scholarly journals The China Influence of COVID-19 and the Fiscal Policy Measures Riposte in India - An Analytical Global Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2626-2637
Author(s):  
Dr. Rajib Kumar Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Study ◽  
Declining Demand ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Debt Levels

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19’s) impact has gone far beyond its direct effect on morbidity and mortality. In addition to adversely impacting non-COVID health care utilization, the pandemic has resulted in a deep global economic contraction due to lockdown policies and declining demand and supply of goods and services. As a result, most countries are experiencing lower levels of gross domestic product (GDP), rising unemployment, higher levels of impoverishment, and increasing income inequality. Some countries are more vulnerable to the economic contagion resulting from COVID-19, including those implementing more stringent lockdowns and those that are more globally integrated due to their dependence on trade, tourism, and remittances. In addition, countries with pre-existing conditions of fiscal weakness due to higher dependence on external grant financing, low tax revenues, and large pre-crisis debt levels are struggling to implement countercyclical mitigative fiscal and monetary policies. In addition to declining economic activity, government revenues have declined, government borrowing is increasing, and public debt levels are projected to skyrocket globally.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON DYNAMICS OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, WITH RESPECT TO INDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar L.S
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
Present Context

International business is essential for the countries to generate Economic growth or to increase in exports and reduce in imports, it encompasses all commercial and economic activities between the nations to promote the ideas, resources, transfer the goods and services, technologies across the national borders. In every country has limited resources therefore a country cannot produce all the goods and services that it requires. The present context of the world, there is imbalance in production and supply factors due to Covid-19 pandemic, which has resulted in market imbalances (demand and supply). The world economy has been hit hard by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, as on June end more than ten 10 million people around the globe had been affected by this pandemic, India, USA and others are worst hit countries with decrease in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and increase in unemployment rate. It may be useful to also note that prolonged lockdowns will eventually imply production shortfalls, may lead to increase in unemployment; decrease in demand for products, slowly running out stocks. In recent forecast of World Trade Organisation (WTO) indicated a clear fall in world trade between 13 per cent and 32 per cent in 2020, perhaps the highest fall since the Great Depression of 1930s. India and world can overcome the challenges by specific government fiscal and monetary policies, by providing economic relief packages and increase in employment opportunities by digitalisation in all the sectors of the economy to increase in accountability, convenience, and gross production, and investment, job security to casual labours or migrant workers. These factors may change the world present situation to productive or welfare economy. The purpose of the research paper is to explain Economic and Business crisis, due to covid-19 in present situation in India and the world. KEY WORDS: C0VID-19, GDP, ECONOMY and GLOBAL CRISIS.

A Study on Online Buying Behaviour of Consumers at Bhopal

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Mishra ◽  
Dr. P. K. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Young Generation ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tier Ii ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Online Retailers ◽  
Youth Population ◽  
Buying Behaviour ◽  
Online Buying

Internet and its growing usage by young generation in India have changed the way consumers shop and buy goods and services. The Indian retail market is witnessing a revolution i.e. young consumers are playing important role in online shopping and looking towards Internet as a unique platform for selling online. In India the visitors of e-tailing sites are accounted to be 40% of youth population, which comprises of youngsters between 15 to 34 years of age. These visitors are part of Indian Internet Population. Not only metros but tier II and III cities are also attracting online retailers. Brand awareness and gap in demand and supply are the main reasons for popularity of online retailers in small cities like Bhopal in India. The study focuses on factors that online buyers consider while shopping online. Some of the factors identified in this research are; scarcity of time with the buyer, availability of payment options like COD, variety of products availability, product pricing, discounts and offers etc. The data is collected using a questionnaire on the sample of 100 people in the age bracket of 15 to 60 years and percentage analysis is done for analyzing the collected data.

scholarly journals The macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 in Montenegro: a Bayesian VARX approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Djurovic ◽  
Vasilije Djurovic ◽  
Martin M. Bojaj
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Policy Measures

Abstract This study examines, diagnoses, and assesses appropriate macroeconomic policy responses of the Montenegrin Government to the outbreak of COVID-19. The model econometrically measures the macroeconomic costs using a Bayesian VARX Litterman/Minessota prior to the pandemic disease in terms of demand and supply loss due to illness and closed activities and their effects on GDP growth in various pandemic scenarios. We explore five economic scenarios—shocks—using the available data from January 2006 to December 2019, following real out-of-sample forecasts generated from January 2020 to December 2020. Sensitivity scenarios spanning January 2020 to June 2020 from ± 10 to ± 60% were analyzed. We observed what happens to the supply and demand sides, namely, GDP, tourism, capital stock, human capital, health expenditures, economic freedom, and unemployment. The results show a toll on the GDP, tourism, unemployment, capital stock, and especially human capital for 2020. The recommended policy measures are public finance spending initiatives focused on securing employment and keeping highly qualified staff in Montenegrin companies. Considering all uncertainties, the rebound of the Montenegrin economy could take a few years to reach pre-COVID 19 output levels.

scholarly journals Tracking inflation on a daily basis

2020 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago E. Alvarez ◽  
Sarah M. Lein
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Supply Shocks ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
Time Information

Abstract Using online data for prices and real-time debit card transaction data on changes in expenditures for Switzerland allows us to track inflation on a daily basis. While the daily price index fluctuates around the official price index in normal times, it drops immediately after the lockdown related to the COVID19 pandemic. Official statistics reflect this drop only with a lag, specifically because data collection takes time and is impeded by lockdown conditions. Such daily real-time information can be useful to gauge the relative importance of demand and supply shocks and thus inform policymakers who need to determine appropriate policy measures.

Public debts of Arab countries: selected indicators

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-324
Author(s):  
Gabi El-Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Debt Service ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Debts

This statistical file is concerned with the issue of public debts in Arab countries. It assumes that public debt is a key source to fund the budget deficit in most Arab countries, and the rising public debt, particularly external debt, is increasingly becoming a concern for several countries in the region due to the pressure debt servicing might impose on these countries, which basically suffer an uncomfortable primary balance, in addition to the impact of crises in the region. Table 1 provides indicators on domestic public debts with ratios of debts to GDP, while Table 2 gives figures of external public debts with debt ratios to GDP. Table 3 provides estimates of total public debts with their ratios to GDP, while Tables 4 and 5 show figures of external public debt service, ratios of debt servicing to exports of goods and services and external public debt service ratios to Arab governments’ revenues respectively.

scholarly journals Consumption, Consumerism, and Japanese Modernity

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
Global Study ◽  
New Goods ◽  
Post War

The experience of people in Japan offers a rich body of evidence for a comparative and global study of consumption from early modern, through modern times, and to the postmodern period. One finds ample grist for the mill of economic historians seeking to measure the extent and the shifts in consumption of all manner of goods and services. One also finds sources in abundance from the seventeenth century onwards speaking to the politics and culture of regulating, lamenting, and celebrating consumption. Building on early modern foundations, consumption expanded in the era of self-conscious modernization that followed the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (1868), with a turn to new goods alongside more widespread use of customary ones. As this happened, attitudes in Japan evolved as part of a global dialogue on consumer life. This article explores consumption, consumerism, modernity, and the post-war ascendance of consumers in Japan.

scholarly journals Intervenção do Estado na Economia e Direito da Concorrência

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Buchain
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Free Competition

 Intervenção do estado na economia e direito da concorrência Intervention of the state in the economy and competition law Luiz Carlos Buchain *  REFERÊNCIA BUCHAIN, Luiz Carlos. Intervenção do estado na economia e direito da concorrência. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, n. 38, p. 178-198, ago. 2018. RESUMOABSTRACTO texto trata da intervenção do Estado na ordem econômica. Considerando-se que o mercado perfeito é uma hipótese teórica e que o mercado apresenta “falhas no mercado”, o legislador constitucional autoriza a intervenção do Estado na economia. De um lado o Estado poderá ser agente econômico e explorar diretamente a economia, sempre que essa atividade seja necessária aos “imperativos de segurança nacional” e, de outro, o Estado intervém indiretamente na economia como agente normativo e regulador da atividade econômica. Analisa-se a possibilidade de intervenção do Estado na econômica em face dos princípios de livre iniciativa e livre concorrência. Enquanto a livre iniciativa representa a liberdade de produção e distribuição de bens e serviços, a livre concorrência representa um “princípio econômico”, segundo o qual a produção e os preços das mercadorias e serviços não devem resultar de atos cogentes da autoridade, mas sim do livre mercado. Entretanto, seja como agente regulador, seja como empresário, ao Estado compete garantir a eficácia da livre iniciativa e defesa da ordem concorrencial. A intervenção regulamentar do Estado na economia não o autoriza a agir contra o livre exercício da atividade econômica ou com desrespeito aos princípios da livre iniciativa e legalidade. Mesmo nas hipóteses em que a lei concede ao Estado liberdade aos seus atos, este está submetido ao fundamento da livre iniciativa e ao princípio da livre concorrência, sob pena de responsabilidade civil objetiva. The paper deals with the intervention of the State in the economic order. Considering that the perfect market is a theoretical hypothesis and that the market presents "market failures", the constitutional legislator authorizes the intervention of the State in the economy. On the one hand, the State can be an economic agent and act on the economy directly whenever this activity is necessary to the "imperatives of national security" and, on the other hand, the State intervenes indirectly in the economy as a normative agent and regulator of economic activity. It analyzes the possibility of state intervention in the economy in the face of the principles of free initiative and free competition. While free enterprise represents the freedom to produce and distribute goods and services, free competition represents an "economic principle" according to which the production and prices of goods and services should not be the result of acts of binding authority but of the free market. However, whether as a regulatory agent or as an entrepreneur, the State is responsible for guaranteeing the effectiveness of free initiative and the defense of the competitive order. The State's regulatory intervention in the economy does not authorize it to act against the free exercise of economic activity or with disrespect to the principles of free initiative and rule of law. Even in cases where the law grants the State freedom to act, it is subject to the principle of free initiative and to the principle of free competition, under penalty of objective civil liability.PALAVRAS-CHAVEKEYWORDSLivre iniciativa. Livre concorrência. Intervenção do Estado na economia. Responsabilidade civil objetiva.Free initiative. Free competition. State intervention in the economy. Objective civil liability.* Professora adjunto da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Doutorado em Direito Econômico na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Advogado.

scholarly journals МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ СТРУКТУРНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ КРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
USIK I.,
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Investment In Fixed Assets ◽  
Production Industry

У статті розкрито основи моделювання структурноїтрансформації економіки країни в умовах глобалізаційних викликів.Побудована система економетричних моделей розвитку економікикраїни за такими видами економічної діяльності: промисловість, сільськегосподарство, будівництво, транспорт та зв'язок та сфера послуг.Формування системи економетричних моделей за кожним видомекономічної діяльності здійснювалося на основі даних за 2001−2018 рр. затакими параметрами: доходи бюджету країни; інвестиції в основнийкапітал; обсяг основних фондів в галузі виробництва; чисельністьзайнятих; випуск товарів та послуг за галуззю виробництва. На основісистеми економетричних моделей розвитку економіки країни здійсненопрогнозування структури економіки на 2019−2022 рр., проведена оцінкаструктурної трансформації та виявлено, що в економіці України з2010 р. намітилася тенденція до збільшення частки валового випуску всфері послуг. Прогнозна структура економіки країни дозволяє розробитизаходи державної політики щодо стабілізації економіки від наслідківможливої структурної трансформації. The article describes the basics of modeling of the structuraltransformation of the country's economy in the context of globalizationchallenges. A system of econometric models of the country's economydevelopment based on the following types of economic activity: industry,agriculture, construction, transport, communications and services. Theformation of a system of econometric models for each type of economic activitywas carried out on the basis of data for 2001−2018 according to the followingparameters: budget revenues of the country; investment in fixed assets; thevolume of fixed assets in the field of production; number to take; production ofgoods and services for the production industry. On the basis of the system ofeconometric models of the country's economy development, the forecasting ofthe structure of the economy for 2019−2022 was carried out, an assessment ofthe structural transformation was carried out, and it was found that in theUkrainian economy since 2010 there was a tendency to increase the share ofgross output in the service sector. The predicted structure of the country'seconomy allows developing state policy measures to stabilize the economyfrom the effects of a possible structural transformation.

scholarly journals Social development and public debt sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Chara Vavoura ◽  
Ioannis Vavouras
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Of Greece

The issue of public debt sustainability is of exceptional importance in the case of Greece. As a rule, the relevant analysis is limited to the examination of the fiscal policy measures reported to contribute to reducing public debt leaving out the investigation of the factors that caused the country’s debt crisis. The objective of the present paper is to explore the determinants of Greece’s debt crisis and the strategy required to address it. Our work highlights the issue of social development, which is found to be a necessary condition for ensuring the long run sustainability of the country’s public debt.

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