"Biopellet" as One of Future Promising Biomassbased Renewable Energy: a Review

The depletion of fossil energy reserves and not environmentally friendly fossil energy emissions makes it necessary to use renewable energy as an alternative to replacing fossil energy. Biopellet is one of the renewable energy based on biomass that exists in Indonesia. Biopellets are produced from a base of abundant biomass. Thus, biopellets have the potential and promise to continue to be used as fuel by humans. The literature review includes the characteristics of biopellets and the application of biopellets as fuel. Biopellets can be made by mixing biomass with an adhesive with a concentration of 15% (w/w) then stirred until homogeneous and put into a pellet mill for printing. The pellets were dried in an oven for 30 minutes. Biopellet characteristically has complied with SNI 8021-2014 for parameters of ash content, fixed carbon content, caloric value, water content, and volatile matter content. The application of biopellet as a stove material also shows good performance for heat, efficiency, and emission parameters. In conclusion, biopellet is a renewable energy fuel based on biomass that has potential in the present and promising in the future.

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ANALISA PEMANFAATAN BRIKET LIMBAH ARANG KAYU ALABAN DI DESA TAPUK KECAMATAN LIMPASU KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

INFO-TEKNIK ◽

10.20527/infotek.v21i1.8965 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Muhammad Nizar Ramadhan ◽

Andy Nugraha

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Wood Charcoal ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Fixed Carbon Content ◽

Better Than

The solution to reduce the use of fossil fuels is by utilizing renewable energy such as solar power, wind power, and hydropower, as well as the utilization of other alternative energy derived from biomass. One of alternative energy from biomass that is very potential is briquettes. Tapuk Village, Limpasu Subdistrict, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency is one of the producers of Alaban wood charcoal, with grade D charcoal in the form of charcoal flakes and is often regarded as waste. This study aims to determine the physical properties of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes which include water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, and calorific value, as well as the potential utilization of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes. so that residents can use Tapuk Village, Limpasu District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency as an alternative fuel to substitute kerosene and LPG. The results showed the physical properties of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes for 3.66 % water content, 3.15 % ash content, 14.31 % volatile matter content, 78.88% fixed carbon content, 6.259.33 cal / gr calorific value. The use of alaban wood charcoal waste briquettes is able to produce consumption costs efficiency of 60% better than the use of LPG and 70% better than the use of kerosene.

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Pembuatan dan Analisis Karbon Aktif dari Cangkang Buah Karet dengan Proses Kimia dan Fisika

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan ◽

10.22146/jik.57479 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Lisna Efiyanti ◽

Suci Aprianty Wati ◽

Mamay Maslahat

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Benzene Adsorption ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Steam Activation ◽

Fixed Carbon Content

Penggunaan karbon aktif di Indonesia semakin meluas sejalan dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan tehadap karbon aktif tersebut, sehingga perlu terus diupayakan pencarian bahan baku dan metode pembuatan karbon aktif untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif yang berkualitas. Salah satu bahan baku yang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif adalah cangkang buah karet karena keberadaannya tidak termanfaatkan dengan baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan karbon aktif dari cangkang buah karet masing-masing dengan metode aktivasi steam pada suhu 650°C, aktivasi dengan kalium hidroksida 10% dan aktivasi dengan asam fosfat 10%. Karbon aktif yang terbentuk kemudian dianalisa menggunakan metode SNI 06-3730-1995 dengan parameter kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, daya jerap iod, daya jerap biru metilen dan daya jerap benzena. Gugus fungsi, kristalinitas dan morfologi karbon aktif dianalisa masing-masing menggunakan FTIR, XRD dan SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, daya jerap iod, daya jerap biru metilen dan daya jerap benzena masing-masing sebesar 1,83-3,74%; 2,86-8,14; 7,36-13,55; 82,8-89,78%; 355,21-569,39 mg/g; 10,34-17,61 mg/g; 8,09-19,26%. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan bahwa gugus fungsi yang terdeteksi pada karbon aktif adalah gugus OH, CH alifatik, CH aromatik, C=O, C-C, C=C dan C-O, sedangkan kristalinitas karbon aktif berkisar antara 11,34-30,78% dengan ukuran pori sebesar 5-9 μm. Karbon aktif dengan aktivator KOH dapat menjerap senyawa iod dan metilen biru lebih baik sedangkan karbon aktif aktivasi steam memiliki daya jerap terbaik pada adsorpsi senyawa benzena. Manufacture and Analysis of Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell with Chemical and Physical ProcessingAbstract The utilization of activated carbon in Indonesia is increased, which is in line with the increase of activated carbon needs, therefore it is necessary to search the raw materials and methods continuously for good quality activated carbon. One of the raw materials that can be used to produce activated carbon is a rubber fruit shell because it is not properly utilized. In this research, activated carbon was made from rubber fruit shells by the steam activation method at a temperature of 650°C, 10% potassium hydroxide, and 10% phosphoric acid activation. The activated carbon was then analyzed using SNI 06-3730-1995 methods with parameters of water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, iod adsorption, methylene blue adsorption, and benzene adsorption. The functional groups, crystallinity, and morphology of activated carbon also analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM respectively. The results shows that the water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, iod adsorption, methylene blue adsorption, and benzene adsorption are 1,83-3,74%; 2,86-8,14; 7,36-13,55; 82,8-89,78%; 355,21-569,39 mg/g; 10,34-17,61 mg/g; 8,09-19,26%, respectively. The FTIR results from activated carbon are contain of several functional groups, like OH; CH aliphatic, CH aromatic, C=O; C-C; C=C and C-O, meanwhile the degree of crystallinity from activated carbon formed are ranged 11,34-30,78% with 5-9 μm of pore size. The activated carbon with KOH activator has good adsorption in iod and methylene blue compound meanwhile activated carbon from steam activation can be a good adsorbent on the benzene compound.

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Chemical Properties of Charcoal Briquette with Composition Types of Gerunggang (Cratoxylon Arborescens) and Tumih (Combretocarpus Rotundatus) Wood from Tropical Peatlands

Journal of Tropical Peatlands ◽

10.52850/jtpupr.v10i2.2071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

Alpian ◽

Raynold Panjaitan ◽

Adi Jaya ◽

Yanciluk ◽

Wahyu Supriyati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

National Standard ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Pioneer Plants

Charcoal briquettes can be an alternative energy and can be produced from Gerunggang and Tumih types of wood. These two types of wood are commonly found in Kalampangan Village as pioneer plants on burned peatlands. The research objective was to determine the chemical properties of charcoal briquettes produced from biomass waste from land processing without burning with several compositions of Gerunggang wood and Tumih wood. The chemical properties of charcoal briquettes refer to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000) and Standard Permen ESDM No. 047 of 2006. The results showed that all composition treatments in the ash content test, fixed carbon content and calorific value met the standards, while the test for volatile content in all treatment compositions did not meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-6235-2000). The composition of the most potential chemical properties and following the two standards used is the composition of 100% Tumih with ash content of 7.67%, volatile matter content of 27.23%, fixed carbon of 55.00%, and heating value of 5902.18 cal/g.

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THE EFFECT OF BINDER RATIO ON THE PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONIZED RICE STALK BRIQUETTES

International Journal of Advanced Academic Research ◽

10.46654/ij.24889849.e6101 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 221-229

Author(s):

Rapheal Ige ◽

Elinge Ogala ◽

Cosmos Moki ◽

Abdulrahman Habeeb

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

High Concentration ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Binder Ratio ◽

Fixed Carbon Content

The selection or choice of agro-waste briquettes for domestic and industrial cottage applications depends on the fuel properties. In this study, the briquette was produced by carbonizing the rice stalk followed by crushing and sieving, the binder was prepared by dissolving the starch in hot water, then mixed with the sieved carbonized rice stalk and then the briquette was produced using the briquetting machine. Proximate analyses, viability, characteristics and combustion were determined to know the average composition of their constituents. From the results obtained it was observed that ash content, moisture content, after glow and ignition propagation decrease as the binder ratio increase while fixed carbon content, volatile matter, calorific value, density and compressive strength increase. The results of this work indicate that briquettes produced using high concentration of the binder would make good biomass fuels. However, it has a high moisture content of 25.00%, high ash content of 23.00%, moderate volatile matter of 44.80%, low fixed carbon content of 32.20%, moderate calorific value of 13.86 MJ/Kg and high density of 0.643g/cm3. The results obtained for all the parameters showed that rice stalks briquettes produced with high concentration of the binder (starch) had a better performance based on their combustion profile.

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To Biomassa Tempurung Buah nyamplung (Callophyllum spp) untuk Pembuatan Briket Arang sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif

Jurnal Sains Terapan ◽

10.29244/jstsv.1.1.8-13 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Fahrizal Hazra ◽

Novita Sari

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Burning Charcoal

Nyamplung shell is a biomass whose existence has not been optimally utilized. Biomass is a solid waste that can be used again as a source of fuel. Favorable characteristics of the biomass is an energy source that can be utilized in a sustainable manner because it is renewable. Biomass of Nyamplung shell can be processed become a form of solid fuel with a same specific dimension, it is resulting from compression of bulk materials, powders, and the relatively small size commonly referred to as charcoal briquettes. The aim of this research is to test the feasibility of nyamplung shell as a raw material for making briquettes on the households by conducting analysis of quality parameters briquette specimens including physical properties (water content, calor value, and density), briquette durability (persistence press), chemical (ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter content) and the rate of burning charcoal briquette. The treatment in this aim is a mixture composition of raw materials (charcoal of Nyamplung shell) who were given the same amount of adhesive and compressed by compressing hydraulic briquette. The results showed that, charcoal briquettes made from the Calophyllum shell can be used as alternative energy, with a characteristic range of values from 3,39-3,83% moisture content, calor value ranges from 3.646,14-5.431,35 calories / gram, the range of density values 0,663-0,721 gram/cm3, the range of persistence press value 1,98-5,39 kg/cm2, the range of ash content value 19,89-24,51%, the range of fixed carbon value 33,09-40,86%, the range of volatile matter value 35,03-38,57%, and the range of rate of burning from 0,0574-0,0898 grams/second. The low value of moisture content can lead to higher heating value of charcoal briquettes. High/low levels of volatile could affect fast/slow rate of burning charcoal briquettes. Key words : nyamplung shell, biomass, charcoal briquette

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PEMBUATAN BIOPELET DARI KAYU PUTIH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GONDORUKEM SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF

JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL ◽

10.30598/jhppk.2018.2.1.91 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

Sofia Mustamu ◽

Gysberth Pattiruhu

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Energy Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon

Biopelet is one of the renewable energy alternatives that have uniformity of size, shape, density, and energy content. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of biopelet consisting of a mixture of cajeput and gondorukem, and to determine the composition of the raw materials that can produce a biopelet with the best quality. The compositions of a mixture in this research are as follow 95%:5%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40%, 50%:50%, cajeput 100% and gondorukem 100%. The manufacture of biopelet used a 20 mesh of dust with the pressure of 526.4 kg/cm2 at a temperature of 200 ◦C for 15 minutes. Types of tests performed on biopelet include density, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, carbon bonded, and calorific value. The results of the best quality of biopelet was in the percentage of cajeput and gondorukem was 70%:30%, tests showed densities of biopelet 0,84 g/cm3, moisture content5,89%, ash content 2,42%, volatile matter 73,99%, fixed carbon 18,96%, and calorific value 5152 kkal/kg.

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PRODUKSI KARBON AKTIF DARI BATUBARA BITUMINUS DENGAN AKTIVASI TUNGGAL H3PO4, KOMBINASI H3PO4-NH4HCO3, DAN TERMAL

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.17.2.74-80 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 74 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Esthi Kusdarini ◽

Agus Budianto ◽

Desyana Ghafarunnisa

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Water Content ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Bituminous Coal ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volatile Matter Content

Abstract ACTIVE CARBON PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WITH SINGLE ACTIVITY H3PO4, H3PO4 COMBINE WITH NH4HCO3, AND THERMAL. Bituminous coal has a good potential to be utilized as activated carbon because it has high carbon, which is between 54-86%. The purpose of research was to obtain moisture content data, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, absorption of iodine (iodine), area surface and the volume of pore activated carbon. Another aim was to study the effect of reagent types and concentrations of H3PO4 reagent and NH4HCO3 reagent to the characteristics of the activated carbon. The study was conducted in six stages: 1) carbonization; 2) chemical activation; 3) neutralizing; 4) filtering; 5) activation in physics; and 6) cooling. The renewal of this study is the use of reagents combination H3PO4-NH4HCO3. The results showed that the active carbon which is activated by a combination of H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M and reagent H3PO4 reagent 2.5 M - reagent NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M have the best iodine. Activated carbon is activated using H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M containing 7.5% water content; ash content of 9,0%; volatile matter content of 43.3%, 40.2% fixed carbon, iodine 1238.544 mg/g. While activated carbon which is activated using H3PO4reagent 2.5 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M contain 7.4% water content; ash content is about 10%; volatile matter content is 39.1%, fixed carbon is 43.5%, iodine 1238.544 mg/g, surface area 86.213 m2/g, and pore volume 0.0733 cc/g. Keywords: perf activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon Abstrak Batubara bituminus mempunyai potensi bagus untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi karbon aktif karena mempunyai kandungan karbon yang cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 54-86%. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, fixed carbon, daya serap terhadap iodium (bilangan iodin), luas permukaan, dan volume pori karbon aktif. Tujuan lainnya adalah mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi reagen H3PO4 dan NH4HCO3 terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam enam tahap : 1) karbonisasi; 2) aktivasi secara kimia; 3) penetralan;; 4) penyaringan; 5) aktivasi secara fisika; 6) pendinginan. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan kombinasi reagen H3PO4-NH4HCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diaktivasi dengan kombinasi reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M dan H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mempunyai bilangan iodin terbaik. Karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M mengandung kadar air 7,5%, kadar abu 9,0%, kadar zat terbang 43,3%, fixed carbon 40,2%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g. Sedangkan karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mengandung kadar air 7,4%, kadar abu 10%, kadar zat terbang 39,1%, fixed carbon 43,5%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g, luas permukaan 86,213 m2/g, dan volume pori 0,0733 cc/g. Kata kunci: aktivasi; batubara; bituminus; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; karbon aktif

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Evaluation of the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using near infrared spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0967033517728733 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 301-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jetsada Posom ◽

Panmanas Sirisomboon

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Model Development ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Bomb Calorimetry ◽

Heating Value

This research aimed to determine the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to bomb calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Bamboo culms used in this study had circumferences ranging from 16 to 40 cm. Model development was performed using partial least squares regression. The higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were predicted with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.92, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.51; root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 122 J g−1, 1.15%, 1.00% and 0.77%; ratio of the standard deviation to standard error of validation (RPD) of 3.66, 2.55, 2.62 and 1.44; and bias of 14.4 J g−1, −0.43%, 0.03% and −0.11%, respectively. This report shows that near infrared spectroscopy is quite successful in predicting the higher heating value, and is usable with screening for the determination of fixed carbon and volatile matter. For ash content, the method is not recommended. The models should be able to predict the properties of bamboo samples which are suitable for achieving higher efficiency for the biomass conversion process.

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Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.2249-2263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 2249-2263

Author(s):

María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽

Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽

Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽

Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽

Nicolás González-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volumetric Expansion ◽

Pinus Spp ◽

The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

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Analysis of the Quality of Mixed Coconut Shell Waste Briquettes with Various Biomass Additives as Alternative Fuels

Journal of Earth Energy Science, Engineering, and Technology ◽

10.25105/jeeset.v4i2.9118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yusraida Khairani Dalimunthe ◽

Sugiatmo Kasmungin ◽

Listiana Satiawati ◽

Thariq Madani ◽

Teuku Ananda Rizky

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Bamboo Charcoal ◽

A Value ◽

Shell Waste

The purpose of this study was to see the best quality of briquettes from the main ingredient of coconut shell waste with various biomass additives to see the calorific value, moisture content, ash content, and volatile matter content of the biomass mixture. Furthermore, further research will be carried out specifically to see the quality of briquettes from a mixture of coconut shell waste and sawdust. The method used in this research is to conduct a literature study of various literature related to briquettes from coconut shell waste mixed with various additives specifically and then look at the best quality briquettes produced from these various pieces of literature. As for what is determined as the control variable of this study is coconut shell waste and as an independent variable, namely coffee skin waste, rice husks, water hyacinth, Bintaro fruit, segon wood sawdust, coconut husk, durian skin, bamboo charcoal, areca nut skin, and leather waste. sago with a certain composition. Furthermore, this paper also describes the stages of making briquettes from coconut shell waste and sawdust for further testing of the calorific value, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content on a laboratory scale for further research. From various literatures, it was found that the highest calorific value was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and bamboo charcoal with a value of 7110.7288 cal / gr and the lowest calorific value was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and sago shell waste with a value of 114 cal / gr, then for the value The highest water content was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and rice husk with a value of 37.70% and the lowest water content value was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste 3.80%, then for the highest ash content value was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and coffee skin with a value of 20.862% and for the lowest ash content value obtained from a mixture of coconut shell and Bintaro fruit waste, namely 2%, and for the highest volatile matter content value obtained from a mixture of coconut shell and coconut husk waste with a value of 33.45% and for the value of volatile matter levels The lowest was obtained from a mixture of coconut shell waste and sago skin waste with a value of 33 , 45%.

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