Toward enzyme-responsive polymersome drug delivery

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bipin Chakravarthy Paruchuri ◽  
Varun Gopal ◽  
Sapna Sarupria ◽  
Jessica Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Main Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Enzyme Overexpression

In drug delivery, enzyme-responsive drug carriers are becoming increasingly relevant because of the growing association of disease pathology with enzyme overexpression. Polymersomes are of interest to such applications because of their tunable properties. While polymersomes open up a wide range of chemical and physical properties to explore, they also present a challenge in developing generalized rules for the synthesis of novel systems. Motivated by this issue, in this perspective, we summarize the existing knowledge on enzyme-responsive polymersomes and outline the main design choices. Then, we propose heuristics to guide the design of novel systems. Finally, we discuss the potential of an integrated approach using computer simulations and experimental studies to streamline this design process and close the existing knowledge gaps.

CYCLODEXTRIN IN DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION: A REVIEW

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajveer Bhaskar ◽  
Monika Ola ◽  
Rahul Patel ◽  
Dr. S. S. Chalikwar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pulmonary Delivery ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Nasal Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Pharmaceutical Application ◽  
Wide Range

The cyclodextrins have a wide range of applications in various areas of drug delivery and pharmaceutical industry due to their complexation ability and other versatile characteristics. The most popular pharmaceutical application of cyclodextrin is to increase the solubility, stability, safety and bioavailability of drug molecules. The idea of this review article is to solve and study any of the findings and application of cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives in different areas of drug delivery. This review article introduce the molecular structure, properties like complexation, solubility etc. of cyclodextrins and targeted on its use for parenteral, oral, ophthalmic and nasal drug delivery. Other routes including dermal, rectal, sublingual and pulmonary delivery are again briefly addressed. The aim of this contribution is to focus on the potential application of chemically altared cyclodextrins as high-performance drug carriers in drug delivery systems with emphasis on the other recent developments. Thus cyclodextrins, because of their continuing ability to find several novel applications in drug delivery, are expected to solve many problems associated with the delivery of different other novel drugs through different delivery routes. Keywords: Cyclodextrin, complexing agents, bioavailability, industrial application

GENCRIT: A tool for knowledge-based critiquing in engineering design

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shiva Kumar ◽  
S. Suresh ◽  
C. S. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Steven J. Fenves ◽  
S. Rajeev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Decision Making Model

AbstractThis article poses the notion that it is possible and desirable to formalize and apply design critiques in a specialized framework. It describes GENCRIT, (GENeric CRItiquing Tool), one such framework for design critiquing. The article starts by highlighting the role of critics in the design process. It then goes on to bring out the need for a critic building tool, viz. that of aiding in the rapid development of multiple critics. GENCRIT combines knowledge-based techniques and a multifactor decision making model to develop an integrated approach to evaluation that encompasses a wide range of designs. Critics developed using GENCRIT evaluate candidate designs based on the critiquing knowledge provided by experts, give justifications for the evaluation, and suggest improvements. The working of GENCRIT is illustrated with two examples: a constructibility critic for reinforced concrete buildings and a bridge design critic.

scholarly journals Erythrocytes and Nanoparticles: New Therapeutic Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2173
Author(s):  
Clara Guido ◽  
Gabriele Maiorano ◽  
Carmen Gutiérrez-Millán ◽  
Barbara Cortese ◽  
Adriana Trapani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Wide Range

Nano-delivery systems represent one of the most studied fields, thanks to the associated improvement in the treatment of human diseases. The functionality of nanostructures is a crucial point, which the effectiveness of nanodrugs depends on. A hybrid approach strategy using synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) and erythrocytes offers an optimal blend of natural and synthetic materials. This, in turn, allows medical practitioners to exploit the combined advantages of erythrocytes and NPs. Erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems have been investigated for their biocompatibility, as well as the long circulation time allowed by specific surface receptors that inhibit immune clearance. In this review, we will discuss several methods—whole erythrocytes as drug carriers, red blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles and nano-erythrosomes (NERs)—while paying attention to their application and specific preparation methods. The ability to target cells makes erythrocytes excellent drug delivery systems. They can carry a wide range of therapeutic molecules while also acting as bioreactors; thus, they have many applications in therapy and in the diagnosis of many diseases.

scholarly journals Nanocomposite Hydrogels: A Promising Approach for Developing Stimuli-responsive Platforms and their Application in Targeted Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirmasoud Samadi ◽  
Fatemeh Yazdian ◽  
Mona Navaei-Nigjeh ◽  
Hamid Rashedi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Hydrophobic Drugs ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Smart Systems ◽  
Nanocomposite Hydrogels ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction: With the development of hydrogels from half a century ago, their application in various medical fields, including drug delivery has been widely expanded. Hydrogels used in this field are produced with synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, or natural polymers like chitosan, agarose, and hyaluronic acid to develop biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic drug carriers. However, limitations such as inadequate response to stimulation, low homogeneity, and poor loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs have limited the use of hydrogels for drug delivery due to the hydrophilic nature of the hydrogel. The use of nanoparticles in the structure of hydrogels to produce hydrogel nanocomposites leads to more diverse interactions such as hydrogen and electrostatic bonds in addition to covalent interactions between hydrogel polymers. In addition to enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and further homogeneity, these interactions lead to the formation of platforms responsive to various stimuli, attaining sustained release, and ameliorating the poor loading of hydrophobic drugs used in cancer treatment and wound dressing. Conclusion: A review of a research conducted in the last 20 years represents that the application of nanocomposite hydrogels in drug delivery includes a wide range of production methods, nanoparticles to create various stimulation mechanisms, and therapeutic applications. Indeed, research has been focused on developing smart systems for controlled release with stimuli to reduce side effects of conventional cancer treatment methods, such as chemotherapy, by targeting drug delivery and reducing drug administration frequency and mitigating chronic wound complications by the release of growth factors.

Methods for Determining the Parameters of Receptor-Ligand Interactions on the Model of Concanavalin A and Mannosylated Chitosans Promising Carriers for Drug Delivery to Alveolar Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
D.A. Vanichkin ◽  
E.V. Kudryashova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Fluorescence Quenching ◽  
Concanavalin A ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Isothermal Calorimetry ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ligand Interactions

Abstract-The search for mannosylated molecules forming strong complexes with the model mannose receptor, concanavalin A (ConA), is an important step for the creation of targeted drug carriers. The goal of this work was to develop an accurate and reproducible method for determining the parameters of lectin-ligand interactions to assess the affinity of concanavalin A to chitosan and its mannosylated derivatives. It was shown that the use of UV spectroscopy, as well as fluorescence quenching, makes it possible to determine the parameters of ligand-receptor complexation at reagent concentrations 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those described in the literature and obtained, including by isothermal calorimetry. UV spectroscopy also opens up the possibility of analyzing a wide range of ligands and makes the process less laborious. Comparative characteristics of the above methods are given. It was proposed to use chitosans as carriers for drug delivery to macrophages due to their biocompatibility, mucoadhesiveness, as well as the ability to reduce the toxicity of antibacterial agents and enhance their absorption by macrophages. Unmodified chitosans bind to ConA relatively weakly (Kd ≈ 10-4 M). With an increase in the molecular weight, the degree of modification of chitosans with mannose, as well as with the introduction of a spermidine spacer into their molecule, the strength of complexation of the carrier with the model mannosylated receptor ConA increases significantly; Kd values are in the range of 10-6-10-7 M, which is almost an order of magnitude lower than for the natural ligand, trimannoside. The effect is achieved due to the high clustering of mannose residues (Man). Taking into account such criteria of drugs as safety and immunogenicity, we believe that among the studied chitosan molecules, a spacer-containing high-mannosylated chitosan polymer with a molecular weight of 5 kDa should be considered the optimal carrier for drug delivery to macrophages. Key words: mannose receptors, chitosan, concanavalin A, UV spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, dissociation constant, macrophages

Chitosan: Development of Nanoparticles, Other Physical Forms and Solubility with Acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Nimish Shah ◽  
R.K. Mewada ◽  
Tejal Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Oral Drug Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Dissolution Behavior ◽  
Drug Release Profile ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Wide Range

Chitosan is a modified form of Chitin. It is a modified carbohydrate polymer derived by hydrolyzing the aminoacetyl groups of chitin. Chitosan is a biodegradable natural polymer which is, biocompatible, non-toxic. It also shows anti-bacterial properties. This polysaccharide is available in different forms such as nanoparticles, solution, powder, flake, fiber, film, etc. Due to its wide range of physical forms and good reactivity with other compounds, chitosan can produce various blends. Nanoparticles of various natural biopolymers have emerged as potential carrier for drugs in oral controlled drug delivery. Nanostructured drug carriers allow the delivery of not only small-molecule drugs but also of nucleic acids and proteins. Chemical modification of nanoparticles of chitosan is useful for the association of bioactive molecules to polymer and controlling the drug release profile. In recent years focus on chitosan is shifted to its derivatives. This versatile material has broad applications in many different fields. Various physical forms of chitosan and its blends together with other derivatives such as composites and graft copolymers have been developed to overcome limitations of different polymeric materials such as poor mechanical properties and to improve its functionality towards specific applications. Nanoparticles of chitosan and it derivatives are extensively exploited in the field of oral drug delivery. The progress made in converting chitosan and its blends into nanoparticles forms as well as the preparation methods are studied. For preparation of these blends and nanoparticles of chitosan need to be dissolved in for reactions. We also studied its dissolution behavior with different acids. It shows quite interesting results.

scholarly journals Differential GFR estimation of the double moiety kidneys by modified GATE’S formula

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Sivasubramaniyan V
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gfr Estimation ◽  
Or Gene

Since the beginning of the twenty-one century, carbon based nanomaterial (CNTs) has been introduced in (pharmacy and medicine) in therapeutic for system of drug delivery. NTs have proved able to transport a wide range of molecules across membranes and into living cells; therefore, they have attracted great interest in biomedical applications such as advanced imaging, tissue regeneration, and drug or gene deliver. As it is known, carbon nanotubes exhibit various unique intrinsic chemical and physical properties and it has been intensive explored, in the last few years, for applications in biology and biomedicine.

scholarly journals Influence of water on the physical properties of olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-75
Author(s):  
Bao-Hua Zhang ◽  
Qun-Ke Xia
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Mantle Minerals ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Geodynamic Processes ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. The incorporation of water in nominally anhydrous minerals plays a crucial role in many geodynamic processes and evolution of the Earth and affects the physical and chemical properties of the main constituents of the Earth's mantle. Technological advances now allow the transport properties of minerals to be precisely measured under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature (P and T) that closely mimic the P–T conditions throughout much of the Earth's interior. This contribution provides an overview of the recent progress in the experimental studies on the influence of water on physical properties (i.e., diffusivity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, sound velocity, and rheology) of olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite together with their applications. In particular, consistency among various experimental data is investigated, discrepancies are evaluated, and confusions are clarified. With such progress in the experimental determination of transport properties of major mantle minerals, we can expect new insights into a broad range of geoscience problems. Many unresolved issues around water inside Earth require an integrated approach and concerted efforts from multiple disciplines.

CREDO RADON UA – INFORMATION MODEL FOR CALCULATION OF ROAD CONSTRACTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Karedin ◽  
Nadiya Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Residual Deformation ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Road Pavement

CREDO RADON UA software provides an automated calculation of the strength of the pavement structures of non-rigid and rigid types, as well as the calculation of the strengthening of existing structures. In the article, one can see the main features and functionality of the CREDO RADON UA software, the main points in the calculations according to the new regulations. Information support of the design process includes necessary databases, informational and helping materials that make up the full support of the pavement design process. The concept of CREDO RADON UA 1.0 software is made on the use of elasticity theory methods in calculations of initial information models of pavements. Performing optimization calculations, the roadwear in CREDO RADON UA is designed in such a way that no unacceptable residual deformation occurs under the influence of short-term dynamic or static loading in the working layer of the earth bed and in the structural layers during the lifetime of the structure. The calculation algorithms were made in accordance with the current regulatory documents of Ukraine. CREDO RADON UA software allows user to create information bases on road construction materials and vehicles as part of the traffic flow for calculations. The presented system of automated modeling makes it easier for the customer to control the quality of design solutions, to reasonably assign designs to layers of reinforcement, to quickly make comparisons of calculations of different designs for the optimal use of allocated funds. Prospects for further improvement of the program should be the results of theoretical and experimental studies on filling the databases, which are used as information support for automated design of road structures. Keywords: CREDO RADON UA, road, computer-aided design, repair project, road pavement, strengthening, construction, rigid pavement, elasticity module, a transport stream, calculation method, information support, dynamic or static loading.

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