scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium spp. on dairy farms in Bogor

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Arifin Budiman Nugraha ◽  
Umi Cahyaningsih ◽  
Etih Sudarnika
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Area Data

Cryptosporidial infection is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans and livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and to identify potential risk factors associated with shedding of oocysts in Bogor. A total of 308 faecal samples were collected from 136 calves less than 6 months, 44 from those 6-12 months and 128 from those than 12 months. Data of factors potentially associated with the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection were recorded (i.e., enviromental status, size of herd, and herd management). Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst was identified by using modified acid fast (Ziehl Neelsen) staining technique and microscopically examined under 400x magnifition. Results showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Bogor was 21.1% (CI 95%; 16.5%-25.6%). The highest prevalence was 29% (CI 95%; 26.8%-31.7%) in cattle aged less than 6 months. The oocysts abundance were around <5 oocysts per microscopy visual area. Data was analyzed using logistic regression models.  Statistical analysis showed that there were association between cryptosporidiosis and calves aged less than 6 months with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 (CI 95%; 1.5-5.2) times compared with cattle aged more than 12 months.

Forced Sexual Victimization Among Youth in Custody: Do Risk Factors Vary by Gender and Perpetrator?

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-172
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Ahlin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Using Data

There is relatively little literature examining risk factors associated with sexual victimization among youth in custody. The current study explored whether risk of forced sexual victimization among youth in custody differs by gender or perpetrator. Using data from a sample of 8,659 youth who participated in the National Survey of Youth in Custody, multivariate logistic regression models were employed to investigate gender differences in risk factors associated with overall forced sexual victimization and staff-on-inmate and inmate-on-inmate forced sexual victimization. Findings suggest that gender differences are more pronounced when perpetrator type is considered.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Early-Onset Colorectal Neoplasm in Chinese Youth: A Prospective Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Shen ◽  
Yiling Wu ◽  
Miao Mo ◽  
Xiaoshuang Feng ◽  
Changming Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Colorectal Neoplasm ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Evidence of the risk factors associated with early-onset colorectal neoplasm from prospective population-based studies is limited. We enrolled 17,293 participants younger than 50 years from the Shanghai colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program cohort. Face-to-face interviews were performed by trained primary care physicians using a standardized questionnaire to collect the information on potential risk factors at baseline entry. Furthermore, 124 cases of early-onset colorectal neoplasm, including six CRC cases and 118 colorectal adenoma (CRA) cases, were detected between 2012 and 2016. Multivariable logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to evaluate the risk factors associated with early-onset colorectal neoplasm. We found that sex, body mass index (BMI), and family history of CRC were associated with the early onset of colorectal neoplasm. The RCS model showed a positive dose–response and linear association between BMI and risk of early-onset colorectal neoplasm among young participants (p-overall = 0.19, p-nonlinear = 0.97). The findings indicated that it was beneficial for normal people younger than 50 years to start opportunistic CRC screening. As for those at high risk, increased surveillance is strongly recommended. Further close follow-up is required for research on the underlying causes of early-onset CRC.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2172-2177
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hoai Nam ◽  
Peerapol Sukon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Stillbirth Rate ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different risk factors on stillbirth of piglets born from oxytocin-assisted parturitions. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from a total of 1121 piglets born from 74 Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred sows from a herd. Logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between stillbirth and different risk factors including parity (1, 2, 3-5, and 6-10), gestation length (GL) (112-113, 114-116, and 117-119 days), litter size, birth order (BO), sex, birth interval (BI), cumulative farrowing duration, birth weight (BW), crown rump length, BW deviation, body mass index, ponderal index (PI), and the use of oxytocin during expulsive stage of farrowing. Results: The incidence of stillbirth at litter level and stillbirth rate was 59.5% (44/74) and 8.1% (89/1094), respectively. The final multivariate logistic regression selected BO, BI, PI, GL, and parity as the five most significant risk factors for stillbirth. Increased BO and BI, GL <114 and >116 days, parity 6-10, and low PI increased the stillbirth rate in piglets. Conclusion: Several factors previously determined as risks for stillbirth in exogenous oxytocin-free parturitions also existed in exogenous oxytocin-assisted parturitions. One dose of oxytocin at fairly high BO did not increase stillbirth, whereas two doses of oxytocin were potentially associated with increased values.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the serological prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Greek finishing swineherds

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. LEONTIDES ◽  
E. GRAFANAKIS ◽  
C. GENIGEORGIS
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Procaine Penicillin

Blood samples were taken from 50 finishing pigs at 90–105 kg in each of 59 randomly selected farrow-to-finish herds. The sera were tested for antibodies to Salmonella enterica by the Danish mix-ELISA. Samples with an optical density of >10% were considered to be positive. Associations between the odds of seropositivity of pigs and possible risk factors were evaluated in multivariable logistic regression models. The results of the analysis indicated that pigs fed non-pelleted dry or wet ration had 11 (P=0·0004) or 9 (P=0·02) times, respectively, lower odds of seropositivity than those fed pelleted ration. The risk of seropositivity was 4 (P=0·0006) times higher in pigs fed a combination of chlortetracycline, procaine penicillin and sulphamethazine during fattening than in those fed an approved growth promotor or a probiotic.

Characterization of Chronic Sinonasal Disease Symptoms in an Urban Homeless Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-501
Author(s):  
Kyohei Itamura ◽  
Kevin Hur ◽  
Elisabeth Ference ◽  
Bozena Wrobel ◽  
Tamara N. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Care Barriers ◽  
Cardinal Symptoms ◽  
Snot 22 ◽  
Sinonasal Disease

Background The urban homeless population has increased exposure to risk factors associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, a gap in knowledge of the prevalence of sinonasal symptoms in these demographic limits complete understanding of CRS epidemiology. There is a need to elucidate sinonasal disease burden in this vulnerable patient population to bring awareness to any existing disparities. Objective To assess the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of CRS clinical symptoms and health-care barriers in an urban homeless population. Methods Homeless adults completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and EuroQol-5 Dimension-3 Level-Visual Analog Scale surveys. Responses were categorized by potential CRS symptoms defined as reporting at least 2 CRS cardinal symptoms. Risk factors associated with potential CRS symptoms were analyzed with multivariate regression models. Results Fifty-six (16%) out of 341 total subjects reported potential CRS symptoms. Those with potential CRS symptoms had a higher median SNOT-22 score (53 vs 22, P < .001) than those without. Logistic regression models identified history of smoking (odds ratio [OR], 6.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04–21.04) and duration of homelessness over 3 months (OR, 3.46; CI, 1.51–7.94) as factors associated with potential CRS symptoms. Duration of homelessness over 3 months was associated with higher SNOT-22 scores (standardized beta coefficient [β], 0.48; CI, 0.39–0.57). Among those reporting 2 or more CRS cardinal symptoms, 18% had ever been seen by any physician for their symptoms. Conclusions Our study estimates a high prevalence of potential CRS symptoms in the urban homeless population. Longer duration of homelessness was associated with potential CRS symptoms and poor CRS-specific quality of life scores. Disparities in access to care emphasize the need for increased preventive efforts designed for this unique patient group.

scholarly journals Factors associated with elevated blood pressure or hypertension in Afro-Caribbean youth: a cross-sectional study

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor S. Ferguson ◽  
Novie O.M. Younger-Coleman ◽  
Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid ◽  
Nadia R. Bennett ◽  
Amanda E. Rousseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Relative Risks

Background Although several studies have identified risk factors for high blood pressure (BP), data from Afro-Caribbean populations are limited. Additionally, less is known about how putative risk factors operate in young adults and how social factors influence the risk of high BP. In this study, we estimated the relative risk for elevated BP or hypertension (EBP/HTN), defined as BP ≥ 120/80 mmHg, among young adults with putative cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Jamaica and evaluated whether relative risks differed by sex. Methods Data from 898 young adults, 18–20 years old, were analysed. BP was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer after participants had been seated for 5 min. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and glucose, lipids and insulin measured from a fasting venous blood sample. Data on socioeconomic status (SES) were obtained via questionnaire. CVD risk factor status was defined using standard cut-points or the upper quintile of the distribution where the numbers meeting standard cut-points were small. Relative risks were estimated using odds ratios (OR) from logistic regression models. Results Prevalence of EBP/HTN was 30% among males and 13% among females (p < 0.001 for sex difference). There was evidence for sex interaction in the relationship between EBP/HTN and some of risk factors (obesity and household possessions), therefore we report sex-specific analyses. In multivariable logistic regression models, factors independently associated with EBP/HTN among men were obesity (OR 8.48, 95% CI [2.64–27.2], p < 0.001), and high glucose (OR 2.01, CI [1.20–3.37], p = 0.008), while high HOMA-IR did not achieve statistical significance (OR 2.08, CI [0.94–4.58], p = 0.069). In similar models for women, high triglycerides (OR 1.98, CI [1.03–3.81], p = 0.040) and high HOMA-IR (OR 2.07, CI [1.03–4.12], p = 0.039) were positively associated with EBP/HTN. Lower SES was also associated with higher odds for EBP/HTN (OR 4.63, CI [1.31–16.4], p = 0.017, for moderate vs. high household possessions; OR 2.61, CI [0.70–9.77], p = 0.154 for low vs. high household possessions). Alcohol consumption was associated with lower odds of EBP/HTN among females only; OR 0.41 (CI [0.18–0.90], p = 0.026) for drinking <1 time per week vs. never drinkers, and OR 0.28 (CI [0.11–0.76], p = 0.012) for drinking ≥3 times per week vs. never drinkers. Physical activity was inversely associated with EBP/HTN in both males and females. Conclusion Factors associated with EBP/HTN among Jamaican young adults include obesity, high glucose, high triglycerides and high HOMA-IR, with some significant differences by sex. Among women lower SES was positively associated with EBP/HTN, while moderate alcohol consumption was associated lower odds of EBP/HTN.

scholarly journals Gender-specific prevalence and influencing factors of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e028593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dou Qiao ◽  
Xiaotian Liu ◽  
Runqi Tu ◽  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Xinling Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Of Osteoporosis

ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to describe distributions of the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis and identify the potential risk factors by gender in a Chinese rural population.DesignA cross-sectional survey.Setting and participantsA total of 8475 participants (18–79 years) were obtained from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the calcaneus for each individual was measured by ultrasonic bone density apparatus. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of potential risk factors with prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of prevalence of osteoporosis which included eight studies was conducted to confirm this study results.ResultsThe mean of BMD were 0.42 and 0.32 g/cm2for men with osteopenia and osteoporosis (p<0.001), as well as 0.40 and 0.30 g/cm2(p<0.001) for women with osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively. The overall age-standardised prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 42.09% and 11.76% in all participants. The age-standardised prevalence of osteopenia in men (45.98%) was significantly higher than that in women (39.73%), whereas the age-standardised prevalence of osteoporosis in men (7.82%) was lower than that in women (14.38%). Meta-analysis results displayed pooled prevalence of osteoporosis of 18.0% (10.1%–25.8%) in total sample, 7.7% (5.7%–9.7%) in men and 22.4% (17.1%–27.6%) in women. Multivariable logistic regression models showed that ageing, women, low education level or income, drinking or underweight was related to increased risk for osteopenia or osteoporosis.ConclusionsAbout one-sixth of the participants suffered osteoporosis in rural China, and the prevalence in women was higher than men. Although the results were lower than that of meta-analysis, osteoporosis still accounts for huge burden of disease in rural population due to limited medical service and lack of health risk awareness rather than urban area.Trial registration numberChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-OOC-15006699; Pre-results).

scholarly journals Significant Risk Factors Associated With Stunting for Children Under the Age of 5-years in Malawi: the Application of Proportional Odds Model Using DHS Datasets.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mzwakhe Magagula ◽  
Shaun Ramroop ◽  
Faustin Habyarimana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract BackgroundChild malnutrition is perhaps the one of the main medical condition influencing general human wellbeing, mainly in non-industrial nations. The improvement of legitimate evaluations of malnutrition is one of the difficulties encountered by policymakers in numerous countries worldwide. In this manner, the current study was embraced with the essential goal of evaluating and determining all potential determinants of childhood malnutrition in Malawi, using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data 2015/16. The study seeks to reveal some of the significant factors that are perpetuating the incidence of malnutrition in children of Malawi. It also designed to offer deeper insights on how the probability of being diagnosed with this medical condition (malnutrition) evolves across the different levels of the found significant factors.Methods The proportional odds (PO) model was the best model to utilize, motivated by the design of the current study's data set. The PO model is an alternative to conceptualize how the ordinal designed data can be sequentially into dichotomous groups without losing the ordinal nature of response variables. The model is an extension of logistic regression models with two outcomes, it is one of the best models to deal with ordinal response variable comprising of more than two categories. The PO model, as well as the logistic regression models are common classes of generalised linear models (GLMs) mostly used to model association between dependent variable and independent variables. ResultsThe observations derived from fitting the PO model on the Malawi DHS data to investigate risk factors associated with malnutrition (stunting) suggested that: the age of the child; birth type (singleton/multiple births), parents' level of education, household's type of resident; mother's age at the time of birth, mother's BMI, incident of diarrhoea in the last two weeks before the survey, are the most significant independent risk factors of malnutrition (stunting). ConclusionsAll the aforementioned risk factors are controllable, and they can be improved through intervention strategies. The policies that undergird the country are required to counteract this condition, as the majority of the risk factors need the coherent actions of several governing authorities.

A case control study to investigate risk factors associated with horse falls in steeplechase races at Cheltenham racetrack

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Williams ◽  
F. Marks ◽  
F. Mata ◽  
T. Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Equine Welfare ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Relevant Factors

To date epidemiological reviews of fall risk in horse racing have applied a general approach to analysis integrating different grades, type of race and various racetracks. This study aimed to investigate if increasing specificity in analysis (one course and type of race) would expose the same risk factors for horse falls. The purpose of the study was to apply the principles of epidemiology to predict factors that increase the risk of a horse falling in steeplechase races at Cheltenham racecourse. Relevant factors related to horse falls were identified and collated from the Racing Post website for all steeplechase races run at Cheltenham between 1990 and 2010. Subsequent uni- and multivariable single-level and mixed effects logistic regression models were developed using ‘fall’ or ‘no fall’ as the dependent variables. The chance of a steeplechase race containing a minimum of one horse fall at Cheltenham racecourse is increased by 22% for each additional runner in the field and reduced by 86% for every horse that is pulled up during the race. Going and speed were not significantly associated with horse falls. Retrospective analysis of fall risk for a specific race type and course has exposed different risk factors than those previously found in generalised studies. Analysing specific racetracks has the potential to more effectively underpin the development and assessment of racecourse strategies to reduce fall risk to promote equine welfare.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Salmonella Dublin presence in Algerian dairy farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 3059
Author(s):  
D HEZIL ◽  
N BENAMROUCHE ◽  
S TENNAH ◽  
H BENSEGHIR ◽  
N ZAATOUT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Dublin ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Cattle Herds

Salmonella Dublin is a causative agent of a gastrointestinal bacterial infection prevalent in many cattle herds worldwide. Hence, the goal of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella Dublin carriage in fecal and milk samples from dairy cattle from Algeria, and to investigate potential risk factors associated with the presence of S. Dublin antibodies. A total of 307 cows from 39 farms were analyzed in this study. Bacteriological and immunological methods were used to isolate and detect S. Dublin antibodies in feces and cow’s milk. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to study risk factors associated with S. Dublin antibodies. The bacteriological results showed the absence of S. Dublin and a prevalence of 0.97 % (3/307) (IC 95% 0 - 2.08)for S. Mbandaka. The immunological analysis of milk by the ELISA technique showed a prevalence of 36.33% (95% CI 30.44 - 42.22) for S. Dublin. Final multivariate regression models showed that the breed, the region and introduction of purchased cattle were associated with the presence of S. Dublin antibodies. This study is the first that reports the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with S. Dublin infection in Algeria and could be considered as a comparison point for further studies in Algeria.

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