Long-Run Earnings Inequality and Earnings Instability among Canadian Men Revisited, 1985-2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Ostrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Components Of Variance ◽  
Earnings Dynamics ◽  
Administrative Dataset ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Earnings Instability ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Censored Observations ◽  
Flexible Models ◽  
Recession Period

Abstract I consider two flexible models of earnings dynamics suggested in the recent literature and alternative approaches to the treatment of left-censored observations to examine trends in the permanent and transitory variances of earnings of Canadian male workers from 1985 to 2005. I find that both permanent and transitory variances were higher in the 2000s than in the late 1980s or 1990s. In contrast to the late 1980s and the recession period of the early 1990s, both components of variance grew at a similar pace during the post-recession period, and the share of each component in the total variance remained fairly stable. The results are robust to the choice of a model. The study is based on a large sample from a uniquely rich longitudinal administrative dataset.

Shareholder Value, Management Culture and Production Regimes in the Transformation of the German Chemical-Pharmaceutical Industry

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigurt Vitols
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Shareholder Value ◽  
Value Management ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Drivers Of Change ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Production Regime ◽  
National Systems

One of the greatest points of controversy in the recent literature in political economy is the extent to which “shareholder value” oriented institutional investors are drivers of change in national systems of corporate governance. This article argues that the key question is how management cultures shape managerial responses to pressures for change from capital markets. Empirical evidence for this argument is provided through an examination of changes since the mid-1990s at the “Big Three” German integrated chemical/pharmaceutical companies: Hoechst, Bayer and BASF. Despite facing similar demands from shareholder-value oriented investors, management at the three companies have pursued quite different strategies. The end result, however, may be the same from a production regime perspective, that is, the long-run withdrawal of “Big Pharma” from Germany as a location for R&D due to a more favorable institutional framework in the US.

scholarly journals Production of Sustainable Construction Materials Using Agro-Wastes

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysanthos Maraveas
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Building Standards

The construction sector, in modern times, is faced by a myriad of challenges primarily due to the increase in the urban population and dwindling natural resources that facilitate the production of construction materials. Furthermore, higher awareness on climate change is forcing companies to rethink their strategies in developing more sustainable construction materials. Diverse types of agro-waste ranging from rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), and bamboo leaves ash (BLA) among others have been identified as potent solutions in the development of sustainable construction materials. In this review paper, six different construction materials, made using agro-waste products, are examined. The materials include brick/masonry elements, green concrete, insulation materials for buildings, reinforcement materials for buildings, particleboards, and bio-based plastics. The main criterion adopted in selecting the materials regards their popularity and wide-scale use in modern construction applications. Additionally, as this research emphasizes identifying alternative approaches to develop sustainable construction materials, the focus is directed toward mainstream materials whose continued use has an adverse impact on the environment. The findings obtained from the review showed that the use of agro-waste to develop sustainable construction materials was effective, as the developed materials adhered to established building standards. Therefore, this indicates that agro-waste materials have the potential to replace conventional construction materials and hence achieve economic, environmental, and social sustainability in the long run.

scholarly journals What Do Data on Millions of U.S. Workers Reveal About Lifecycle Earnings Dynamics?

Econometrica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 2303-2339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Guvenen ◽  
Fatih Karahan ◽  
Serdar Ozkan ◽  
Jae Song
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Impulse Response Functions ◽  
Normal Mixture ◽  
Earnings Dynamics ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Skewness ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity ◽  
Very High

We study individual male earnings dynamics over the life cycle using panel data on millions of U.S. workers. Using nonparametric methods, we first show that the distribution of earnings changes exhibits substantial deviations from lognormality, such as negative skewness and very high kurtosis. Further, the extent of these nonnormalities varies significantly with age and earnings level, peaking around age 50 and between the 70th and 90th percentiles of the earnings distribution. Second, we estimate nonparametric impulse response functions and find important asymmetries: Positive changes for high‐income individuals are quite transitory, whereas negative ones are very persistent; the opposite is true for low‐income individuals. Third, we turn to long‐run outcomes and find substantial heterogeneity in the cumulative growth rates of earnings and the total number of years individuals spend nonemployed between ages 25 and 55. Finally, by targeting these rich sets of moments, we estimate stochastic processes for earnings that range from the simple to the complex. Our preferred specification features normal mixture innovations to both persistent and transitory components and includes state‐dependent long‐term nonemployment shocks with a realization probability that varies with age and earnings.

scholarly journals The energy balance of maize production – alternative approaches

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Tibor Horváth ◽  
Anikó Nyéki ◽  
Miklós Neményi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
Know How ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Final Question

Agricultural production is a crucial area, perhaps the most important for humanity. This is the only area which cannot be avoided. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to know how sustainable the system is in the long run as regards energy consumption. We have chosen the maize production sector as the main focus of this study. This crop is especially important all over the world, therefore; it requires significant input also in terms of energy. Currently, the system of maize production (as with the others) operates as an open energy system. This study aims to examine how much of the agricultural land’s energy demand could be met with the help of the byproducts of 1 hectare of agricultural land - operating as a closed system, using only the remaining maize stalk and cob byproducts for energy - under the conditions of Hungarian maize production. Energy demand is largely determined by the land’s fertilizer requirement, followed by the input factor of the energy demand of the machinery during earthwork and transport. The study assumes that the energy from the byproducts of maize production will be used exclusively with biogas technology. This can even be implemented on a county level. The final question is whether the maize production system will be able to sustain itself solely by using its own byproducts.

scholarly journals The Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions on the Instability and Long-Run Inequality of Workers’ Earnings in Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Beach ◽  
Ross Finnie ◽  
David Gray
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Earnings Instability ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the variability of workers’ earnings in Canada over the period 1982‑1997. Using a large panel of tax file data, we decompose total variation in earnings across workers and time into a long-run inequality component between workers and an average earnings instability component over time for workers. We find an increase in earnings variability between 1982‑89 and 1990‑97 that is largely confined to men and largely driven by widening long-run earnings inequality. Second, the pattern of unemployment rate and GDP growth rate effects on these variance components is not consistent with conventional explanations and is suggestive of an alternative paradigm of how economic growth over this period widens long-run earnings inequality. Third, when unemployment rate and GDP growth rate effects are considered jointly, macroeconomic improvement is found to reduce the overall variability of earnings as the reduction in earnings instability outweighs the widening of long-run earnings inequality.

Appreciative Sharing of Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaela Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Appreciative Inquiry ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Knowledge Management Practices ◽  
Positive Memories

The previous chapters in this book have so far mainly focused on problem-solving approaches to knowledge management within event organisations. It has been argued that there are a lot of knowledge management challenges in event organisations, which need to be overcome in order for the organisation to be successful in the long run. This chapter presents an entirely different approach to knowledge management: it introduces Appreciative Inquiry as an approach to management based on an organisation’s strengths with regards to knowledge management, such as, for example, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing practices that are already working well. Applying the principles of Appreciative Inquiry and Appreciative Sharing of Knowledge, as defined by Cooperrider and Srivastva (1987), Cooperrider and Whitney (1999) and Thatchenkery and Chowdhry (2007), the aim is to utilise the strengths within the organisation, and learn from and further build on these strengths, in order to enhance the organisation’s knowledge management practices and ultimately its success overall. The first two sections of this chapter introduce Appreciative Inquiry and Appreciative Sharing of Knowledge as alternative approaches to knowledge management. They highlight key principles of these and provide examples as to how they can be applied to event organisations. The final section of the chapter more specifically discusses (positive) stories and storytelling within the Appreciative Sharing of Knowledge approach and focuses on how stories of success, achievement, and positive memories can be a useful tool within event organisations to create a shared understanding and knowledge of what the event is about, what it aims to achieve, and how to work together effectively and efficiently. It will be reemphasised that these tacit knowledge practices are invaluable within any organisation, and can provide a competitive advantage in the long term.

Long-Run Trends in the Quality of Teachers: Evidence and Implications for Policy

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Teacher Effectiveness ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time

One of the key provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act requires states to ensure that every teacher be “highly qualified.” Though the meaning of “highly qualified” remains hotly contested, the legislation's emphasis on teachers is well founded. Nearly all modern research on the subject finds teacher effectiveness to be among the most important school inputs into student achievement. Yet recent literature, including my own work (Corcoran, Evans, and Schwab 2004), finds evidence that the quality of teachers has steadily eroded over time. In particular, the likelihood that a high-aptitude female pursued a career in teaching dropped precipitously between 1960 and 2000. In this article, I summarize these and related findings, review some of the most common explanations for the trend in teacher quality, and discuss policies that have been advanced to attract talented graduates to the teaching profession.

Evaluating alternative approaches for predicting pension benefits and incentives

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
David Knapp ◽  
Maciej Lis ◽  
Jinkook Lee ◽  
Drystan Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Pension Benefit ◽  
Work History ◽  
Earnings Dynamics ◽  
Retirement Incentives ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
Global Aging ◽  
Cross National

AbstractIn an effort to promote comparative research on pensions, the Gateway to Global Aging Data is developing harmonized cross-national panel data on pension benefits and retirement incentives. Past research has varied in how it predicts pension benefits for individuals who have not yet claimed their benefits when administrative data on earnings histories is unavailable. We use the Gateway data to evaluate several alternative approaches to computing prospective pension benefits using common survey questions and validate them against matched administrative data. We find that in some settings naïve measures of pension benefit growth from continued work and delayed benefit claiming can perform as well as measures based on administrative data. We also find that prospective benefit levels are sensitive to the heterogeneity of lifecycle earnings dynamics, resulting in substantial measurement error even after accounting for work history.

scholarly journals Courts and New Democracies: Recent Works

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 720-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Judicial Politics ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Development ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Russian Politics

Recent literature on comparative judicial politics reveals a variety of roles that courts adopt in the process of democratization. These include, very rarely, serving as a trigger for democratization and, more commonly, serving as downstream guarantor for departing autocrats or as downstream consolidator of democracy. In light of these roles, this article reviews six relatively recent books: Courts in Latin America, edited by Helmke and Rios-Figueroa (2011); Judges Beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship: Lessons from Chile, by Hilbink (2007); Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America, edited by Couso, Huneeus, and Sieder (2011); The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000, by Meierhenrich (2008); Judging Russia: Constitutional Court in Russian Politics 1990–2006, by Trochev (2008); and New Courts in Asia, edited by Harding and Nicholson (2010).

scholarly journals Multiscale Systemic Risk and Its Spillover Effects in the Cryptocurrency Market

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Zhijing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Wavelet Packet Decomposition ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Recession Period

Since the advent of Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency market has become an important financial market. However, due to the existence of the cryptocurrency bubble, investors face more difficulties in risk portfolios. We adopt wavelet packet decomposition, nonlinear Granger causality test, risk spillover network, and STVAR model; retain the mature research of multiscale systemic risk based on time and frequency; and thus extend systemic risk to different regimes. We found that when frequency is combined with regimes, the risk spillover center will undergo subversive changes in the long run. We also proposed that BTC will be more robust at extreme values (like longest and shortest periods), while cryptocurrencies with smaller market capitalization will be stronger in the medium term. At the same time, the recession period will also spur on it.

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