scholarly journals Siliceous raw material consumption during the late Upper Palaeolithic in “El Pirulejo”, South of Iberia (Priego, Córdoba)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Cánovas Calle ◽  
María Dolores Simón Vallejo ◽  
Lydia Calle Román ◽  
Victoria Aranda Sanchez ◽  
Rubén Parrilla Giraldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Material Consumption ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
First Results ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Late Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Technological Analysis

This work presents the first results about the use of siliceous raw materials by the hunter-gatherer societies during the Late Glacial in the level 5 of El Pirulejo. El Pirulejo is located within the municipality of Priego de Córdoba (Córdoba, Spain).The archaeological level P/5 is classified as a Solutrean, according to the technological analysis of the lithic assemblage. The methodology used about the raw material is divided into four phases. During this first phase, we carried out a sampling analysis of local primary and secondary outcrops in the proximity of the site, over an area of 20 km from the site. We also performed a macroscopic and petrographic analysis of selected samples. In these phase, we describe the Veleta Formation, wich represents the main siliceous outcrop closest to the site. Once the local flint was characterized, it was compared to the lithic industry assemblage of level P/5, with the intention of observing the management and exploitation of local flint associated to knapping activities. As a result of the assemblage analysed so far, we have ruled out local operations on these chert samples and propose an area of exploitation of lithic resources that will exceed 20 kilometres around the site. We ruled out that the Veleta Formation provided a source of lithic supply for the hunter-gatherer societies. 

scholarly journals Preliminary Archaeopetrological Study of the Lithic Industry From the l’Hort de la Boquera Rock Shelter (Margalef de Montsant, Tarragona, Spain): Applying Mineralogical and Geochemical Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Mar Rey-Solé ◽  
Maria Pilar García-Argüelles ◽  
Jordi Nadal ◽  
Xavier Mangado ◽  
Anders Scherstén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The l’Hort de la Boquera site is located in the northeastern part of Iberia and its stone tool assemblage includes up to 25,000 flint artefacts. This is the first approach to the analysis of the raw material through an archaeopetrological study. Results were obtained by use of mineralogi¬cal techniques: macroscopic and petrographic analysis, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Micro-Raman and X-Ray diffraction (XRD); additionally, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was applied. It has been possible to discriminate at least four flint categories, the ‘Evaporitic flint type’ (with two local subvarieties – ‘Common evaporitic’ and ‘Garnet’ varieties) that comes from local outcrops of the Ulldemolins Complex, and two flint types that had their origin further afield: the ‘Charophyta flint type’ (coming from the Torrente de Cinca Unit) and the ‘Dark flint type’ (from the La Serra Llarga Formation).These results make this study the most comprehensive analysis of raw materials that has been carried out in the area so far

scholarly journals Characterization of the Obsidian Used in the Chipped Stone Industry in Kendale Hecala

Quaternary ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Üftade Muşkara ◽  
Ayşin Konak
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chipped Stone ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Southeast Anatolia ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
Technological Analysis

Kendale Hecala is located on the Ambar River in the Upper Tigris Basin, province of Diyarbakır in Southeast Anatolia. Various raw materials, including obsidian, radiolarite, chert, jasper, chalcedony, and quartzite, were used in the lithic industry. Obsidian artefacts constitute an average of 64% of the chipped stone assemblage. Technological analysis reveals that obsidian was brought to the settlement as nodules and chipped into various tools at the settlement. Understanding the operational sequence of the lithic industry, chaîne opératoire, including the distribution of raw material from source to site, is important to demonstrate the socio-cultural organization of the settlement in Southeastern Anatolia during the Ubaid period. In order to identify source varieties, the obsidian artefacts uncovered from Ubaid layers of Kendale Hecala were analyzed by macro-observations, and the characterization of archaeological samples was performed using a handheld XRF. Multivariate analysis of the data indicates the use of obsidian from different resources at the settlement, including Nemrut Dağ, Bingöl B, and Group 3d.

scholarly journals New data on flint processing of East Trypillia tribes of the Bug-Dnieper interfluve

Vita Antiqua ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Ye.V. Pichkur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Waste ◽  
The West ◽  
Quantitative Ratio ◽  
Lithic Industry ◽  
Modern Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Local Nature

For the first time, materials of such settlements of the East Trypillia culture as Trostyanchyk, Onopriyivka І are published. Despite approximately the same quantitative ratio, even at first glance, the materials of these two leaflets differ significantly from each other. The Trostyanchyk complex is actually blade-type: blades prevail both among production waste and among the tool kit. Flakes and tools on them dominate in Onopriyivka. If the Trostyanchyk complex can be regarded as "classic" in terms of the tool kit: retouched blades, end-scrapers, sickle inserts, perforators on blades, etc., then the Onopriyivka complex looks more primitive: retouched flakes, notched tools and scrapers on flakes, and others. In Onopriyivka, unlike Trostyanchyk, finds of weapons are completely absent. Products from Onopriyivka are made mainly of local raw materials, while in Trostyanchyk there are approximately equal parts of products from local and imported raw materials, and products from local flint are made as carefully as products from Volyn flint. At the same time, in both cases we can confidently speak of the local nature of production. This is evidenced by both the use of local flint raw material and the specific items present in both collections. In Trostyanchyk, as already mentioned, a hammerstone was found, in Onopriyivka — core-like fragments and chips of modify of cores. Such differences can be explained by both territorial and chronological discrepancies. Onopriyivka I is earlier, refers to the end of stage ВІ, Trostyanchyk — to the end of stage ВІІ. Trostyanchyk is located on the Southern Bug, Onopriyivka — in the Bugo-Dnieper interfluve. Although, perhaps, this situation is explained by the unevenness of the study of these sites. In addition, materials from the Vladyslavchyk settlement are published for the first time. Based on their analysis, using analogies from related and synchronous sites, the author tried to identify the features of the East Trypillia lithic industry in the Bug-Dnieper rivers interfluve. As it turned out, at the modern level, the identification of such features is not possible. The materials of the East Trypillia culture of the region are, on the whole, more similar to the materials of the settlements of the West Trypillia culture, than to related sites on the Southern Bug. Keywords: East Trypillia culture, Kukutenʹ-Trypillya, production, flint processing, Bug-Dnieper interfluve

scholarly journals Technological analysis of Early Bronze ceramics of Shauke 1 settlement

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
Saule Zhangeldyevna Rakhimzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Organic Solution ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
North East ◽  
First Results ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
Technological Analysis

The paper introduces the first results of special technical and technological investigation of ceramic artifacts discovered during the excavations of the Early Bronze Age settlement Shauke 1 located in the Pavlodar Region of North-East Kazakhstan. The research of ceramic objects is conducted within historical and cultural approach following A.A. Bobrinskys technique. 53 samples from different vessels were selected for the technological analysis of ceramic artifacts found at the settlement. The samples were investigated with the use of a binocular microscope MBS-10. The main objective of the research was to identify cultural traditions at a preparatory stage of ceramic vessels production. The author studied initial raw materials selection skills and forming substance preparation. The author recorded the use of several conditional spots as sources of raw materials. Six different recipes of forming substances were identified at the settlement of Shauke 1. The most common amongst them are clay + chamotte + organic solution (60,38%), clay + chamotte + bone + organic solution (28,30%). This indicates the presence of artisans who followed different traditions of pottery production at the site.

scholarly journals Procurement and mobility during the Late Pleistocene: Characterising the stone-tool assemblage of the Picamoixons site (Tarragona, NE Iberian Peninsula)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Soto
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stone Tool ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ne Iberian Peninsula

The Picamoixons site is a rockshelter located in the province of Tarragona (NE Iberian Peninsula). It was object of two rescue campaigns during 1988 and 1993, which led to the recovery of a complete archaeological assemblage, including stone tools as well as faunal and portable art remains that date the occupation to the 14th to 11th millennium BP (calibrated). This study involves a petrographic characterisation of the stone-tool assemblage in order to establish: 1) the procurement areas, 2) the raw materials management strategies and 3) the mobility radius and territorial sizes of the hunter-gatherers groups that occupied the site. The method applied comprises in a multiscale analysis that includes systematic prospection, the petrographic characterisation of geological and archaeological samples, an analysis of the chert types represented in the knapping sequence, and the definition of the mobility axes and areas frequented according to lithic procurement.A petrographic analysis of the chert in the prospected area led to the definition of nine macroscopic varieties related to five types (Vilaplana, Morera, Maset, Vilella and Tossa cherts), related to Lower and Upper Muschelkalk (Triassic), Lutetian, Bartonian (Palaeocene) and Sannonian (Oligocene) deposits.The study of the knapping sequences indicates the main exploitation of Bartonian cherts (Tossa type), and the use of Lutetian cherts (Maset and Morera types) for configuring retouched tools. The exploitation of the remaining raw material types identified is considered sporadic and opportunistic.Defining the procurement areas enabled the mobility radius to be assessed as between 3 and 30 km, highlighting the importance of the fluvial basins as natural movement pathways. The results indicate that the main procurement territory was 16 km2 in area, associable with a forager radius. The most remote procurement distances suggest a maximum exploitation area of 260 km2, defining an intra-regional range. This range presents parallelisms with various contemporaneous hunter-gatherers groups in Western Europe, suggesting a progressive mobility reduction dynamic during the Late Pleistocene-Initial Holocene.

Ceramics

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Herz ◽  
Ervan G. Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
General Term ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Ceramic Product ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Insight Into

Archaeological ceramics refers to products made primarily of clay and containing variable amounts of lithic and other materials as well. The term ceramic is derived from the Greek keramos, which has been translated as "earthenware" or "burned stuff." Ceramics include products that have been fired, primarily pottery but also brick, tile, glass, plaster, and cement as well. Since pottery is by far the most important archaeologically, and the methods of sampling and study are largely applicable to the others, this chapter is devoted primarily to pottery. Pottery then is the general term used here for artifacts made entirely or largely of clay and hardened by heat. Today, a distinction is sometimes made between pottery, applied to lower-quality ceramic wares, and the higher-grade product porcelain. No such distinction will be made here, so the term pottery alone will be used. Raw material that goes into the making of a pot includes primarily clay, but also varying amounts of temper, which is added to make the material more manageable and to help preserve the worked shape of the pot during firing. Of primary interest in ceramic studies are 1. the nature and the source of the raw materials—clays, temper, and slip (applied surface pigment)—and a reconstruction of the working methods of ancient potters; 2. the physical properties of the raw materials, from their preparation as a clay-temper body through their transformations during manufacture into a final ceramic product; 3. the nature of the chemical and mineral reactions that take place during firing as a clue to the technology available to the potter; and 4. the uses, provenance, and trade of the wares produced. Much of the information needed to answer these questions is available through standard geochemical and petrographic analysis of ceramic artifacts. Insight into the working methods of ancient potters also has been obtained through ethnographic studies of cultures where, because of isolation or conservative traditions or both, ancient methods have been preserved.

scholarly journals Uma perspetiva diacrónica da ocupação do concheiro do Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge, Portugal) a partir da tecnologia lítica

2020 ◽  
pp. 733-744
Author(s):  
Joana Belmiro ◽  
João Cascalheira ◽  
Célia Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Lithic Assemblages ◽  
Raw Material Variability ◽  
Technological Analysis

This study presents preliminary results from a technological analysis of lithic artefacts from the Mesolithic shellmidden of Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge, Portugal). The main goal was to understand the technological and raw material variability within the two main excavation areas of the site, in order to characterize the different occupation moments. A typological and attribute approach was used in the analysis. The results suggest a clear distinction of the lithic assemblages, associated with the sedimentary differences identified in the composition of the several layers. This separation can be found mostly in the frequencies of raw materials, cores and retouched tools.

scholarly journals Technology of Dvaravati Pottery: A View from Petrographic Analysis.

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duangkamol Aussavamas
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Central Thailand

This study focuses on the examination of aspects of the carinated pottery of the Dvaravati period. This type of pottery is one of the most prominent types found in a large number of Dvaravati sites in Thailand. Samples used for this study were collected from excavations at archaeological sites located in several regions of Thailand including Northern, Northeastern and Central Thailand. The carinated potteries were analyzed using petrographic analysis. The objective of this work was to examine the pottery fabric. This method is used to establish sources of raw materials, and whether production techniques, decorations, and firing temperature show patterns associated with the raw material source distributions. It is also possible to reconstruct the production technology of the vessels. Knowing the source of raw materials (source of clay and temper) and understanding the patterns of manufacturing and decorative processes help better understand material distribution patterns of the Dvaravati period. Analysis shows that Dvaravati earthenware pottery raw materials include both primary and secondary clays, and that temper used was both organic matter (rice chaff) and grogs (fired clay mixed with iron oxide). Evidence for wheel-thrown production was associated with all decoration styles, and finishing techniques included plain, polishing, incising, cord marking, red slip and black burnishing. The firing temperatures were as low as 400-550° C. These samples indicate there was general homogeneity over a wide area, but also the presence of regional groups of pottery. This suggests the widespread circulation of pottery styles among various production centers during the Dvaravati period.

Using Calcium Carbide Slag as One of Calcium-Containing Raw Materials to Produce Cement Clinker

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Li Wang ◽  
Shi Jie Dong ◽  
Lin Lin Liu ◽  
Su Ping Cui
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calcium Carbide ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Phase Constituent ◽  
Carbide Slag

Calcium carbide Slag is from CaC2 hydrolysis reaction and will do harm to land and make pollution. Calcium carbide slag can be a substitute for limestone to produce clinker with a high portion of CaO as an excellent calcium raw material. As a kind of industrial wastes, the properties of calcium carbide slag differentiate from that of natural limestone. In the present investigation, the modern analysis methods of XRF, XRD, DTA/TG, petrographic analysis were used to compare carbide slag and limestone, and the results showed that the main chemical compositions of the calcium carbide slag were basically the same with that of natural limestone. Comparing with limestone materials, calcium carbide slag had a higher content of CaO, and the main mineral phase constituent of limestone was CaCO3, whereas the main mineral of calcium carbide slag was Ca (OH)2 with a lower decomposition temperature. It has been found that under the same temperature the amount of C3S in the clinker of calcium carbide slag batching was slightly less than that of limestone batching.

scholarly journals Some results of petrographic studies of ceramics from the settlement Toksanbay

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Irina Victorovna Shevnina ◽  
Tatyana Nikolaevna Loshakova
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Local Clay ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Microscopy Method ◽  
Oval Shape

The research is devoted to the studies of raw materials and molding masses of ceramic products from the settlement Toksanbay. The purpose of the research was to study the technological aspects taking place in the course of ceramic vessels production, as well as in-depth study of the raw materials and molding masses of pottery ceramics of the settlement. During the research of samples, in addition to petrographic analysis, fragments of ceramics were studied using the binocular microscopy method, chemical experiments were carried out (using a micromethod) with the use of ammonium molybdenum, hydrochloric acid, and microenacts were checked for iron in the composition of the crock. The received result revealed that as the raw material ferruginous clay was used, and the chemical reaction to Fe of all fragments turned out to be positive. The original clay contains sand, besides this, sand feldspars, fragments of sandstones, silicified schists and epidote are noted in the sand composition. Three recipes of molding masses were revealed. The organics is stated in the form of silicified voids. The composition of organic matter showed carbonate-siliceous or carbonate-phosphate. The microreaction analysis using ammonium molybdenum (МоН4)2АmО4 determined the presence of a phosphate type in organic samples. From the organic fillers, a part of the studied samples revealed hollows of round and oval shape from the burnt organics. The study of the pottery of the settlement will be continued but it can be argued that the Toksanbay potters used local clay, and the most common impurity was organogenic limestone.

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