EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT AND ANTIANXIETY ACTIVITIES OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF SENNA ALATA (L.) ROXB. USING IN VITRO ANIMAL MODELS

Objective: In the present investigation antidepressant and antianxiety activities of aqueous leaf extracts of Senna alata (200 mg/Kg) were carried out to establish the species as a potent natural antidepressant and anxiolytic drug.Methods: Antidepressant activity was carried out using forced swim test and tail suspension test. In both these tests, the animals were subjected to external stress that results in alteration of the behavior of animal due to fear.The antianxiety activity of aqueous leaf extracts of S. alata has been studied by the elevated plus-maze test in rats. The mean number of entries and the time spent in the open arm after 45 min of the administration of test drug was noted to determine the antianxiety effect of the test drug.Results: For antidepressant activity administration of test drug (200 mg/Kg) showed a significant decrease in the time spent by the animal in state of depression in both the assays which clearly indicates that the aqueous leaf extracts of S. alata exhibited a strong antidepressant activity similar to that of the control drug (Imipramine).In the antianxiety activity, administration of aqueous leaf extract (200 mg/Kg) of S. alata significantly increased the mean number of entries (2.25±0.98) in the open arm and the time spent in open arm (2.23±0.04) compared to the control group. The activity of the extract was slightly greater than standard drug Diazepam.Conclusion: From the above-presented results, it can be concluded that administration of Senna alata aqueous leaf extracts (200 mg/Kg) showed a considerable decrease in both antidepressant and antianxiety activities in all the test animals and can be used in the replacement of commercially available synthetic drugs in the near future.

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A comparative study of the antidepressant effect of ondansetron and granisetron on Albino mice

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20175219 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 2922

Author(s):

Mansi J. Shah ◽

Geetha M. ◽

Rahul H. D. ◽

Shashikala G. H.

Keyword(s):

Animal Studies ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Test Model ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Test Drug ◽

Standard Drug

Background: Ondansetron and granisetron are selective 5-HT receptor antagonists used as antiemetics. The present study as aimed at comparing the antidepressant activity of ondansetron and granisetron in animal experimental models.Methods: The study was done after obtaining approval from the institutional animal ethical committee of JJM Medical college, Davangere and CPCSEA. A total of 24 mice of either sex and of weight between 20-40g were included in the study. The antidepressant activity of ondansetron and granisetron was evaluated in mice using forced swim test model (FST) and tail suspension test model (TST). In both the experimental models animals were divided into 4 groups and received the following drugs- Group 1 (control) - normal saline 10mg/kg i.p, Group 2 (standard)-fluoxetine 10mg/kg i.p, Group 3(test drug 1), ondansetron 2mg/kg i.p, Group 4 (test drug 2)- granisetron 0.5mg/kg i.p. The duration of immobility was noted and compared amongst the 4 groups in both the models 60 min after drug administration. The observations were analysed using ANOVA (one way) and post hoc Tukey’s test.Results: The test drugs showed significant reduction in duration of immobility in both the models. In FST and TST models, granisetron (0.5mg/kg i.p) showed a significant reduction in immobility period of 10.33 sec and 67 secs respectively when compared to ondansetron (2mg/kg i.p) and the standard drug fluoxetine (10mg/kg i.p).Conclusions: The results of study suggest that granisetron may be useful as a potential candidate for treatment of depression. Hence further animal studies with different model for depression and clinical studies should be conducted in order to choose the better drug for treatment PONV which is often associated with depression.

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Serotonergic and noradrenergic response of ethanol extract; opioidergic response of ethyl acetate extract of Dicranopteris linearis L. leaf

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-021-00262-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Mustakim Billah ◽

Ayreen Sonia Chowdhury ◽

Kashfia Nawrin ◽

Saqline Mostaq ◽

Md. Abu Rayhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Antidepressant Agent ◽

Dual Action ◽

Dicranopteris Linearis

Abstract Background Dicranopteris linearis L. is among the popular tribal plants used for various ailments, although many of its pharmacological potentials have not been investigated yet. The neuropharmacological potentials of the leaf, including sedative-anxiolytic potential, were previously studied however, the antidepressant activity was yet to be examined. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the serotonergic, noradrenergic and opioidergic response of D. linearis leaf extracts. Methods The plant leaf was extracted in three solvents- water (DLAQ), ethanol (DLET) and ethyl acetate (DLEA) and applied each in 200 and 400 mg.kg− 1 per body weight of Swiss Albino mice. Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) were conducted to evaluate antidepressant potential. In FST, latency and duration of immobility, swimming and climbing time were recorded. In TST, immobility, swinging, curling and pedaling were observed. Alongside, preliminary screening through acute toxicity study and pentobarbitone induced sleep test were performed. Results Both in FST and TST, the duration of immobility was reduced by the standard imipramine and DLET 200 and 400. In FST, DLEA 200 and 400 increased the climbing time suggesting noradrenergic mechanism of action and decreased the swimming time suggesting deficit of serotoninergic mechanism of action. Interestingly, DLET increased both the parameters presenting a dual action. However, in TST, DLEA decreased immobility but increased swinging and curling response which indicated its opioidergic mechanism. On the other hand, DLET proved to mediate through serotonin and/or NA reuptake mechanism by having decreased curling time. Conclusion Among the three extracts, the ethanol extract proved to be more potent. DLET mimicked the standard imipramine in all parameters except for the curling behavior. The result thus suggests D. linearis as a potent antidepressant agent however, recommends its medicinal use after further investigation to identify bioactive compounds.

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Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of the spadix of Colocasia affinis Schott

Science Vision ◽

10.33493/scivis.18.04.01 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 104-110

Author(s):

C. Lalremruati ◽

C. Malsawmtluangi ◽

H. Lalhlenmawia

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Petroleum Ether Extract ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Chloroform Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Force Swim Test ◽

Standard Drug ◽

In Vivo Test

The objective of this study was to determine the phytoconstituents present in successive extracts and the antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of the spadix of Colocasia affinis. The preliminary phytochemical investigation indicated the presence of fats and fixed oils, steroids and triterpenoids in petroleum ether extract, steroids and triterpenoids in chloroform extract, flavonoids and tannins in methanol extract and carbohydrates in the aqueous extract. An in vivo test for antidepressant activity was performed on the methanolic extract of the plant at two different doses using force swim test and tail suspension test on an experimental animal model (rat). Imipramine was used as a standard drug for the study. The methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg, produced significant reduction (p<0.001) in the immobility period when compared with that of control group animals in both the tests. Thus, the result indicates that the methanolic extract exhibited significantly good antidepressant activity. Further investigation may be needed to understand the actual mechanism of action.

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Pharmacological In vivo test to evaluate the antidepressant activity of polyherbal formulation

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v7i1.26952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 63-73

Author(s):

Rinki Kumar ◽

K. Ilango ◽

G.P.I. Singh ◽

G.P. Dubey

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Standard Drug ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Polyherbal Formulation ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Model Control

The antidepressant effects of the polyherbal formulation (PF) (contain four extracts of medicinal plants namely: Nyctanthes arbortristis, Hippophae salcifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Withania somnifera ) was examined by evaluating the extent of reduction of behavioural alterations and neurotransmitter in the rats stressed by forced swim test (FST). In the present study, compared with the model control group (FST), the altered behavioural parameters were attenuated significantly (P < 0.05) in the group treated with the PF (100, 200 and 400 mg•kg−1), comparable with the standard drug treated group, Sertraline (10mg•kg−1). The PF and Sertraline significantly (P < 0.05) increased the level of the neurotransmitter such as serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenalin whereas decreased the level of monoamine oxidase along with oxidant in the brain of the stressed rats. PF and Sertraline were also involved in the reduced oxidant and generated antioxidant in the stressed rats. The results indicated that polyherbal formulation exhibited significant antidepressant activity, as indicated by its ability to decrease force swim stress, induced immobility time in rats as well as restoring the biogenic amines to normal level that were altered by the swim induced stress in whole rat brain. Therefore, PF can be a potential candidate for treatment of depression as well as a potent antidepressant. However, further studies are required to substantiate the same.

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Pyrrolopyrazoles: Synthesis, Evaluation and Pharmacological Screening as Antidepressant Agents

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573406414666181108090321 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 911-922 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Samar S. Fatahala ◽

Shahira Nofal ◽

Eman Mahmoud ◽

Rania H. Abd El-hameed

Keyword(s):

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Positive Control ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Behavioral Techniques ◽

Special Concern ◽

Pharmacological Screening ◽

The Brain

Background: Pyrroles and fused pyrroles are of great interest as biologically active compounds, among these activities; antidepressant activity is of special concern. Objective: Synthesis of a series of pyrrolopyrazoles and their pyrimidine derivatives and their characterization using spectral data to be monitored for antidepressant activity using behavioral techniques. Methods: A control group was administered the vehicle i.p., positive control group received fluoxetine as standard and all other groups were administered the tested compounds. The groups were subjected to tail suspension test (TST) to determine the antidepressant activity compared with fluoxetine as a standard drug. The compounds exhibiting antidepressant activity were then used to analyze changes in serotonin (5HT) level in the brain of albino mice. Results: TST results showed that both pyrazoles and pyrazolopyrimidines derivatives exhibit promising anti-depressant activity. Conclusion: Compounds [pyrazoles & pyrazlopyrimidines] showed promising antidepressant activity possibly mediated by the increased levels of 5HT.

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Effect of dialkyl- [2-(1-oxa-3,4,9-triaza-fluoren-2-yl-methoxy)ethyl] amines on biogenic amines: new potential antidepressants

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y2012-139 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (12) ◽

pp. 1585-1590

Author(s):

Akena Venkatesham ◽

J. Venkateshwar Rao ◽

K. Vijay Kumar ◽

M. Sarangapani ◽

Krishna Devarakonda

Keyword(s):

Biogenic Amines ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Chronic Administration ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Stress Model ◽

Chronic Unpredictable Stress ◽

The Brain

A thorough survey of the literature has revealed that indole derivatives have shown various central nervous system activities. This study aims to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the newly synthesized dialkyl- [2-(1-oxa-3,4,9-triaza-fluoren-2-yl-methoxy)ethyl] amines and their effect on biogenic amines. In this study, the synthesized compounds were assessed by in-vivo antidepressant models, by forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice and effect of synthesized compounds on biogenic amines in brain in a chronic unpredictable stress model. The test compounds have demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) reduced immobility duration in mice when compared with the control group animals. The reduced immobility displayed by mice indicates potential antidepressant activity. In this study, chronic unpredictable stress led to decreased monoamine levels in the cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain. With chronic administration of the investigated compounds there is an increased in monoamines in the brain, in the chronic unpredictable stress model. Decreased levels of monoamines induced by the chronic unpredictable stress induced model of depression, were normalized by treatment with the test compounds, which indicates potential antidepressant activity.

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The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on experimental depression in mice

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180100 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 288 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tulika Singhal ◽

Saroj Kothari

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

World Population ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Gum Acacia ◽

Group I

Background: Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. Many drugs which are available as effective antidepressants produce various side effects like sedation weight gain postural hypotension etc., so there is need to develop novel compounds with minimized side effects. Hence this study was aimed to investigate the antidepressant activity of DHA, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in albino mice.Methods: Animals were divided into four groups, consisting six mice in each group. Out of these, group I served as control (2% gum acacia), group II and III received test drug in two different doses 200mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively and group IV received fluoxetine (20mg/kg) as standard drug. To determine the antidepressant-like activity, we used forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice. These methods are based on the observation that a mouse show alternating agitation and immobility; the immobility is indicative of a state of depression.Results: DHA produced significant antidepressant effect at all the doses, as indicated by reduction in immobility times as compared to control in both FST and TST. (P˂0.05) The efficacy of DHA at dose of 300 mg/kg was comparable with that of fluoxetine. DHA at 200mg/kg dose showed significantly less antidepressant activity compared to fluoxetine. (P˂0.05).Conclusions: The result specifies that compared to two doses of DHA (200mg/kg and 300mg/kg), higher dose of DHA found as an effective dose for treating depression produced due to stress.

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Synthesis and Evaluation of Antidepressant Activities of 5-Aryl-4,5-dihydrotetrazolo [1,5-a]thieno[2,3-e]pyridine Derivatives

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24101857 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 1857 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shiben Wang ◽

Hui Liu ◽

Xuekun Wang ◽

Kang Lei ◽

Guangyong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Homology Model ◽

Docking Studies ◽

Control Group ◽

Pyridine Derivatives ◽

Immobility Time

In this study, we synthetized a series of 5-aryl-4,5-dihydrotetrazolo[1,5-a]thieno[2,3-e]pyridine derivatives containing tetrazole and other heterocycle substituents, i.e., triazole, methyltriazole, and triazolone. The forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the target compounds. The compound 5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydrotetrazolo[1,5-a]thieno[2,3-e]pyridine (4i) showed the highest antidepressant activity, with a reduced immobility time of 55.33% when compared with the control group. Using an open-field test, compound 4i was shown to not affect spontaneous activity of mice. The determination of in vivo 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration showed that compound 4i may have an effect in the mouse brain. The biological activities of all synthetized compounds were verified by molecular docking studies. Compound 4i showed significant interactions with residues of the 5-HT1A receptor homology model.

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Antidepressant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Vitis vinifera

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research ◽

10.30750/ijpbr.6.2.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Jyoti Singh ◽

Bishnu Kumar

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Suspension Test

The present study was determined to evaluate the effect of methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) as well as its interaction with conventional antidepressant drug using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) and to evaluate the possible mechanisms involved in its actions. The extract was found to reduce the explorative tendencies of the rats in the tail suspension test and forced swim test the extract caused a significant reduction in immobility time and increased swimming time. The leaf of the plant were collected and authenticated. The methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) showed the significant antidepressant activity comparable to the standard drug. The oral administration of methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively as compared to the control treated group showed an antidepressant activity comparable to that of standard drug. The antidepressant effects of methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) having a particular quality to be mainly associated with the activation of dopamineergic system and possess potential antidepressant activities.

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The Effect of Fluoxetine and Ibuprofen on BCG-Induced Alteration in Pain Sensitivity in Mice

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab114.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Heba H El-Morsy ◽

Wesam El-Bakly ◽

Amany H Hasanin ◽

May Hamza ◽

M Abdel-Bary

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Mechanical Allodynia ◽

Formalin Test ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Base Line ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Long Time ◽

Incisional Pain

Abstract Clinical observations recognized the co-existence and interactions of pain and depression a long time, ago. The aim of this work was to study the effect of ibuprofen and fluoxetine on BCGinduced depressive-like behaviour, on formalin-induced pain, as well as on mechanical allodynia after planter incision in mice. BCG induced a depressive behaviour that was seen in the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). It also induced a decrease in pain-related behaviour in the formalin test, and an increase in the baseline in mechanical allodynia test compared to the control group. Fluoxetine (80 mg/L of drinking water) showed a significant decrease in the immobility time in the FST and TST and enhanced pain related behaviour in formalin test in the BCG-inoculated group. However, it did not affect the increase in the pain threshold in the planter incision allodynia model. Adding ibuprofen to drinking water (0.2 g/L of drinking water), reversed the depressive like behaviour induced by BCG and enhanced pain-related behaviour in formalin test, in both the total pain-related behaviour and phase 2. It also prevented the increase in the base line induced by BCG. On the other hand, the incisional pain model was not affected by BCG inoculation except at the 2-hour time point, where it showed hypoalgesia, as well.

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