Nativism (Pribumisasi Islam) of Gus Dur. The theory of Islamic Nativism tries to dialogue between universal meanings and civilizations outside of Arabia, in this case, namely Indonesia. With this theory of Islamic indigenization, the author tries to find universalism, cosmopolitanism, and indigenization in Hamka's interpretation of QS. At-Taubah verse 60 concerning mutahiq zakat. In Hamka's interpretation of QS. At-Taubah verse 60 about mustahiq zakat is indigenous of Islam. One of the natives found in the interpretation of Hamka is amil zakat, in Indonesia what is called amil zakat is divided into two, namely those appointed by the government and zakat committees formed by a group of Muslims, such as in the majlis talim, community organizations, schools, and offices.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

The Arthur Crawford Scandal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Metelits
Keyword(s):  
Retirement Age ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Government Service ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
High Court ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Receive

The Arthur Crawford Scandal explores how nineteenth century Bombay tried a British official for corruption. The presidency government persuaded Indians, government officials, to testify against the very person who controlled their career by offering immunity from legal action and career punishment. A criminal conviction of Crawford’s henchman established the modus operandi of a bribery network. Subsequent efforts to intimidate Indian witnesses led to litigation at the high court level, resulting in a political pressure campaign in London based on biased press reports from India. These reports evoked questions in the House of Commons; questions became demands that Indians witnesses against Crawford be fired from government service. The secretary of state for India and the Bombay government negotiated about the fate of the Indian witnesses. At first, the secretary of state accepted the Bombay government’s proposals. But the press campaign against the Indian witnesses eventually led him to order the Government of India, in consultation with the Government of Bombay, to pass a law ordering those officials who paid Crawford willingly, to be fired. Those whom the Bombay government determined to be extorted were not to be fired. Both groups retained immunity from further actions at law. Thus, Bombay won a victory that almost saved its original guarantee of immunity: those who were fired were to receive their salary (along with periodic step increases) until they reached retirement age, at which time they would receive a pension. However, this ‘solution’ did little to overcome the stigma and suffering of the fired officials.

Do expectations for post-retirement family and government support crowd out pre-retirement savings? Insights from the working-age population in Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nopphol Witvorapong ◽  
Yong Yoon ◽  
Wiraporn Pothisiri
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Family Transfers ◽  
Retirement Expectations ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government

Abstract Based on nationally representative data (N = 8,901), this study investigates the extent to which expectations for intra-family transfers and government assistance in old age impact the probability of saving for retirement among working-age individuals in Thailand. Results show that expectations for financial non-self-reliance and expectations that family support would constitute the most important source of old-age financial security reduce the probability that working-age individuals would save for retirement. Expectations for government support have no impact on average. Given that filial piety is weakening in Thailand, this study suggests that the government encourage pre-retirement savings more strongly.

scholarly journals Cognitive Performance and Its Associations with Dental Caries: Results from the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) Records-Based Nationwide Study

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Itzhak Abramovitz ◽  
Avraham Zini ◽  
Matan Atzmoni ◽  
Ron Kedem ◽  
Dorit Zur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intelligence Score ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Age Range

Relatively few studies have analyzed the association between cognitive performance and dental status. This study aimed to analyze the association between cognitive performance and dental caries. Included were data from the dental, oral, medical epidemiological (DOME) study; cross-sectional records-based research, which integrated large socio-demographic, medical, and dental databases of a nationally representative sample of young to middle-aged military personnel (N = 131,927, mean age: 21.8 ± 5.9 years, age range: 18–50). The cognitive function of draftees is routinely measured at age 17 years using a battery of psychometric tests termed general intelligence score (GIS). The mean number of decayed teeth exhibited a gradient trend from the lowest (3.14 ± 3.58) to the highest GIS category (1.45 ± 2.19) (odds ratio (OR) lowest versus highest = 5.36 (5.06–5.68), p < 0.001). A similar trend was noted for the other dental parameters. The associations between GIS and decayed teeth persisted even after adjusting for socio-demographic parameters and health-related habits. The adjustments attenuated the OR but did not eliminate it (OR lowest versus highest = 3.75 (3.38–4.16)). The study demonstrates an association between cognitive performance and caries, independent of the socio-demographic and health-related habits that were analyzed. Better allocation of resources is recommended, focusing on populations with impaired cognitive performance in need of dental care.

Prevalence and risk factors of anaemia among men: A study based on Empowered Action Group states, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010602098234
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Himani Sharma ◽  
Kamalesh Kumar Patel
Keyword(s):  
Family Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government ◽  
Eag States

Background: Despite various programmes initiated by the Government of India, the nutritional indicators are not encouraging, as several problems like undernutrition, malnutrition and anaemia – still persist in the country, especially in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. Aim: Because of the dearth of studies regarding anaemia among men in India, the present study aimed to determine its prevalence in this population in the EAG states and to analyse its geographical and socio-demographic determinants. Methods: The study utilized nationally representative, cross-sectional survey data from round 4 of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. Bivariate analysis along with binary logistic regression were performed to assess the predictors of anaemia among men in the EAG states. Results: Around a quarter of the men in the EAG states suffered from anaemia. A similar high-prevalence pattern was observed across the EAG states. Wherein, Bihar and Jharkhand had the highest prevalence of anaemia while Uttarakhand showed the lowest. Age, place of residence, marital status and caste were positively associated with the likelihood of anaemia among men in the EAG states. Conclusions: Focusing on the EAG states, this study considered the severity of anaemia as a public health problem among men. Strategies to reduce the burden of anaemia among this population are needed. The government should formulate programmes targeting anaemia specifically, and improving the nutritional status among men in general in the EAG states.

Any DNA to Declare? Regulating Offshore Access to Genetic Enhancement

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 179-213
Author(s):  
Maxwell J. Mehlman ◽  
Kirsten M. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
Law School ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
The Government ◽  
Travel Abroad ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The U.S

Imagine a world in which parents can genetically enhance their child's height so that he becomes a professional basketball player. Or imagine a law school student preparing for the bar who takes out an extra loan to genetically enhance his intelligence. What if going to your physician for a routine physical included the option of genetically enhancing any trait you desired? And what if such a practice was expensive and, therefore, only available to the privileged members of society? Is this desirable or should the U.S. government ban genetic enhancement? What if the government bans it and citizens travel abroad to receive genetic enhancement treatments? Can the U.S. government do anything to prevent access to illegal genetic enhancement abroad?

School Catchment Zone Mergers and Housing Wealth Redistribution

2021 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2110067
Author(s):  
Siu Kei Wong ◽  
Kuang Kuang Deng
Keyword(s):  
School Quality ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Housing Values ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
The Government ◽  
Empirical Design

This study investigates how perceived school quality affects housing values, using a new estimation method. Our empirical design takes advantage of the mergers of school catchment zones initiated by the government to develop quasi-experiments. We find that, in zones that gained sudden access to higher ranked schools, housing prices increased by 1.3 to 4.1 percent. Larger and more expensive houses appreciated more in response to the improvement in perceived quality of available schools. The findings generate important policy implications regarding housing wealth redistribution and housing expenditures among different households. The study also enriches the literature on the capitalization effect of school quality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document