scholarly journals Pathologic findings on ruminant enteric clostridial diseases reveal specificities and differences among iota and iota-like toxins

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-174
Author(s):  
Helio S Brito ◽  
Fernando Camargo Alencar ◽  
Benedito Albuquerque ◽  
Marcos G Silva ◽  
Mellanie KC Felix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Infectious Process ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Necrosis ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Pathologic Findings ◽  
Binding Component

The iota toxin (ITX) is a binary enterotoxin produced as a protoxin by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type E that is activated by proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine of infected animals. By depolymerization of the actin filaments, ITX causes cytoskeleton disorganization of cells promoting the increase of the cell permeability. Here, we conducted this review aiming to advance the understanding of enteric clostridial diseases caused by C. perfringens toxins and the specificity of ITX in the intestinal mucosa lesions. ITX consists of an enzymatic component (Ia) and a binding component (Ib). We screened the recently published histological findings of the ITX effects and its relationship with intestinal enteric diseases. Histologically, hemorrhagic necrosis and multifocal hemorrhage have been observed in the jejunum-ileum mucosa, the small intestine, and the abomasum. Although the diagnosis is still based on the presence of toxins in the intestinal contents and the clinical and/or histological history, it is important to develop novel enterotoxemic indicators capable of establishing precise methods for differentiate the actions of ITX and other toxins involved in the infectious process of C. perfringens type E.

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.

OnBlastocystissecreted cysteine proteases: a legumain-activated cathepsin B increases paracellular permeability of intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (13) ◽  
pp. 1713-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. NOURRISSON ◽  
I. WAWRZYNIAK ◽  
A. CIAN ◽  
V. LIVRELLI ◽  
E. VISCOGLIOSI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathepsin B ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Cell Monolayers ◽  
Culture Supernatants

SUMMARYBlastocystisspp. pathogenic potential remains unclear as these anaerobic parasitic protozoa are frequently isolated from stools of both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects.In silicoanalysis of the whole genome sequence ofBlastocystissubtype 7 revealed the presence of numerous proteolytic enzymes including cysteine proteases predicted to be secreted. To assess the potential impact of proteases on intestinal cells and gut function, we focused our study on two cysteine proteases, a legumain and a cathepsin B, which were previously identified inBlastocystissubtype 7 culture supernatants. Both cysteine proteases were produced as active recombinant proteins. Activation of the recombinant legumain was shown to be autocatalytic and triggered by acidic pH, whereas proteolytic activity of the recombinant cathepsin B was only recorded after co-incubation with the legumain. We then measured the diffusion of 4-kDa FITC-labelled dextran across Caco-2 cell monolayers following exposition to eitherBlastocystisculture supernatants or each recombinant protease. BothBlastocystisculture supernatants and recombinant activated cathepsin B induced an increase of Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability, and this effect was significantly inhibited by E-64, a specific cysteine protease inhibitor. Our results suggest that cathepsin B might play a role in pathogenesis ofBlastocystisby increasing intestinal cell permeability.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE

1948 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwin M. Pappenheimer ◽  
F. Sargent Cheever
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Frequent Presence

1. Cytoplasmic inclusions were found in the epithelial cells of the small intestine in a major proportion of suckling mice suffering from the spontaneous or experimentally produced diarrheal disease now prevalent in this laboratory. 2. They were not found in healthy stock mice of corresponding age. 3. Feeding of intestinal extract from healthy mice did not produce diarrhea or inclusions. 4. Feeding of boiled extract from diarrheal mice did not lead to the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions, when precautions were taken to prevent accidental infection. 5. The inclusions were regularly present only in the first few days of the disease. The inclusion-bearing cells desquamated. There was no inflammatory reaction. 6. Attention is called to the frequent presence of large numbers of Gram-positive coccoid bodies in the intestinal contents of suckling mice with diarrhea.

scholarly journals Intestinal distribution and absorption of biotin in the chicken

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Intestinal Contents

The initial distribution and absorption of biotin in chickens was studied in vivo from either changes in the composition of intestinal contents or analysis of blood draining the gut. The progressive decline in biotin concentration and flow along the small intestine demonstrated absorption throughout this organ. Quantitatively the duodenum was the most significant site of biotin absorption when crystalline biotin was included in the diet and when dietary ingredients contained highly available biotin. In contrast, when diets of low biotin availability were given the distal segments of the small intestine contributed a relatively greater amount to biotin absorption. During passage of digesta from the ileum to the caecum there was a tenfold increase in biotin concentration. About half the amount was of ileal origin with the remainder presumably resulting from microbial synthesis. About 20% of caecal biotin was in a ‘free’ form but the degree of absorption from the caeca was not determined. The amount of biotin disappearing from the gut of birds given maize-based diets was similar to the quantity appearing in portal blood. Biotin absorption was not detected from wheat-based diets using arteriovenous differences.

scholarly journals Metabolism of maltitol by conventional rats and mice and germ-free mice, and comparative digestibility between maltitol and sorbitol in germ-free mice

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Würsch ◽  
B. Koellreutter ◽  
F. Gétaz ◽  
M. J. Arnaud
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Percentage Recovery ◽  
Slow Decrease ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Slow Absorption

The metabolism of maltitol (4-α-D-glucosylsorbitol) was assessed in fasting conventional (C) rats, C mice and germ-free (GF) mice, using [U-14C]maltitol. The radiorespirometric patterns of14CO2collected for 48 h after the administration of labelled maltitol were characterized by a constant rate of14CO2production lasting 4 h for both C rats and mice. The pattern for the GF mice showed a peak at the second hour followed immediately by a slow decrease. The percentage recovery of14CO2was significantly lower for the GF mice (59%) compared with C animals (72–74%). Urine, faeces and intestinal contents after 48 h totalled 19% of the administered radioactivity in the C rats and mice and 39% in the GF mice. The digestibility of maltitol and the absorption of sorbitol in GF mice was also assessed. The caecum and small intestine of GF mice, 3 h after administration of equimolar quantities of maltitol (140 mg/kg body-weight) or sorbitol (70 mg/kg body-weight), contained 39 and 51 % of the ingested dose respectively, present mostly in the caecum as sorbitol. The α-glucosidase (maltase) (EC3.2.1.20) activity of the small intestine was appreciably higher (1·5–1·7 times) in the GF mice than in the C mice. These results suggest that the enzymic activities in the small intestine of mice and rats are sufficient to hydrolyse maltitol extensively. Consequently, the slow absorption of sorbitol seems to be an important factor limiting the overall assimilation of maltitol in the small intestine.

Ammonia in the large intestine of herbivores

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Small Intestinal

1. The object was toinvestigate the importance of urea a source of ammonia in the large intestine of herbivores. Urea was present in small intestinal contents of slaughtered horses in concentrations similar to those in blood but, in the small intestine of salughtered sheep, the urea was less than in blooc.2. There was little ammonia in small intestinal contents of slaughtered horses but consider-able ammonia was present in small intestinal contents of slaughtered sheep. The ammonia in small intestinal contents of the slaughtered sheep was probably formed from urea, as ileal con-tents taken from a sheep with an ileal cannula contained considerable urea and little ammonia.3. The ammonia concentration in caecal contents of sheep was related to the concentration of urea in blood except when ileal contents were prevented from entering the caecum.4. Ileal digesta of sheep contained more free amino nitrogen than did caecal digesta.5. Ammonia was absorbed more rapidly than water from the caecum of sheep. The rate of absorption was related to the concentration of ammonia in the caecum.

scholarly journals Observations on the fermentation of carbohydrates along the gastro-intestinal tract of a fistulated cow.

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
B.D.E. Gaillard ◽  
A.T. van 't Klooster
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Cellulose Fermentation ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

One cow was provided with cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum. Three experimental rations were offered: 1, hay 7 kg/day and concentrate 6; 2, hay 3 kg/day, paper pulp 3 and concentrate 3.7; 3, fresh grass 11 kg DM/day. Rations 2 and 2 were given twice daily and 3 was offered more frequently. Experimental periods were 5 days in experiment 1 and 7 days in 2 and 3. Samples were taken from each cannula every 2 h for 5 days. Faeces were collected in each period. Flow rate of the intestinal contents was measured with polyethylene glycol and chromium sesquioxide as markers. Carbohydrates in the feed, digesta and faeces were fractionated according to solubility into ethanol-soluble sugars, alpha -glucose polymers, fructosan, water-soluble polysaccharides other than alpha -glucose polymers and fructosan, neutral-detergent-soluble polysaccharides and neutral-detergent residue. Sugars, sialic and uronic acids were measured in the hydrolysates and the sugars were separated chromatographically.Most of the ethanol-soluble sugars and all the fructosan was digested in the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, considered collectively as the stomach. Digestion of alpha -glucose polymer occurred mainly in the stomach and only 5 to 10% was digested in the small intestine and caecum with colon. The hay and concentrate ration contained more starch than the others and a higher proportion of this was digested in the small intestine and caecum with colon (20.3 and 6.8% of the digestible starch). The water-soluble fraction was digested mostly in the stomach; on rations 1 and 3 more component carbohydrates disappeared from the small intestine than the caecum with colon. Bacterial polysaccharides were thought to be digested in the small intestine and some bacterial growth was indicated, particularly on ration 2 which contained large amounts of cellulose. Fermentation and addition of bacterial polysaccharides and mucus confused the picture of digestion of the neutral-detergent-soluble fraction, but on all 3 rations it was higher in the small intestine than in the caecum with colon. The neutral-detergent residue was mainly fermented in the stomach and the caecum with colon. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Haemorrhagic-necrotic enteritis in heavy breeds broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
Nemanja Jezdimirovic ◽  
Branislav Kureljusic ◽  
Vojin Ivetic ◽  
Jasna Kureljusic ◽  
Dj. Cvetojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Type A ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Liquid Content ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Intestinal Contents

The aim of the investigation was to determine the influence of Clostridium perfringens type A on the development of pathomorphological substrate, its intensity and distribution in fifteen weeks old heavy breeds broilers. The investigation was carried out on corpses of 8 hens and 7 roosters of heavy breeds of provenance COBB 500. After the completion of the autopsy, samples of altered parts of jejunum and liver were taken for histopathological examination, and jejunum intestinal contents for bacteriological examination. In all the corpses, in open pleuroperitoneal cavity, even in situ, an altered part of jejunum can be noticed. It was extremely dilated the entire length, and its wall was bluish-gray with disseminated subserous punctiform blood extravasates. When opened, semi-liquid content with blood coagulums and patches of necrotic mucosa went out of it. By microscopic examination of small intestine tissue cuttings, colored by HE method, there was observed a diffuse necrosis of intestinal villi. They were desroyed and replaced by eosinophilic structureless mass. Furthermore, there could be noticed submucose oedema, capillary congestion and blood extravasates in mucosa, as well as infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes in lamina propria. These microscopic alterations reflect hemorrhagic necrotic enteritis. By microscopic examining of small intestine cuttings colored according to Brown & Brenn method, colonies of bacteria in distal parts of the submucosa were found out. Using bacteriological tests in anaerobic conditions, there was isolated a culture identified as Clostridium perfringens. After applying of multiplex PCR, the obtained isolate was genotyped as Clostridium perfringens type A. On the basis of pathomorphological, bacteriological and molecular examinations, it can be concluded that the infection of heavy breeds with Clostridium perfringens type A is manifested by appearance of haemorrhagic-necrotic jejunitis, that the causer penetrates deeply into jejunum tissue and that wheat and wheat bran were a favoring factor for proliferation of the etiological agent.

Catabolism of plasma enzymes, as studied with 125I-labeled lactate dehydrogenase-1 in the rabbit.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1269-1276
Author(s):  
J H Wilkinson ◽  
A R Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Enzyme Protein ◽  
Plasma Enzymes ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Intestinal Contents

Abstract Circulating enzymes may be inactivated in the plasma and the inactive breakdown products may be hydrolyzed in the lumen of the small intestine. Evidence for this mechanism was based upon previous studies with 125I-labeled lactate dehydrogenase-5, and here similar studies with radioiodinated lactate dehydrogenase-1 are reported, to determine whether this isoenzyme is similarly catabolized. The pure rabbit enzyme was labeled with 125I by use of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide (the labeled enzyme had 80-85% of the original catalytic activity). After its intravenous injection into rabbits, plasma enzyme activity and radioactivity disappeared during the first 4 h at similar fast rates, apparently because of distribution of the injected enzyme throughout the extracellular fluid. During a second phase (30-h), catalytic activity disappeared significantly faster than radioactivity, suggesting inactivation of the enzyme in either the plasma or a compartment in close proximity to it, or both. Enzyme activity then remained constant while plasma radioactivity continued to decrease at a slower, exponential rate, apparently owing to removal of breakdown products. In no case did tissue radioactivity, studied 6 h after injection, approach that of plasma. We therefore conclude that removal of the enzyme protein or its breakdown products is a passive process. Appreciable radioactivity was detected in the intestinal contents, a finding which suggests that removal via the small intestine is an important route for the removal of inactivated enzyme products from the circulation. Less than 3% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the feces during the first three days; urinary excretion accounted for about 67% during the same period, about 60% of which consisted of radio-iodinated amino-acids, the remainder of iodide. Free mono- and di-iodotyrosines were among the products excreted. These appear to originate from absorption of the products of further breakdown of the enzyme molecule in the intestine.

Some helminth parasites from the small intestine of free-ranging muskoxen Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann) of Devon and Ellesmere Islands, Northwest Territories

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Webster ◽  
J. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Ovibos Moschatus ◽  
Devon Island ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Marshallagia Marshalli ◽  
Free Ranging

Intestinal contents from two muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann), collected in March 1978 on Devon Island, N.W.T., both contained Marshallagia marshalli (Ransom 1906) and Nematodirus helvetianus May 1920. Intestinal contents from five muskoxen collected in August 1978 on Ellesmere Island, N.W. T., contained Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi 1810) (one of the five), Ostertagia trifurcata Ransom 1907 (one of five), M. marshalli (one of five) and N. helvetianus (two of five). Cysticerci of Taenia hydatigena Pallas 1766 were found in two of the five animals from Ellesmere Island.

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