Karakterisasi dan Uji Stabilitas Digestif Nanoemulsi β-Karoten yang Dibuat dengan Metode Emulsifikasi Spontan

β-Carotene exhibits a wide range of health benefits, but its application in food formulation is very limited because of its instability and susceptibility to degradation. The stability of β-carotene can be improved by incorporation into an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The objective of this research was to characterize β-carotene loaded nanoemulsions prepared with spontaneous emulsification method using ternary food-grade surfactants (Tween 80, Span 40, Span 80) and palm oil or VCO (virgin coconut oil) as oil phase with the surfactant-oil ratio of 4. The physicochemical stability of β-carotene loaded nanoemulsions during simulated digestions, which consist of the mouth, stomach, and intestine phases, was also evaluated using in-vitro digestion model. The results showed that β-carotene loaded nanoemulsions, prepared either using VCO or palm oil as the oil phase, had neutral pH (6.8±0.1), mean particle diameter of 129 -159 nm, showed monomodal particle size distribution with low polydispersity index (PdI) values (0.214 - 0.266), and were not significantly different in zeta potential values ([-6,59]–[-8,9]). The β-carotene loaded nanoemulsions with VCO as the oil phase had a smaller mean particle diameter than that of palm oil. The physical stability of the β-carotene loaded nanoemulsions against digestive simulation in the mouth, stomach or intestine phases was not influenced by the oil phase type. Both nanoemulsions were stable against simulated digestion in the mouth and stomach phases. After passing through the intestinal phase, the mean particle diameter increased and the particle size distribution changed from monomodal to bimodal. The β-carotene retention after passing through the mouth, stomach and intestinal phases of the β-carotene loaded nanoemulsion prepared using VCO were not significantly different from the palm oil. ABSTRAKβ-Karoten mempunyai berbagai manfaat kesehatan, namun aplikasinya dalam formulasi pangan sangat terbatas karena tidak stabil dan mudah mengalami degradasi. Stabilitas β-karoten dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggabungkannya dalam sistem penghantaran berbasis emulsi minyak dalam air (o/w). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan karakterisasi nanoemulsi β-karoten yang dibuat dengan metode emulsifikasi spontan menggunakan kombinasi tiga surfaktan food grade (Tween 80, Span 40, Span 80), minyak sawit maupun VCO (virgin coconut oil) sebagai fase minyak dengan rasio surfaktan-fase minyak 4.. Penelitian ini juga mengkaji stabilitas fisikokimiawi nanoemulsi β-karoten selama pencernaan di mulut, lambung dan usus dengan menggunakan model digesti in vitro. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa nanoemulsi β-karoten yang dibuat dengan fase minyak VCO maupun minyak sawit memiliki pH netral (6,8±0,1), rerata diameter partikel 129–159 nm, distribusi ukuran partikel monomodal dengan nilai indeks polidispersitas (polydispersity index, PdI) rendah (0,214–0,266) dan zeta potensial yang tidak berbeda nyata ([-6,59]–[-8,9]). Nanoemulsi β-karoten dengan fase minyak VCO memiliki rerata diameter partikel yang lebih kecil dibanding minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak. Jenis fase minyak tidak berpengaruh terhadap stabilitas fisik nanoemulsi β-karoten selama simulasi pencernaan di mulut, lambung maupun usus. Nanoemulsi β-karoten dengan fase minyak VCO maupun minyak sawit stabil terhadap pencernaan di mulut maupun lambung. Setelah melewati fase usus, terjadi peningkatan diameter partikel rerata dan perubahan distribusi ukuran partikel dari monomodal menjadi bimodal. Retensi β-karoten dalam nanoemulsi VCO setelah melewati simulasi pencernaan mulut, lambung dilanjutkan fase usus tidak berbeda nyata dengan retensi β-karoten dalam nanoemulsi minyak sawit.

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FORMULASI DAN STABILITAS MIKROEMULSI O/W DENGAN METODE EMULSIFIKASI SPONTAN MENGGUNAKAN VCO DAN MINYAK SAWIT SEBAGAI FASE MINYAK: PENGARUH RASIO SURFAKTAN-MINYAK

Jurnal Agritech ◽

10.22146/agritech.9416 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (01) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Setyaningrum Ariviani ◽

Sri Raharjo ◽

Sri Anggrahini ◽

Sri Naruki

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Food Grade ◽

Heating Treatment ◽

The Mean ◽

Span 80 ◽

And Storage ◽

Formulation Stability

This study was aimed to (1) formulate o/w microemulsion using different surfactant oil ratio, (2) determine the microemulsions stability toward centrifugation, heating and storage at room temperature, and (3) characterize microemulsions which were shown the best stability. Microemulsions were prepared using ternary food grade surfactantwith low HLB (span 80), medium HLB (span 20 or span 40) and high HLB (tween 80), and surfactant oil ratio 2,3,4 and 5. VCO and palm oil were used as oil phase, whereas 10 μM phosphate buffer pH 7 was used as aqueous phase. O/W microemulsionwere formed at surfactant oil ratio 3 or more for VCO and at higher surfactant oil ratio (i.e 4 or 5) when palm oil was used as oil phase. Microemulsions with VCO as oil phase which were stable toward centrifugation, heating treatment and storage at room temperature i.e. microemulsions with surfactant oil ratio 4 or 5, while the use of palm oil as oil phase produce stable microemulsions at surfactant oil ratio 4. Microemulsions with surfactant oil ratio 4 showedthe best stability. This microemulsions have a monomodal particle size distribution, the mean particle diameter and viscosity reached 21.7 ± 0.02nm and 6.0 ± 0.10cp (VCO), 22.9 ± 0.15nm and 6.2 ± 0.05cp (palm oil).Keywords: Microemulsion, formulation, stability, surfactant, oil ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) formulasi mikroemulsi o/w dengan variasirasio surfaktan-minyak, (2) menentukan stabilitas mikroemulsiterhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan dan penyimpanan suhu ruang, dan (3) karakterisasi mikroemulsi dengan stabilitas terbaik. Mikroemulsi dibuat menggunakan campuran tiga surfaktan food grade yaitu surfaktan HLB rendah (span 80), sedang (span 20 atau span 40), dan tinggi (tween 80), dengan rasio surfaktan minyak 2, 3, 4 dan 5. VCOdan minyak kelapa sawit digunakan sebagai fase minyak, 10 μM bufer fosfat pH 7 sebagai fase aqueous. Mikroemulsi o/w terbentuk pada rasio surfaktan minyak 3 atau lebih untuk penggunaan VCO dan pada rasio surfaktan minyak yang lebih tinggi (yaitu 4 atau 5) untuk penggunaan minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak. Mikroemulsi dengan fase minyakVCO yang stabil terhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan maupun penyimpanan suhu ruang adalah mikroemulsi dengan rasio surfaktan-minyak 4 atau 5, sedangkan penggunaan minyak sawit sebagai fase minyak menghasilkan mikroemulsi yang stabil pada rasio surfaktan-minyak 4. Mikroemulsi dengan rasio surfaktan-minyak 4 memperlihatkan stabilitas terbaik.Mikroemulsi tersebut memiliki distribusi ukuran partikel monomodal, rerata diameter partikel dan viskositas mencapai 21,7 ± 0,02nm dan 6,0 ± 0,10cp (VCO), 22,9 ± 0,15nm dan 6,2 ± 0,05cp (minyak sawit).Kata kunci: Mikroemulsi, formulasi, stabilitas, surfaktan minyak

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PENGARUH PEMBERIAN SEDIAAN MIKROEMULSI EKSTRAK DAUN KENIKIR (Cosmos caudatus) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR ASAM URAT TIKUS YANG DI INDUKSI HATI AYAM

Jurnal Borneo Cendekia ◽

10.54411/jbc.v4i1.212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 67-77

Author(s):

Muhammad Yusuf ◽

Poppy Dwi Citra Jaluri ◽

Yogie Irawan

Keyword(s):

Coconut Oil ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Cosmos Caudatus ◽

Span 80

Hiperurisemia adalah keadaan dimana terjadi peningkatan kadar asam urat dalam darah diatas normal. Tanaman kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) merupakan tanaman yang banyak dijumpai di lingkungan sekitar, serta tanaman yang sudah tidak asing lagi dan telah banyak dikonsumsi sebagai sayuran. Salah satu kandungan dalam kenikir adalah senyawa golongan flavonoid. Pada penelitian ini mikroemulsi ekstrak kenikir digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar asam urat pada tikus yang diinduksi hati ayam. Mikroemulsi dibuat dengan menggunakan virgin coconut oil (VCO) sebagai fase minyak, Tween 80 dan Span 80 sebagai surfaktan dan gliserin sebagai kosurfaktan. Penelitian menggunakan 15 ekor tikus putih jantan galur wistar yang diinduksi jus hati ayam. Tikus dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif mikroemulsi placebo, kontrol positif mikroemulsi Allopurinol 3,6 mg/200 g BB tikus, serta kelompok perlakuan mikroemulsi daun kenikir 10 mg/200 g BB tikus yang diberikan secara peroral. Pengukuran kadar asam urat dilakukan pada hari ke-0 (kadar awal), hari ke-7 (kadar setelah induksi) dan hari ke-13(kadar setelah perlakuan). Persen penurunan kadar asam urat dalam darah dianalisis secara statistika dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil uji statistika menyatakan ada perbedaan antara kelompok kontrol negatif dan positif dengan kelompok perlakuan mikroemulsi daun kenikir memiliki nilai signifikansi 0,000. Sehingga mikroemulsi daun kenikir dapat menurunkan kadar urisemia tikus yang diinduksi ekstrak hati ayam namun memiliki kemampuan yang tidak sebaik mikroemulsi allopurinol. Kata Kunci : Mikroemulsi, Kenikir (Cosmos Caudatus), Hiperurisemia, Ekstrak Hati Ayam, Allopurinol.

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Effect of Surfactant Addition on The Physico-Chemical Properties and Stability of Virgin Coconut Oil Nanoemulsions

Buletin Palma ◽

10.21082/bp.v22n1.2021.31-42 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Linda Trivana ◽

Nugraha E. Suyatma ◽

Dase Hunaefi ◽

S. Joni Munarso

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Chemical Characteristic ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Tem Analysis ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Span 80 ◽

The Stability

<p>Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is high quality coconut oil and categorized as the healthiest oil and functional foods. Based on these benefits, the development of a VCO in emulsion product might increase the human consumption of coconut oil because consumers dislike the only taste of pure VCO. The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of VCO through nano-emulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80) on the physio-chemical characteristic of emulsion containing VCO was investigated. VCO based emulsions were prepared with the aid of Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. Emulsions were developed by adding and mixing VCO with surfactants. The ratio of Tween 80 and Span 80 used were 0:10, 2.5:7.5, 5:5, 7.5:2.5, and 10:0. The droplet size of nanoemulsions consisting of Tween 80:Span 80 (0:10, 2.5:7.5, 5:5, 7.5:2.5, and 10:0) were 1.343, 0.606, 0.829, 1.439, and 2.506µm, respectively. Based on the TEM analysis and polydispersity index (PDI) >0.5 showed the oil droplets are in not uniform shape, indicating a unstable emulsion. VCO emulsion with ratio Tween 80:Span 80 (0:10) obtained a homogeneous emulsion (stable) compare than that of others and w/o type emulsion. The stability of emulsion is evaluated by turbidity measurement using UV-VIS spectrophotometer with wavelength 502 nm. A combination of treatments (ambient condition, thermal treatmeant (40°C)), and centrifuge) of VCO emulsion has resulted on thermal treat, the turbidity measured from the emulsion was higher than the other emulsion, reflecting the presence of the smaller droplets in this emulsion.</p>

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Pengaruh Perbandingan Minyak dan Surfaktan serta Suhu terhadap Karakteristik Sediaan Krim

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2020.v08.i04.p04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 513

Author(s):

I Made Mas Oka Hendrawan ◽

Lutfi Suhendra ◽

G.P. Ganda Putra

Keyword(s):

Coconut Oil ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Temperature Treatment ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Surfactant Treatment ◽

Separation Ratio ◽

Factor Design ◽

Span 80 ◽

Time Spread

This study aims to determine the effect of oil and surfactant comparisons and the temperature to the resultant dosage characteristics and determine the oil and surfactant ratio and the appropriate temperature for the preparation of cream. This study uses the group random two-factor design. The first factor is the comparison of oil that is mixture of cocoa fat and virgin coconut oil with surfactants that is mixture of tween 80 and span 80 consisting of 3 levels, which are 85% ; 15%, 80% ; 20% and 85% ; 25%. The second factor is temperature consisting of 3 levels, which are 60 º C, 70 º C and 80 º C. Results of this study showed the treatment of oil comparison and surfactants were had an strongly effect to the homogeneity, adhesive time, spread ability, separation ratio and viscosity, but had no effect on the pH of cream preparations. Temperature treatment had an strongly effect on homogeneity, adhesive time, spread ability, separation ratio and viscosity, while only had an effect on the pH of a basic cream. Interaction between the treatment had an effect on the ratio of separation, pH as well as the spread of cream preparations, but no had effect on adhesive time and the viscosity of the preparation of cream. Oil comparison and surfactant treatment of 80%: 20% and temperature 70ºC is the best treatment resulting in a cream preparations with homogenity characteristics, adhesive time 7.14 Second, ratio of separator 0.48, spread ability of 6.83 cm, viscosity of 37000 cps and pH 6.05. Keywords: oil, surfactans, temperature, cocoa fats, virgin coconut oil, tween 80 and span 80

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04 / Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil Pulling in Comparison with Palm Oil Pulling on Gingival Health and Plaque Microorganisms

10.26226/morressier.5ac3832a2afeeb00097a3f65 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nisachon Siripaiboonpong

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Gingival Health

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Preparation and Evaluation of Chitosan Loaded Naproxen Nanoparticles by Emulsion Interfacial Reaction Method

Drug Delivery Letters ◽

10.2174/2210303109666190211150117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 89-96

Author(s):

Abbaraju Krishna Sailaja ◽

Juveria Banu

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Interfacial Reaction ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Entrapment Efficiency ◽

Reaction Method ◽

Release Data ◽

Mean Particle Diameter

Aim: The aim of this investigation was to develop and characterize naproxen loaded chitosan nanoparticles by emulsion interfacial reaction method. Methodology: For emulsion interfacial reaction method chitosan was used as a polymer. In this method, eight formulations were prepared by varying drug to polymer concentration. Discussion: Out of eight formulations prepared using emulsion interfacial reaction method EI8 formulation was found to be the best formulation. The drug content was observed as 94.4%, entrapment efficiency and loading capacity were found to be 87.5% and 75%, respectively. The mean particle diameter was measured as 324.6nm and the Zeta potential value was found to be -42.4mv. In vitro drug release data showed 97.2% of drug release rate sustained up to 12hrs. Conclusion: The results clearly reveal that EI8 formulation having the highest amount of drug was considered as the best formulation because of its small mean particle diameter, good entrapment efficiency, and stability.

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FORMULASI NANOEMULSI ASPIRIN MENGGUNAKAN ETANOL 96 % SEBAGAI KO-SURFAKTAN

WARTA FARMASI ◽

10.46356/wfarmasi.v6i1.66 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Nur Saadah Daud ◽

Musdalipah Musdalipah ◽

Asriyanti Lamadari

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Pain Therapy ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Moderate Pain ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Cycling Test ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

20 Nm

ABSTRAK Aspirin termasuk dalam golongan Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) yang banyak digunakan pada pengobatan nyeri ringan sampai sedang, antipiretik, anti inflamasi, serta anti koagulan. Pada penggunaan secara oral dapat menurunkan efektifitas obat akibat metabolisme lintas pertama. Alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut yaitu membuat sediaan topikal nanoemulsi aspirin. Nanoemulsi yaitu sistem emulsi yang transparan, tembus cahaya dan merupakan d ispersi minyak air yang distabilkan oleh lapisan film dari surfaktan dan ko-surfaktan, yang memiliki ukuran droplet 20 nm-500 nm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat nanoemulsi aspirin dengan variasi konsentrasi etanol 96 % sebagai ko-surfaktan. Nanoemulsi aspirin dibuat dengan Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) sebagai fase minyak, tween 80 sebagai surfaktan,dan etanol 96 % sebagai ko-surfaktan. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 5 formula nanoemulsi jernih beraroma khas dengan nilai pH berkisar pada range 4,0-4,5 yang telah memenuhi pH normal kulit. dengan konsentrasi etanol 96 % yaitu 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 % dan 30 %, dan dibuat 3 replikasi. Hasil uji stabilitas fisik menunjukkan bahwa kelima formula menghasilkan nanoemulsi yang stabil dan tidak terjadi pemisahan fase sesudah uji sentrifugasi dan cycling test dilakukan. Kata Kunci : Nanoemulsi, Aspirin, Etanol 96%, Ko-surfaktan ABSTRACT Acetosal known to be a part of the group medications called Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) that was used for mild to moderate pain therapy, antipyretic, anti inflamation and anti coagulan. Oral administration of acetosal may decrease its effectiveness because of the first past metabolism problem. The purpose of this study was to formulate acetosal into nanoemulsion form for topical preparation as an alternative to avoid those problem with ethanol 96% as co-surfactant. Nanoemulsion was an emultion system which transparent, glasslike, and comes from dispertion of water and oil stabilized by film-coated that made from surfactant and co-surfactant combination, which has droplet size around 20 nm-500 nm. Acetosal nanoemulsions were prepared with Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant and ethanol 96 % as co-surfactant. There were 5 formulas of transparent acetosal nanoemultion. Their yield of pH were about 4,0-4,5 were met the normal skin’s pH. They were acetosal nanoemulsions with ethanol 96 % of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. These five were stable and did not show the separation of phase after both centrifugation and cycling test. Keyword : Nanoemulsion, Acetosal, Ethanol 96%, Co-Surfactan

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The Role of Coconut Oil to Increase Expression of MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1 in NIH-3T3 Cell Line

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (22) ◽

pp. 3733-3736

Author(s):

Dian Ika Perbina Meliala ◽

Jansen Silalahi ◽

Yuandani Yuandani ◽

Linda Margata ◽

Denny Satria

Keyword(s):

Healing Process ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Wound Healing Process ◽

3T3 Cells ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Nih3t3 Cells ◽

Nih 3T3 ◽

Tgf Β1 ◽

Nih 3T3 Cells

AIM: The objective of the study was to evaluate protein expression in NIH 3T3 cells that are treated with virgin coconut oil (VCO) and hydrolysed of virgin coconut oil (HVCO) in vitro. METHODS: Coconut oil used in this study was virgin coconut oil (VCO) and VCO hydrolysed by Rhizomucor miehei (HVCO). NIH 3T3 cells (5x105 cells/well) were seeded in nine wells and incubated for overnight, then divided into three groups. Each group consisted of three wells. Group one without treatment, group two added VCO, and group three added HVCO and then incubated for overnight. One well in each group was added MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1 and incubated one hour. Finally, expressions of MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1 were detected using immunocytochemistry method. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that VCO and HVCO increased protein expressions of MMP-9, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1. Percentage of MMP-9 expressions treated by VCO increased from 2.89 ± 0.07 to 28.16 ± 0.34, PDGF-BB from 28.11 ± 0.13 to 48.53 ± 0.49, and TGF-β1 from 4.19 ± 0.08 to 18.41 ± 0.54. Percentage of MMP-9 expressions treated by HVCO increased from 2.89 ± 0.07 to 55.40 ± 0.94, PDGF-BB from 28.11 ± 0.13 to 61.65 ± 0.42, and TGF-β1 from 4.19 ± 0.08 to 36.35 ± 0.67. CONCLUSION: VCO and HVCO increase the expression of MMP-9, PDGF-BB, dan TGF-β1 in NIH3T3 cells and therefore, coconut oil active in the wound healing process. HVCO is more than active than VCO.

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