scholarly journals Overview of software designated for the analysis of fire resistance of building structures exposed to various fire models

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Eremina ◽  
D. A. Korolchenko
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
Fire Models ◽  
Classification Evaluation ◽  
Number Of Iterations

Introduction. When analyzing the fire safety of a facility, the conformity of actual limits of fire resistance of structures to the requirements of statutory documents is checked. Due to the complexity of the equations describing real systems and an extensive number of iterations required to obtain accurate results, software is used to perform calculations. One of the main goals of the paper is to analyze the software designated for the analysis of the fire resistance of building structures in case of different fire models. The paper presents an analysis of the criteria for the evaluation of software programs and their classification, evaluation of recommendations for choosing fire safety software in compliance with the specific requirements of users.Main (analytical) part. The paper analyzes various models of fires, taking into account the stages of fire spread, thermal and mechanical effects on structures exposed to fire, and prerequisites for their use by the software designated for the analysis of the fire resistance of building structures. Fire resistance models of structures, zone and field models, as well as models used to calculate evacuation time and detector response time when solving related problems are considered. The classification of software programmes is analyzed subject to the type of problems to be solved: the behavior of a structure exposed to high temperatures and mechanical impacts in case of real fire, and requirements applicable to safe structures. Certain estimates and assumptions, necessary for specialists to use software in their calculations, are considered.Conclusions. Recommendations on the choice of fire safety assurance software, meeting the specific needs of users, are provided.

The concept of calculating the actual limit of fire resistance of building structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Юрий Николаевич Шебеко ◽  
Алексей Юрьевич Шебеко
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Fire Temperature ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Actual Fire

Проведен краткий анализ понятий, связанных с расчетом пределов огнестойкости строительных конструкций. Дано определение термина «фактический предел огнестойкости», которое отсутствует в нормативных документах по пожарной безопасности. Отмечено, что это связано с использованием на практике значений пределов огнестойкости, определенных для стандартных температурных режимов пожара, в то время как на практике указанные температурные режимы, как правило, отличаются от стандартных. Предложена концепция определения фактического предела огнестойкости, основанная на моделировании воздействия на строительную конструкцию температурного режима реального пожара (например, с помощью программного комплекса FDS 6). The brief analysis of definitions connected with estimation of fire resistance limits of building structures is conducted. There is given the determination of term “actual fire resistance limit” that is absent in fire safety normative documents. It is caused by practical application of the fire resistance limits determined for standard temperature regimes of fires only, but at the same time the temperature regimes of real fires as a rule differ from the standard regimes. There is proposed the method for determination of the actual fire resistance limit based on the modeling of influence of the real fire temperature regime on buildings structures. This modeling can be made by an application of CFD methods (for example, with the help of FDS 6 software complex). The required reliability of the building structure is considered. The proposed method can solve the problem of practical applicability of certain structural unit during designing buildings and structures, for which the use of the resistance limits obtained for the standard fire temperature regimes can lead to unjustified economic expenditures without an appropriate elevation of fire safety level of the object.

scholarly journals FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDING STRUCTURES OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS STORES

Fire Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
O. I. Bashynskiy ◽  
M. Z. Peleshko ◽  
T. G. Berezhanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Combustible Liquids

The article is dedicated to the fire resistance limit of building structures of the objects for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Today, oil stores are very important elements of the oil supply system in Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources has shown that fires in oil stores cause extra fire hazard of surrounding objects. Increasing of their scales requires further improvement of fire safety measures during planning and using of oil stores. Fires in such buildings are tricky and large; they cause great harm and often lead to the death of people; their liquidation is very difficult. Theoretical calculations shown that the collapse of structures of the packaged oil stores and, as a result, significant material losses and the threat to people's life and health, were resulted from the incorrect selection of building structures and the discrepancy between the fire resistance of these structures and the applicable norms and requirements for such buildings. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 9 Fire resistance limit of the metal double-T pillar made of steel ВСт3пс4 (profile size number 30) was calculated in the article. Such constructions are used in oil stores. The obtained fire resistance limit of a metal double-T pillar is about 16 minutes (R 16). According to the normative documents for buildings of this type (the degree of fire resistance of the building – III), it should be 120 minutes (R 120). Even if the calculation method has an error due to the choice of another steel grade, objectively none of the double-T profiles from the assortment list would provide proper fire resistance limit.

Problems of Current Classification of Building Materials in the Context of Solution of Structure Fire Safety

2014 ◽  
Vol 1057 ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
Róbert Leško ◽  
Martin Lopušniak
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Continuous Demand ◽  
New Procedures

Fire safety, as one of six basic requirements for structures in Slovakia, does not reflect the increase of innovative solutions during last years in the field of building industry. At the present time, energy economy of structures sets the character of structures forming the heat exchange envelope of the building. Continuous demand for the application of ecological materials increases requirements for optimizing the existing or creating new procedures in the solution of fire safety of structures. The existing classification of building structures appears, from the point of view of fire safety, as insufficient one. Comparative analysis of different structural compositions of external cladding is the method that demonstrates in this paper unsuitability of criteria set. The development of new procedures can make more effective and can optimize requirements without any negative impacts on resulting fire safety of the structure.

How does concrete strength affect the fire resistance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
Eva Lubloy
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Strength Class ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upper Limit

Purpose The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of concrete strength on the fire resistance of structures. At first, it may seem contradictory that higher concrete strengths can decrease the fire resistance of building structures. However, if the strength of the concrete exceeds a maximum value, the risk of spalling (the detachment of the concrete surface) significantly. Design/methodology/approach Prefabricated structural elements are often produced with higher strength. The higher concrete strengths generally do not cause a reduction in the load bearing capacity, but it can have serious consequences in case of structural fire design. Results of two prefabricated elements, namely, one slab (TT shaped panel) and one single layer wall panel, were examined. Results of the specimen with the originally designed composition and a specimen with modified concrete composition were examined, were polymer fibres were added to prevent spalling. Findings As a result of the experiments, more strict regulations in the standards the author is suggested including more strict regulations in the standards. It has been proved that to ensure the fire safety of the reinforced concrete structures, it is required after polymer fibres even in lower concrete strength class than prescribed by the standard. In addition, during the classification and evaluation of structures, it is advisable to introduce an upper limit of allowed concrete strength for fire safety reasons. Originality/value As a result of the experiments, the author suggests including more strict regulations in the standards. It has been proved that to ensure the fire safety of the reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary to require the addition of polymer fibres even in lower concrete strength class than prescribed by the standard. In addition, during the classification and evaluation of structures, it is advisable to introduce an upper limit of allowed concrete strength for fire safety reasons.

A comparative analysis of the requirements of Russia and the United States to the fire resistance of building structures of oil refineries and petrochemical plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
B. A. Klementev ◽  
A. V. Kalach ◽  
M. V. Gravit
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
Energy Complex

Introduction. Currently, national standards and codes of practice contain deterministic values of the fire resistance of building structures of facilities of the Russian fuel and energy complex (FEC), while a probabilistic approach to determining their fire resistance is not specified in the Russian regulatory documents. The methodology of the probabilistic approach to the fire resistance of structures is detailed in API 2218 “Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants”, developed by the American Petroleum Institute.Methods. A comparative analysis of the Russian regulatory documents on fire safety and API 2218 in terms of the established concepts of fireproofing and requirements for the fire resistance limits of building structures of oil and gas industry facilities, is carried out.Results. It was established that the Russian Federation has no regulatory documents establishing methods based on the probabilistic approach, including determination of the required fire resistance limits and points of application of fire-resistant coatings at facilities of the fuel and energy complex by analogy with international standard API 2218.Conclusion. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that approaches to the philosophy of the fire resistance of structures of buildings and structures of the fuel and energy complex in the documents under consideration are fundamentally different. In order to improve the Russian regulatory and technical framework, governing fire safety and fire resistance, it is proposed to consider the requirements of foreign documents that take into account proven international engineering and technical practices, in particular, the use of a probabilistic approach taking into account hydrocarbon fires.

scholarly journals Problematic issues of quality, certification and tests of fire-fighting technical production

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 14023
Author(s):  
Tatiana Eremina ◽  
Mikhail Nesterov ◽  
Dmitry Korolchenko ◽  
Anatoly Giletich
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Quality Certification ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Technical Production ◽  
Technical Regulations

The paper analyzes the compliance of products with the requirements of the "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements". In the conditions of rapid growth of industry, production and output of products using new technologies with the use of new substances and materials, there is a need for the state and society to respond adequately to all kinds of risks that may arise in the use of products, especially if such products are subject to mandatory requirements. One of the types of such products is fireproof paints, varnishes and coatings - Fire Retardant Coatings (hereinafter – FRC). Application of FRC is based on increasing the fire resistance of building structures to the level regulated by the existing regulations depending on the degree of fire resistance of the building. Frequently, problems with FRC quality are only detected at the stage of checking the performance of fire protection works when applying FRC which do not meet the fire safety requirements.

Optimization of K Value in KNN Algorithm for Spam and Ham Email Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383
Author(s):  
Eko Laksono ◽  
Achmad Basuki ◽  
Fitra Bachtiar
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
K Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Classification Evaluation ◽  
Email Spam ◽  
Email Classification

There are many cases of email abuse that have the potential to harm others. This email abuse is commonly known as spam, which contains advertisements, phishing scams, and even malware. This study purpose to know the classification of email spam with ham using the KNN method as an effort to reduce the amount of spam. KNN can classify spam or ham in an email by checking it using a different K value approach. The results of the classification evaluation using confusion matrix resulted in the KNN method with a value of K = 1 having the highest accuracy value of 91.4%. From the results of the study, it is known that the optimization of the K value in KNN using frequency distribution clustering can produce high accuracy of 100%, while k-means clustering produces an accuracy of 99%. So based on the results of the existing accuracy values, the frequency distribution clustering and k-means clustering can be used to optimize the K-optimal value of the KNN in the classification of existing spam emails.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in Fractured Dental Implant Detection and Classification: Evaluation Using Dataset from Two Dental Hospitals

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Dong-Woon Lee ◽  
Sung-Yong Kim ◽  
Seong-Nyum Jeong ◽  
Jae-Hong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implant ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Mechanical Complication ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Acceptable Accuracy ◽  
Reliable Detection ◽  
Classification Evaluation ◽  
Accuracy Performance

Fracture of a dental implant (DI) is a rare mechanical complication that is a critical cause of DI failure and explantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a three different deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architectures (VGGNet-19, GoogLeNet Inception-v3, and automated DCNN) for the detection and classification of fractured DI using panoramic and periapical radiographic images. A total of 21,398 DIs were reviewed at two dental hospitals, and 251 intact and 194 fractured DI radiographic images were identified and included as the dataset in this study. All three DCNN architectures achieved a fractured DI detection and classification accuracy of over 0.80 AUC. In particular, automated DCNN architecture using periapical images showed the highest and most reliable detection (AUC = 0.984, 95% CI = 0.900–1.000) and classification (AUC = 0.869, 95% CI = 0.778–0.929) accuracy performance compared to fine-tuned and pre-trained VGGNet-19 and GoogLeNet Inception-v3 architectures. The three DCNN architectures showed acceptable accuracy in the detection and classification of fractured DIs, with the best accuracy performance achieved by the automated DCNN architecture using only periapical images.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF PIPE-LAY VESSELS AND HEAVY-LIFT CRANE VESSELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 161 (A2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dickin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Systems ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Structural Assessment ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Heavy Lift ◽  
Safety Critical Systems

Pipe-lay vessels, heavy-lift crane vessels and dual purpose heavy-lift and pipe-lay vessels are distinct in many ways from other types of ships or offshore units. The unique functions that these vessels carry out can impact directly on the overall safety of the vessel, the personnel on-board and the potential to pollute the environment. This paper outlines some of the hull and machinery safety assurance considerations for classification and design pertinent to pipe-lay and heavy-lift operations. The considerations that are discussed in this paper include the implications of classing the vessel as a ship or an offshore unit; the interaction between classification and marine warranty; general arrangement; station-keeping; structural assessment and the interaction between safety critical systems. Specific hazards for pipe-lay vessels and their use of chemicals on-board are also discussed.

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