PERCEPTIONS OF MEN, WOMEN, AND CEOS: THE EFFECTS OF GENDER IDENTITY

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Robert Dennis ◽  
Adrianne Dennis Kunkel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Leadership Attributes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Schein Descriptive Index

Previous studies (e.g., Heilman, Block, & Martell, 1995; Heilman, Block, Martell, & Simon, 1989; Kunkel, Dennis, & Waters, 2003; Schein, 1973, 1975; Schein & Mueller, 1992) have detected differences in how participants perceive the characteristics of males and females in general and those of male and female managers, though sex-based stereotyping dissipated with the consideration of successful managers. This study, an administration of the Schein Descriptive Index (SDI, Schein, 1973) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) to 220 participants (125 women and 95 men), is the second to extend the operationalization of the extant program beyond the commonplace label of manager to that of chief executive officer (CEO) and the first to find that participants' gender identities may be critical to their perceptions of similarities and differences between the sexes. While males and masculinity continue to be associated with organizational leadership attributes, individuals of either sex who express feminine orientations perceive little difference between the sexes.

Comparison of Factors from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for Male and Female College Students

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Kimlicka ◽  
James A. Wakefield ◽  
Alan F. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Principal Components Method ◽  
Components Method

The 40 sex-typed items of the Bern Sex-role Inventory were analyzed by the principal components method for samples of 169 male and 206 female undergraduates. The Bern Sex-role Inventory assumes psychological masculinity (M) and femininity (F) as independent, unipolar dimensions of personality which can be measured using pools of items treated as homogeneous. The two analyses were compared with each other and with theoretical orthogonal factors of masculinity and femininity. The results indicated that the two sets of items measure the same constructs for males and females and show agreement with theoretical factors. In addition, the masculine items defined three small factors (rather than one) for each sex and eight feminine items showed poor agreement with the femininity factor. Suggestions for improving the inventory were presented.

Effects of Pretrial Publicity on Male and Female Jurors and Judges in a Mock Rape Trial

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_part_1) ◽  
pp. 819-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Riedel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Pretrial Publicity ◽  
Mock Jurors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mode Of Presentation ◽  
Rape Trial ◽  
And Gender

A study explored influence of pretrial publicity and gender identity on verdicts and severity of sentence in a mock rape trial. Mock jurors and judges were exposed to four pretrial publicity conditions before watching a simulated rape trial. After viewing the trial, jurors rendered a verdict (guilty or not guilty) and judges prescribed a sentence. The Bern Sex-role Inventory was used to analyze gender identity and its relation to verdict and sentencing. Verdicts were not influenced by pretrial publicity, but sentencing was more severe following exposure of mock judges to pretrial publicity about a mistaken acquittal and less severe following exposure of these judges to pretrial publicity about a mistaken conviction. Subjects classified by the Bern inventory as feminine or androgynous rendered a verdict of “guilty” more often than subjects classified as masculine or undifferentiated. Men who rendered verdicts of “guilty” had less confidence in their judgments than men who found the defendant “not guilty.” Conversely, women who found the defendant “not guilty” expressed less confidence than women who found the defendant “guilty.” The findings are compared and contrasted with similar studies and discussed in regards to gender identity, subjects’ characteristics, and mode of presentation.

Examining Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Dating Violence Victimization and Anger in College Students

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Rutter ◽  
Robin P. Weatherill ◽  
Casey T. Taft ◽  
Robert J. Orazem
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Psychological Victimization

It has been well established that dating violence victimization is associated with various mental health problems. Relatively, little is known about similarities and differences between mental health correlates of dating violence victimization for males and females. We examined the associations between physical and psychological victimization experiences and measures of anger in a sample of 200 male and female undergraduates. Results suggest that men’s victimization was more strongly associated with different forms of anger than women’s victimization.

Developmental Aspects of Adolescent Sexuality as Reflected in Reactions to Sexually Explicit Humor

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Prerost
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sexual Content ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Middle Adolescence ◽  
Significant Factors

Male and female appreciation of sexual humor was assessed at the stages of early, middle, and late adolescence. 30 males and 30 females from Catholic schools served in each age group. Age, sex of subject, and sexual content explicitness of humor material were significant factors affecting enjoyment of sexual humor. Convergence in the appreciation of sexual humor between males and females occurred in middle adolescence, but dissimilar patterns of appreciation divergence appeared in early and late adolescence. The differential patterns of appreciation evidenced by the males and females of different ages was discussed in terms of the current patterns of sex-role restraints on the expression of sexuality during adolescent years and how these restraints have changed from those in preceding generations.

Attitudes of Male and Female Athletes Toward Male and Female Coaches

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Weinberg ◽  
Margie Reveles ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Role Socialization ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Coaches

This investigation was done to gather some exploratory data concerning the attitudes and feelings of male and female college, high school, and junior high school varsity basketball players toward having a female coach versus a male coach. Subjects (N = 85) indicated their attitudes for playing for a hypothetical male or female coach (randomly assigned to condition) in a 2 x 2 (sex of athlete x sex of coach) between-subjects design. They were instructed to complete a questionnaire consisting of 11 items that tapped their attitudes and feelings toward a new coach. Identical background information was provided to subjects concerning the qualifications of the coach, the only difference being that for one group of subjects the coach was said to be female whereas for the other group of subjects the coach was said to be a male. Results were analyzed by a MANOVA and indicated significant interactions on seven questions, with simple main effects consistently indicating that males displayed more negative attitudes toward female coaches than did females while males and females did not differ in their view of male coaches. Results are discussed in terms of sex-role socialization patterns for males and females.

Questioning current definitions of gender identity: Implications of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for transsexuals

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Z. Fleming ◽  
Sharon Rae Jenkins ◽  
Carol Bugarin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory

scholarly journals Metrosexual Identification: Gender Identity And Beauty-Related Behaviors

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurathai Lertwannawit ◽  
Nak Gulid
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Status Consumption ◽  
Fashion Consciousness ◽  
Body Self

This paper identifies the term metrosexual using the Bem sex role inventory and appearance-related variables, i.e. self monitoring, status consumption, fashion consciousness, cloth concern, and body self-relation. A quantitative study was performed using 263 heterosexual metropolitan men from Bangkok. An ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that metrosexuals can be described by their gender identity having a high score for femininity, which characterizes feminine and androgynous personality traits. These two groups have high scores for all appearance-related variables, especially self monitoring and body self-relation.

scholarly journals Contemporary University Students' Ratings of Characteristics of Men, Women, and Ceos

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1197-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianne Kunkel ◽  
Michael Robert Dennis ◽  
Elisha Waters
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Middle Manager ◽  
Corporate America ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Organizational Hierarchy ◽  
Female Ceos

Very few women have reached the highest echelons of corporate America, perhaps because gender stereotypes, including perceptions of women that vary from those of successful executives, block their promotion and advancement. In the current study, differences in how participants perceive similarities in characteristics of successful executives and those of both men and women were studied. The scope of the extant program of research is also extended upward in the organizational hierarchy with the operationalization of executive as “CEO” (Chief Executive Officer) rather than as “manager” or “middle-manager.” While men in general continue to be likened more to successful executives than do women in general, the gaps between male and female CEOs' similarities and between successful male and female CEOs' similarities to prototypically successful executives were smaller than reported in the 1970s. Noteworthy trends regarding 92 characteristics from Schein's Descriptive Index are also discussed.

Homicide, Sex Role Differences and Role Relationships

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda G. Ketner ◽  
John A. Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Social Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Parental Roles ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Role Relationships

This study, based upon Palmer's theory of role unreciprocity and other directed violence, investigates similarities and differences between male and female homicide offenders, as well as between murderers and non-aggressive property offenders. Role unreciprocity refers to blockage an individual experiences in the performance of social roles. Two hypotheses are tested: (1) as individual's lives tend to be characterized by situations of high unreciprocity, the likelihood of homicide increases; and (2) both male and female homicide offenders tend to experience similar degrees of unreciprocity. The findings support the first hypothesis and provide qualified support for the second hypothesis. High degrees of role unreciprocity are positively associated with female homicides in the childhood, marital and parental roles, while similarly high degrees of unreciprocity are positively associated with male homicide in roles of student and employee. Palmer's theoretical formulation is given empirical support and specification.

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