scholarly journals IX Богд жавзандамбын халимаг дахь үйл хэрэг (= О деятельности IX Богдо-гэгэна Джебцзун-дамба-хутухты среди калмыков)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-429
Author(s):  
Naranjargal N. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Focus ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Government Executives

Introduction. Traditional Buddhist communities are well aware of prominent Buddhist scholars to have further disseminated and developed the Buddha’s Teaching. The most famous are Dalai and Panchen Lamas. Since the beginnings of Buddhism’s prevalence in Mongolia, it is Bogd Gegeen who is revered most of all nationwide. To date, there have been nine reincarnations of Bogd Gegeen that immensely contributed to the development of Buddhism in the country. Goals. The paper seeks to analyze visits of the 9th Bogd Gegeen Jebtsundamba Khutuktu to the Volga Kalmyks (as members of the Mongolian world) and his delivered teachings. Results. The article highlights key points of the Bogd Gegeen’s biography, narrates about his six visits to Kalmykia in the late 1900s and early 2000s. Special focus is laid on that most significant efforts to arrange the visits were undertaken by Kalmykia’s government executives and Shajin Lama Telo Tulku Rinpoche. Those events proved fruitful enough and facilitated further strengthening of Buddhism in the region.

scholarly journals Echinocandins: structural diversity, biosynthesis, and development of antimycotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Hüttel
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Hydrolytic Stability ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Invasive Mycosis ◽  
History Of

Abstract Echinocandins are a clinically important class of non-ribosomal antifungal lipopeptides produced by filamentous fungi. Due to their complex structure, which is characterized by numerous hydroxylated non-proteinogenic amino acids, echinocandin antifungal agents are manufactured semisynthetically. The development of optimized echinocandin structures is therefore closely connected to their biosynthesis. Enormous efforts in industrial research and development including fermentation, classical mutagenesis, isotope labeling, and chemical synthesis eventually led to the development of the active ingredients caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin, which are now used as first-line treatments against invasive mycosis. In the last years, echinocandin biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified, which allowed for the elucidation but also engineering of echinocandin biosynthesis on the molecular level. After a short description of the history of echinocandin research, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge of echinocandin biosynthesis with a special focus of the diverse structural elements, their biosynthetic background, and structure−activity relationships. Key points • Complex and highly oxidized lipopeptides produced by fungi. • Crucial in the design of drugs: side chain, solubility, and hydrolytic stability. • Genetic methods for engineering biosynthesis have recently become available.

scholarly journals Postgraduate study in national academic systems (experience of Germany and USA)

2013 ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
S. A. Dushina ◽  
N. A. Ashcheulova
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Graduate Training ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Graduate Courses ◽  
Post Graduate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Postgraduate Study ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
Post Graduate Training

This paper investigates the German and USA system of post-graduate training, with a special focus on the institutional features of the postgraduate courses. Based on the German statistical databases, it undertakes a detailed analysis of sociodemographic characteristics for doctoral students (рromovierende), the types of employment, the financing of projects. This paper will also highlight the peculiarities of mobility processes in the framework of the national post-graduate courses. The authors take note that the key points for the organization of scientific research are the public recognition of science and social status of scientists.

On the Possibilities of Intelligence Implementation in Manufacturing: The Role of Simulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 309 ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daynier Rolando Delgado Sobrino ◽  
Peter Košťál ◽  
Dagmar Cagáňová ◽  
Milos Čambál
Keyword(s):  
Material Flow ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Intelligent Manufacturing ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
System Cell ◽  
Flow Configurations ◽  
And Control

Over the years, the world of manufacturing has witnessed significant work in the area of Intelligent Manufacturing. Special efforts have been made in the implementation of new technologies, management and control systems, among many others which have all evolved the field. Closely following all this and due to the scope of new projects and the need of turning the existing flexible ideas into more autonomous and intelligent ones, i.e.: Intelligent Manufacturing, the present paper emerges with the main aim of contributing under a this new intelligent denomination to the design and analysis of the material flow in either systems, cells or workstations. For this, besides offering a conceptual basis in some of the key points to be taken into account and some general principles to consider in the design and analysis of the material flow, also some tips on how to define other possible alternative material flow scenarios and a classification of the states a system, cell or workstation are offered as well. All this is done with the intentions of relating it with the use of simulation tools, for which these have been briefly addressed with a special focus on the Witness simulation package. For a better comprehension, the previous elements are supported by a detailed layout, other figures and a few expressions which could help obtaining necessary data. Such data and others will be used in the future, when simulating the scenarios in the search of the best material flow configurations.

scholarly journals AI in Radiology: Where are we today in Multiple Sclerosis Imaging?

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (09) ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eichinger ◽  
Claus Zimmer ◽  
Benedikt Wiestler
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Computer Tools ◽  
Clinical Endpoints ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Imaging Ms

Background MR imaging is an essential component in managing patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS). This holds true for the initial diagnosis as well as for assessing the clinical course of MS. In recent years, a growing number of computer tools were developed to analyze imaging data in MS. This review gives an overview of the most important applications with special emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI). Methods Relevant studies were identified through a literature search in recognized databases, and through parsing the references in studies found this way. Literature published as of November 2019 was included with a special focus on recent studies from 2018 and 2019. Results There are a number of studies which focus on optimizing lesion visualization and lesion segmentation. Some of these studies accomplished these tasks with high accuracy, enabling a reproducible quantitative analysis of lesion loads. Some studies took a radiomics approach and aimed at predicting clinical endpoints such as the conversion from a clinically isolated syndrome to definite MS. Moreover, recent studies investigated synthetic imaging, i. e. imaging data that is not measured during an MR scan but generated by a computer algorithm to optimize the contrast between MS lesions and brain parenchyma. Conclusion Computer-based image analysis and AI are hot topics in imaging MS. Some applications are ready for use in clinical routine. A major challenge for the future is to improve prediction of expected disease courses and thereby helping to find optimal treatment decisions on an individual level. With technical improvements, more questions arise about the integration of new tools into the radiological workflow. Key Points:  Citation Format

scholarly journals β-Glucan phosphorylases in carbohydrate synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorica Ubiparip ◽  
Marc De Doncker ◽  
Koen Beerens ◽  
Jorick Franceus ◽  
Tom Desmet
Keyword(s):  
Glycoside Hydrolase ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Carbohydrate Active Enzymes ◽  
Carbohydrate Synthesis ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Reversible Degradation ◽  
Nucleotide Sugars ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Made In

Abstract β-Glucan phosphorylases are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the reversible degradation of β-linked glucose polymers, with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans as major bioactive compounds. Their preference for sugar phosphates (rather than nucleotide sugars) as donor substrates further underlines their significance for the carbohydrate industry. Presently, they are classified in the glycoside hydrolase families 94, 149, and 161 (www.cazy.org). Since the discovery of β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase in 1963, several other specificities have been reported that differ in linkage type and/or degree of polymerization. Here, we present an overview of the progress that has been made in our understanding of β-glucan and associated β-glucobiose phosphorylases, with a special focus on their application in the synthesis of carbohydrates and related molecules. Key points • Discovery, characteristics, and applications of β-glucan phosphorylases. • β-Glucan phosphorylases in the production of functional carbohydrates.

scholarly journals The basics of development of support reactions in an early ontogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3 (132)) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Biesieda ◽  
Vitaliy Marchuk
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Early Ontogenesis ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Vertical Posture ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Support Reaction ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Support Reactions

On account of the current situation of total deterioration in the children’s health in Ukraine, a special focus is to be paid to the issues related to the children who suffer from the disorders of the musculoskeletal system, where the verticalisation of the child plays an important role. The priority in the formation of the orthograde position of a person, adoption of a vertical posture and movement in it is the formation and development of support reactions during infancy and a young age. Numerous studies in the field of the formation of the support reaction, the formation and development of support capacity was mainly given to lower limbs (M. Bezrukih, V. Beseda, M. Bocharov, V. Dubrovsky, N. Efimenko, V. Mitskevich, G. Popov, N. Finney). Herewith the ontogenetic data were insufficiently represented, and the studies of support reactions of various parts of the body were rather meager, which determined the direction of our study. The purpose of this article was to identify key points of the formation of the support ability of various parts of the child’s body in the process in an early ontogenesis. Research Objectives: 1. Analysis of literary sources on the problem of the formation and development of the support ability of children. 2. To identify the main blocks of the formation of the child's support in different age periods of an early ontogenesis. Research methods: a method of analyzing literary sources on a problem of formation of support ability in children; a method of generalization of obtained information regarding the development of support ability and its impact on motor status of the child; a method of classifying of periods of formation of support abilities of various parts of the body during an early ontogenesis. Analyzing the information received from above, it should be borne in mind that in ontogenesis, the formation of support ability occurs in various parts of the body depending on certain periods of the child’s life, which subsequently affects the development of his posture. This information can be used by specialists in the field of physical education to solve the problem of the formation of support ability of the children, especially in the infant period as well as in the correction of various motor disorders.

scholarly journals Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease – Role of Arterial Calcification and Impact on Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Phan ◽  
Michel Burnier ◽  
Grégoire Wuerzner ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Impact On Treatment

Hypertension contributes to the progression of kidney diseases as well as to the occurrence of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. The prevalence of hypertension is elevated in patients with kidney disease, and increases progressively as glomerular filtration rate falls. A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to hypertension in renal diseases has been gained in recent years; in this article we will review the pathogenesis of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a special focus on vascular calcification because calcification is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity in CKD patients. Although calcification of large arteries and blood pressure increase with age, few studies have specifically investigated a possible connection between these two factors as determinants of the severity of hypertension in CKD. Finally, we will review the trends in hypertension treatment in CKD patients. Expanded understanding of the role of CKD as both a cause and a target of hypertension highlights key points of pathophysiology of hypertension and may contribute to the identification of new strategies for its prevention and treatment.

Autism and Neurodiversity: Addressing Concerns and Offering Implications for the School-Based Speech-Language Pathologist

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Laura S. DeThorne ◽  
Kelly Searsmith
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Individualized Education Program ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Individualized Education ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Eligibility Determination ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
School Based ◽  
Key Points ◽  
C Center

Purpose The purpose of this article is to address some common concerns associated with the neurodiversity paradigm and to offer related implications for service provision to school-age autistic students. In particular, we highlight the need to (a) view first-person autistic perspectives as an integral component of evidence-based practice, (b) use the individualized education plan as a means to actively address environmental contributions to communicative competence, and (c) center intervention around respect for autistic sociality and self-expression. We support these points with cross-disciplinary scholarship and writings from autistic individuals. Conclusions We recognize that school-based speech-language pathologists are bound by institutional constraints, such as eligibility determination and Individualized Education Program processes that are not inherently consistent with the neurodiversity paradigm. Consequently, we offer examples for implementing the neurodiversity paradigm while working within these existing structures. In sum, this article addresses key points of tension related to the neurodiversity paradigm in a way that we hope will directly translate into improved service provision for autistic students. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13345727

Current concepts of the interventional treatment of proximal supraaortic vessel stenosis

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernemann ◽  
Bender ◽  
Melms ◽  
Brechtel ◽  
Kobba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Interventional Treatment ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Brachiocephalic Artery ◽  
Treatment Concepts ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting

Interventional therapies using angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic stenosis of the proximal supraaortic vessels have evolved as safe and effective treatment strategies. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current treatment concepts for stenosis in the subclavian and brachiocephalic artery with regard to clinical indication, interventional technique including selection of the appropriate vascular approach and type of stent, angiographic and clinical short-term and long-term results and follow-up. The role of hybrid interventions for tandem stenoses of the carotid bifurcation and brachiocephalic artery is analysed. A systematic review of data for angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis is discussed with a special focus on restenosis rate.

Social Psychology and Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. Boggio ◽  
Gabriel G. Rêgo ◽  
Lucas M. Marques ◽  
Thiago L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
Brain Behavior

Abstract. Social neuroscience and psychology have made substantial advances in the last few decades. Nonetheless, the field has relied mostly on behavioral, imaging, and other correlational research methods. Here we argue that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an effective and relevant technique to be used in this field of research, allowing for the establishment of more causal brain-behavior relationships than can be achieved with most of the techniques used in this field. We review relevant brain stimulation-aided research in the fields of social pain, social interaction, prejudice, and social decision-making, with a special focus on tDCS. Despite the fact that the use of tDCS in Social Neuroscience and Psychology studies is still in its early days, results are promising. As better understanding of the processes behind social cognition becomes increasingly necessary due to political, clinical, and even philosophical demands, the fact that tDCS is arguably rare in Social Neuroscience research is very noteworthy. This review aims at inspiring researchers to employ tDCS in the investigation of issues within Social Neuroscience. We present substantial evidence that tDCS is indeed an appropriate tool for this purpose.

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