scholarly journals The histo-blood group antigens of the host cell may determine the binding of different viruses such as SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Mayra Cuéllar-Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Infection Mechanism ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Human Viruses

Viruses have caused the death of millions of people worldwide. Specifically, human viruses are grouped into 21 families, including the family of coronaviruses (CoVs). In December 2019, in Wuhan, China, a new human CoV was identified, SARS-CoV-2. The first step of the infection mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 in the human host is adhesion, which occurs through the S glycoprotein that is found in diverse human organs. Another way through which SARS-CoV-2 could possibly attach to the host’s cells is by means of the histo-blood group antigens. In this work, we have reviewed the mechanisms by which some viruses bind to the histo-blood group antigens, which could be related to the susceptibility of the individual and are dependent on the histo-blood group.

scholarly journals Revisiting the role of histo-blood group antigens in rotavirus host-cell invasion

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Böhm ◽  
Fiona E. Fleming ◽  
Andrea Maggioni ◽  
Vi T. Dang ◽  
Gavan Holloway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Host Cell Invasion

scholarly journals Histochemical evaluation of secretory glycoproteins in human salivary glands with lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 965-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Laden ◽  
B A Schulte ◽  
S S Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Submandibular Glands ◽  
Mucin Production ◽  
The Individual

Paraffin sections of submandibular, sublingual, minor salivary, and parotid glands from ten human autopsy cases were stained with a battery of ten lectins conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Variable affinity for one or another lectin between mucous cells in a gland evidenced cellular heterogeneity in mucin production. Mucous cells of a given type of gland varied among individuals, but for a single individual appeared markedly but not completely similar from one type of salivary gland to another. The individual variation related, in part, to the ABO blood group and secretor status of the individual. For mucous cells in secretors of blood group A and B all antigens stained strongly for the presence of terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine or alpha-galactose, respectively. Mucous cells in AB secretors contained both antigens, whereas those of O (H) secretors lacked both. Mucous cells of three presumed nonsecretors, two of whom were immature infants and possibly too young to produce ABO antigen, failed to stain. Mucous cells in glands from the presumed nonsecretors, however, revealed a staining pattern consistent with the presence of Lea antigen. Mucous cells of nonsecretors stained with Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin but not with Ulex europeus I agglutinin, whereas mucous cells of ABO secretors stained with both lectins. This difference in lectin binding indicated that sites reactive only with Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin contain 1----4 linked fucosyl residues and sites stained by both lectins contain fucose linked 1----2 to the oligosaccharide. Staining of mucous cells of nonsecretors with Pisum sativum agglutinin indicate that either the lectin binds to internal N-acetylglucosamine of Lea substance or the mucous cells contain an N-glycosidic glycoprotein of the type thought to bind this lectin. Serous cells stained less strongly than mucous cells and differed in lectin affinities from one type of gland to another in an individual. Staining of serous cells of a given gland varied markedly among different subjects. This individual variability did not relate to blood group as terminal sugars demonstrative of A or B blood group antigens were not detected in any serous cells. Serous cells in the submandibular glands from the two immature infants were unreactive with all lectin conjugates. Secretions in parotid and submandibular serous cells generally contained a higher content of fucose than those in sublingual serous cells, which contained higher levels of a terminal galactose-sialic acid dimer. Some but not other cells of striated and interlobular ducts of submandibular glands of one subject stained for alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine.

DIRECT EVIDENCE OF MUTATION AT THE LOCUS FOR GALACTOSE-I-PHOSPHATE URIDYL TRANSFERASE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-676
Author(s):  
William J. Mellman ◽  
Fred H. Allen ◽  
Lester Baker ◽  
Thomas A. Tedesco
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Blood Group ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Paternity Testing ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Heterozygous State ◽  
The Individual

An apparent fresh mutation has been identified at the human transferase locus (Gt) that has resulted in an occurrence of the heterozygous state for galactosemia (Gt+/GtG). The individual concerned is the mother of a child with galactosemia, neither of whose parents was found to be heterozygous for galactosemia. Recently discovered human genetic markers and established blood group antigens have been used to test for non-paternity as an alternative explanation to mutation. Paternity was proven in this instance with greater than 98% confidence. This paper illustrates the feasibility of determining biochemically the mutation rates for specific genetic loci and the improved confidence that can be achieved in paternity testing with more recently described human genetic polymorphisms.

scholarly journals Histo-blood group antigens of glycosphingolipids predict susceptibility of human intestinal enteroids to norovirus infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (47) ◽  
pp. 15974-15987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Rimkute ◽  
Konrad Thorsteinsson ◽  
Marcus Henricsson ◽  
Victoria R. Tenge ◽  
Xiaoming Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Particle Interaction ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Interaction Kinetics ◽  
Glycerolipid Composition ◽  
The Individual

The molecular mechanisms behind infection and propagation of human restricted pathogens such as human norovirus (HuNoV) have defied interrogation because they were previously unculturable. However, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) have emerged to offer unique ex vivo models for targeted studies of intestinal biology, including inflammatory and infectious diseases. Carbohydrate-dependent histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known to be critical for clinical infection. To explore whether HBGAs of glycosphingolipids contribute to HuNoV infection, we obtained HIE cultures established from stem cells isolated from jejunal biopsies of six individuals with different ABO, Lewis, and secretor genotypes. We analyzed their glycerolipid and sphingolipid compositions and quantified interaction kinetics and the affinity of HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to lipid vesicles produced from the individual HIE-lipid extracts. All HIEs had a similar lipid and glycerolipid composition. Sphingolipids included HBGA-related type 1 chain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), with HBGA epitopes corresponding to the geno- and phenotypes of the different HIEs. As revealed by single-particle interaction studies of Sydney GII.4 VLPs with glycosphingolipid-containing HIE membranes, both binding kinetics and affinities explain the patterns of susceptibility toward GII.4 infection for individual HIEs. This is the first time norovirus VLPs have been shown to interact specifically with secretor gene–dependent GSLs embedded in lipid membranes of HIEs that propagate GII.4 HuNoV ex vivo, highlighting the potential of HIEs for advanced future studies of intestinal glycobiology and host-pathogen interactions.

VALUE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Narayan Patra ◽  
Jayanta Mete
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Values are like seeds that sprout, become saplings, grow into trees and spread their branches all around. To be able to think right, to feel the right kind of emotions and to act in the desirable manner are the prime phases of personality development. Building up of values system starts with the individual, moves on to the family and community, reorienting systems, structures and institutions, spreading throughout the land and ultimately embracing the planet as a whole. The culture of inclusivity is particularly relevant and important in the context of our society, nation and making education a right for all children.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

CHILD-PARENT RELATIONS AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL PREFERENCES IN PEDAGOGICAL DYNASTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
N. V. SHAMANIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Professional Preferences ◽  
Parent Child

The article raises the issue of the relationship of parent-child relationships and professional preferences in pedagogical dynasties. Particular attention is paid to the role of the family in the professional development of the individual. It has been suggested that there is a relationship between parent-child relationships and professional preferences.

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