scholarly journals Pembuatan dan Analisis Karbon Aktif dari Cangkang Buah Karet dengan Proses Kimia dan Fisika

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Lisna Efiyanti ◽  
Suci Aprianty Wati ◽  
Mamay Maslahat
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Benzene Adsorption ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

Penggunaan karbon aktif di Indonesia semakin meluas sejalan dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan tehadap karbon aktif tersebut, sehingga perlu terus diupayakan pencarian bahan baku dan metode pembuatan karbon aktif untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif yang berkualitas. Salah satu bahan baku yang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif adalah cangkang buah karet karena keberadaannya tidak termanfaatkan dengan baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan karbon aktif dari cangkang buah karet masing-masing dengan metode aktivasi steam pada suhu 650°C, aktivasi dengan kalium hidroksida 10% dan aktivasi dengan asam fosfat 10%. Karbon aktif yang terbentuk kemudian dianalisa menggunakan metode SNI 06-3730-1995 dengan parameter kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, daya jerap iod, daya jerap biru metilen dan daya jerap benzena. Gugus fungsi, kristalinitas dan morfologi karbon aktif dianalisa masing-masing menggunakan FTIR, XRD dan SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, daya jerap iod, daya jerap biru metilen dan daya jerap benzena masing-masing sebesar 1,83-3,74%; 2,86-8,14; 7,36-13,55; 82,8-89,78%; 355,21-569,39 mg/g; 10,34-17,61 mg/g; 8,09-19,26%. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan bahwa gugus fungsi yang terdeteksi pada karbon aktif adalah gugus OH, CH alifatik, CH aromatik, C=O, C-C, C=C dan C-O, sedangkan kristalinitas karbon aktif berkisar antara 11,34-30,78% dengan ukuran pori sebesar 5-9 μm. Karbon aktif dengan aktivator KOH dapat menjerap senyawa iod dan metilen biru lebih baik sedangkan karbon aktif aktivasi steam memiliki daya jerap terbaik pada adsorpsi senyawa benzena. Manufacture and Analysis of Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell with Chemical and Physical ProcessingAbstract The utilization of activated carbon in Indonesia is increased, which is in line with the increase of activated carbon needs, therefore it is necessary to search the raw materials and methods continuously for good quality activated carbon. One of the raw materials that can be used to produce activated carbon is a rubber fruit shell because it is not properly utilized. In this research, activated carbon was made from rubber fruit shells by the steam activation method at a temperature of 650°C, 10% potassium hydroxide, and 10% phosphoric acid activation. The activated carbon was then analyzed using SNI 06-3730-1995 methods with parameters of water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, iod adsorption, methylene blue adsorption, and benzene adsorption. The functional groups, crystallinity, and morphology of activated carbon also analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM respectively. The results shows that the water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, iod adsorption, methylene blue adsorption, and benzene adsorption are 1,83-3,74%; 2,86-8,14; 7,36-13,55; 82,8-89,78%; 355,21-569,39 mg/g; 10,34-17,61 mg/g; 8,09-19,26%, respectively. The FTIR results from activated carbon are contain of several functional groups, like OH; CH aliphatic, CH aromatic, C=O; C-C; C=C and C-O, meanwhile the degree of crystallinity from activated carbon formed are ranged 11,34-30,78% with 5-9 μm of pore size. The activated carbon with KOH activator has good adsorption in iod and methylene blue compound meanwhile activated carbon from steam activation can be a good adsorbent on the benzene compound.

scholarly journals "Biopellet" as One of Future Promising Biomassbased Renewable Energy: a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 04029
Author(s):  
Yoyon Wahyono ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto ◽  
Wahyu Zuli Pratiwi ◽  
Inggar Dianratri
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Heat Efficiency ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Energy Emissions

The depletion of fossil energy reserves and not environmentally friendly fossil energy emissions makes it necessary to use renewable energy as an alternative to replacing fossil energy. Biopellet is one of the renewable energy based on biomass that exists in Indonesia. Biopellets are produced from a base of abundant biomass. Thus, biopellets have the potential and promise to continue to be used as fuel by humans. The literature review includes the characteristics of biopellets and the application of biopellets as fuel. Biopellets can be made by mixing biomass with an adhesive with a concentration of 15% (w/w) then stirred until homogeneous and put into a pellet mill for printing. The pellets were dried in an oven for 30 minutes. Biopellet characteristically has complied with SNI 8021-2014 for parameters of ash content, fixed carbon content, caloric value, water content, and volatile matter content. The application of biopellet as a stove material also shows good performance for heat, efficiency, and emission parameters. In conclusion, biopellet is a renewable energy fuel based on biomass that has potential in the present and promising in the future.

scholarly journals ANALISA PEMANFAATAN BRIKET LIMBAH ARANG KAYU ALABAN DI DESA TAPUK KECAMATAN LIMPASU KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

INFO-TEKNIK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nizar Ramadhan ◽  
Andy Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Better Than

The solution to reduce the use of fossil fuels is by utilizing renewable energy such as solar power, wind power, and hydropower, as well as the utilization of other alternative energy derived from biomass. One of alternative energy from biomass that is very potential is briquettes. Tapuk Village, Limpasu Subdistrict, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency is one of the producers of Alaban wood charcoal, with grade D charcoal in the form of charcoal flakes and is often regarded as waste. This study aims to determine the physical properties of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes which include water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and calorific value, as well as the potential utilization of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes. so that residents can use Tapuk Village, Limpasu District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency as an alternative fuel to substitute kerosene and LPG. The results showed the physical properties of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes for 3.66 % water content, 3.15 % ash content, 14.31 % volatile matter content, 78.88% fixed carbon content, 6.259.33 cal / gr calorific value. The use of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes is able to produce consumption costs efficiency of 60% better than the use of LPG and 70% better than the use of kerosene.

scholarly journals To Biomassa Tempurung Buah nyamplung (Callophyllum spp) untuk Pembuatan Briket Arang sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Fahrizal Hazra ◽  
Novita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Burning Charcoal

Nyamplung shell is a biomass whose existence has not been optimally utilized. Biomass is a solid waste that can be used again as a source of fuel. Favorable characteristics of the biomass is an energy source that can be utilized in a sustainable manner because it is renewable. Biomass of Nyamplung shell can be processed become a form of solid fuel with a same specific dimension, it is resulting from compression of bulk materials, powders, and the relatively small size commonly referred to as charcoal briquettes.  The aim of this research is to test the feasibility of nyamplung shell as a raw material for making briquettes on the households by conducting analysis of quality parameters briquette specimens including physical properties (water content, calor value, and density), briquette durability (persistence press), chemical (ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter content) and the rate of burning charcoal briquette.  The treatment in this aim is a mixture composition of raw materials (charcoal of Nyamplung shell) who were given the same amount of adhesive and compressed by compressing hydraulic briquette. The results showed that, charcoal briquettes made from the Calophyllum shell can be used as alternative energy, with a characteristic range of values from 3,39-3,83% moisture content, calor value ranges from 3.646,14-5.431,35 calories / gram, the range of density values 0,663-0,721 gram/cm3, the range of persistence press value 1,98-5,39 kg/cm2, the range of ash content value 19,89-24,51%, the range of fixed carbon value 33,09-40,86%, the range of volatile matter value 35,03-38,57%, and the range of rate of burning from 0,0574-0,0898 grams/second. The low value of moisture content can lead to higher heating value of charcoal briquettes. High/low levels of volatile could affect fast/slow rate of burning charcoal briquettes. Key words : nyamplung shell, biomass, charcoal briquette

scholarly journals PRODUKSI KARBON AKTIF DARI BATUBARA BITUMINUS DENGAN AKTIVASI TUNGGAL H3PO4, KOMBINASI H3PO4-NH4HCO3, DAN TERMAL

REAKTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esthi Kusdarini ◽  
Agus Budianto ◽  
Desyana Ghafarunnisa
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volatile Matter Content

Abstract ACTIVE CARBON PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WITH SINGLE ACTIVITY H3PO4, H3PO4 COMBINE WITH NH4HCO3, AND THERMAL. Bituminous coal has a good potential to be utilized as activated carbon because it has high carbon, which is between 54-86%. The purpose of research was to obtain moisture content data, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, absorption of iodine (iodine), area surface and the volume of pore activated carbon. Another aim was to study the effect of reagent types and concentrations of H3PO4 reagent and NH4HCO3 reagent to the characteristics of the activated carbon. The study was conducted in six stages: 1) carbonization; 2) chemical activation; 3) neutralizing; 4) filtering; 5) activation in physics; and 6) cooling. The renewal of this study is the use of reagents combination H3PO4-NH4HCO3. The results showed that the active carbon which is activated by a combination of  H3PO4  reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M and  reagent H3PO4 reagent 2.5 M - reagent NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M have the best iodine. Activated carbon is activated using H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent  2 M containing 7.5% water content; ash content of 9,0%; volatile matter content of 43.3%, 40.2% fixed carbon, iodine 1238.544 mg/g. While activated carbon which is activated using H3PO4reagent 2.5 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M contain 7.4% water content; ash content is about 10%; volatile matter content is 39.1%, fixed carbon is 43.5%, iodine 1238.544 mg/g,  surface area 86.213 m2/g, and pore volume 0.0733 cc/g. Keywords: perf activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon  Abstrak Batubara bituminus mempunyai potensi bagus untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi karbon aktif karena mempunyai kandungan karbon yang cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 54-86%. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, fixed carbon, daya serap terhadap iodium (bilangan iodin), luas permukaan, dan volume pori karbon aktif. Tujuan lainnya adalah mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi reagen H3PO4 dan NH4HCO3 terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam enam tahap : 1) karbonisasi; 2) aktivasi secara kimia; 3) penetralan;; 4) penyaringan; 5) aktivasi secara fisika; 6) pendinginan. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan kombinasi reagen H3PO4-NH4HCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diaktivasi dengan kombinasi reagen H3PO4  2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M dan H3PO4  2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mempunyai bilangan iodin terbaik. Karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4  2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M mengandung kadar air 7,5%, kadar abu 9,0%, kadar zat terbang 43,3%, fixed carbon 40,2%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g. Sedangkan karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4  2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mengandung kadar air 7,4%, kadar abu 10%, kadar zat terbang 39,1%, fixed carbon 43,5%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g, luas permukaan 86,213 m2/g, dan volume pori 0,0733 cc/g. Kata kunci: aktivasi; batubara; bituminus; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; karbon aktif

scholarly journals OPTIMASI WAKTU AKTIVASI DAN KARAKTERISASI ARANG AKTIF DARI BATANG TANAMAN GUMITIR DENGAN AKTIVATOR NaOH

Jurnal Kimia ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
E. Sahara ◽  
I K. Y. Resyana ◽  
A. A. I. A. M. Laksimawti
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effective Activation ◽  
Activation Time

The stems of marigold plant can be used as the raw material for making activated carbon. One of the activators that can be used is NaOH with an activated time of 24 hours. The purpose of this study was to obtain an effective activation time through activation with a 2.5% NaOH activator in several variations of activation time followed by characterizing the activated carbon formed. Characterization which was carried out including the determination of water, volatile matter, ash, carbon contents, as well as the absorption capacity of methylene blue and iodine. The results of the study showed that the activation for 28 hours produced an activated carbon with characteristics in accordance with SNI 06-3730-1995, namely: water content (8.40 ± 0.72)%, volatile matter content (9.58 ± 0.95) %, ash content (4.93 ± 0.83)%, carbon content of 77.09%, absorption of iodine (758.66874 ± 1.21) mg/g and absorption of methylene blue 124.6226 mg/g. The results of the analysis with FTIR spectrophotometer on this activated charcoal showed the presence of OH, CH aliphatic, C = O and C = C functional groups.   Keywords: activated carbon, sodium hydroxide, marigold plant stems

scholarly journals Chemical Properties of Charcoal Briquette with Composition Types of Gerunggang (Cratoxylon Arborescens) and Tumih (Combretocarpus Rotundatus) Wood from Tropical Peatlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Alpian ◽  
Raynold Panjaitan ◽  
Adi Jaya ◽  
Yanciluk ◽  
Wahyu Supriyati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Pioneer Plants

Charcoal briquettes can be an alternative energy and can be produced from Gerunggang and Tumih types of wood. These two types of wood are commonly found in Kalampangan Village as pioneer plants on burned peatlands. The research objective was to determine the chemical properties of charcoal briquettes produced from biomass waste from land processing without burning with several compositions of Gerunggang wood and Tumih wood. The chemical properties of charcoal briquettes refer to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000) and Standard Permen ESDM No. 047 of 2006. The results showed that all composition treatments in the ash content test, fixed carbon content and calorific value met the standards, while the test for volatile content in all treatment compositions did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000). The composition of the most potential chemical properties and following the two standards used is the composition of 100% Tumih with ash content of 7.67%, volatile matter content of 27.23%, fixed carbon of 55.00%, and heating value of 5902.18 cal/g.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF BINDER RATIO ON THE PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONIZED RICE STALK BRIQUETTES

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Rapheal Ige ◽  
Elinge Ogala ◽  
Cosmos Moki ◽  
Abdulrahman Habeeb
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

The selection or choice of agro-waste briquettes for domestic and industrial cottage applications depends on the fuel properties. In this study, the briquette was produced by carbonizing the rice stalk followed by crushing and sieving, the binder was prepared by dissolving the starch in hot water, then mixed with the sieved carbonized rice stalk and then the briquette was produced using the briquetting machine. Proximate analyses, viability, characteristics and combustion were determined to know the average composition of their constituents. From the results obtained it was observed that ash content, moisture content, after glow and ignition propagation decrease as the binder ratio increase while fixed carbon content, volatile matter, calorific value, density and compressive strength increase. The results of this work indicate that briquettes produced using high concentration of the binder would make good biomass fuels. However, it has a high moisture content of 25.00%, high ash content of 23.00%, moderate volatile matter of 44.80%, low fixed carbon content of 32.20%, moderate calorific value of 13.86 MJ/Kg and high density of 0.643g/cm3. The results obtained for all the parameters showed that rice stalks briquettes produced with high concentration of the binder (starch) had a better performance based on their combustion profile.

scholarly journals Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from groundnut and egg shells as viable precursors for adsorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1707-1713
Author(s):  
O.O.E. Onawumi ◽  
A.A. Sangoremi ◽  
O.S. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Groundnut Shell

This study was carried out to prepare groundnut shell (GS) and eggshell (ES) into activated carbon (AC) and characterize the AC using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. The AC produced was characterized for: pH, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, bulk density and surface area. Surface functional groups and surface morphology were also determined using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) respectively. The ranges of the following results were achieved for the biomasses: Groundnut shell Activated Carbon (GSAC) and Eggshell Activated Carbon (ESAC) respectively: pH (6.80±0.101−7.80±0.011); moisture content (14.10±0.101−12.90±.110%); volatile matter (9.20±0.112−9.90±0.012%); ash content (8.98±0.111−5.80±0.111%); fixed carbon (67.70±0.010−71.40±110%); bulk density (370.00±0.000−380.00−0.000 g/L); surface area (880.00±0.100−800.00±0.000 m2/g). The agro-wastes have high carbon contents and low inorganic which make them viable adsorbents. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of oxygen surface complexes such as carbonyls and OH groups on the surface of the ACs in addition to good pore structures from SEM studies revealed that the agro-wastes could be good precursors for ACs production. The overall results showed that the AC produced from the agro-wastes can be optimally used as good and effective adsorbents, thereby ensuring cheaper, readily available and affordable ACs for the treatment of effluent, waste water and used oils.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOPELET DARI KAYU PUTIH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GONDORUKEM SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Sofia Mustamu ◽  
Gysberth Pattiruhu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon

Biopelet is one of the renewable energy alternatives that have uniformity of size, shape, density, and energy content. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of biopelet consisting of a mixture of cajeput and gondorukem, and to determine the composition of the raw materials that can produce a biopelet with the best quality. The compositions of a mixture in this research are as follow 95%:5%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40%, 50%:50%, cajeput 100% and gondorukem 100%. The manufacture of biopelet used a 20 mesh of dust with the pressure of 526.4 kg/cm2  at a temperature of 200 ◦C for 15 minutes. Types of tests performed on biopelet include density, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, carbon bonded, and calorific value. The results of the best quality of biopelet was in the percentage of cajeput and gondorukem was 70%:30%,  tests showed densities of biopelet 0,84 g/cm3, moisture content5,89%, ash content 2,42%, volatile matter 73,99%, fixed carbon 18,96%, and calorific value 5152 kkal/kg.

scholarly journals BIOPELET DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG KEMIRI (ALEURITES MOLUCCANA) DENGAN CAMPURAN BIOMASSA LIMBAH BATANG SAGU (METROXYLON SAGU) DAN SERBUK GERGAJI SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
Widia Istiani ◽  
Evi Sribudiani ◽  
Sonia Somadona
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Volatile Matter Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Aleurites Moluccana

Utilization of biomass as biopellet is a solution for the creation of renewable alternative energy. So that a research was conducted on the manufacture of biopellets from waste shells of candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) with a mixture of waste biomass from sago stems (Metroxylon sago) and sawdust. This study aims to determine the quality and determine the composition of the best raw materials in biopellets. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with four treatments and five replications. The raw materials are dried for 3 days, then mashed and filtered, then the raw materials are mixed with adhesive and printed, the last parameter is tested. The results showed that the water content, calorific value, and volatile matter content of the biopellet met the SNI standard. 8021:2014. However, in the density and ash content test, the biopellet did not meet the SNI 8021:2014 standard. The best biopellet composition was obtained in treatment P2 with the addition of 10% of the total weight of biomass with a moisture content of 9.96%, density 0.31g/cm3, calorific value 4.232 cal/g, and ash content 11.3%, and volatile matter content of 73 ,69%

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