scholarly journals A Critical Review on Nanoscience Advancement: In Treatment of Viral Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
Kajal Chaudhary ◽  
Shweta Parihar ◽  
Devender Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Antiviral Medications ◽  
Virus Influenza

Viral contaminations speak to a general medical issue and one of the main sources of worldwide mortality. A large portion of the antiviral medications have low permeability, low dissolvability and other related physical properties which make them less efficient for the antiviral treatment. To conquer these constraints, different nanomedicine stages have been planned. Nanomaterials offer special physico-chemical properties that have various advantages for medicate conveyance as perfect devices for viral treatment. This review focuses on the currently used medicines used in viral infection, presents a broad overview of the application of nanosized materials for the treatment of common viral infections and shed light on the potential of nanotechnology to provide more effective treatment for HIV, Herpes simplex virus, Influenza virus and Hepatitis C virus. The action of antiviral medications could be improved with nanomedicine formulations. As the physicochemical properties of nanocarriers can empower their capacity to target the specific sites. When it comes to structuring nanocarriers, size is the most important factor and the nanoparticles can permit the controlled delivery kinetics, enhanced bioavailability, altered pharmacokinetics, and less side effects. Nanocarriers that build them appealing candidates for antiviral drug such as Improves bioavailability of the encapsulated actives, controlled release, reduce the toxicity associated with the anti-viral drugs. One of the important physicochemical properties mainly size is the most important design factor for nanocarriers for anti-viral drug delivery to the specific sites. Nanobased drug delivery also leads to enhance the potential of currently approved antiviral drugs. Keywords: Nanotechnology, HIV, Hepatits virus, Influenza, HSV

scholarly journals Nanomaterials Designed for Antiviral Drug Delivery Transport across Biological Barriers

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina-Daniela Cojocaru ◽  
Doru Botezat ◽  
Ioannis Gardikiotis ◽  
Cristina-Mariana Uritu ◽  
Gianina Dodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Viral infections are a major global health problem, representing a significant cause of mortality with an unfavorable continuously amplified socio-economic impact. The increased drug resistance and constant viral replication have been the trigger for important studies regarding the use of nanotechnology in antiviral therapies. Nanomaterials offer unique physico-chemical properties that have linked benefits for drug delivery as ideal tools for viral treatment. Currently, different types of nanomaterials namely nanoparticles, liposomes, nanospheres, nanogels, nanosuspensions and nanoemulsions were studied either in vitro or in vivo for drug delivery of antiviral agents with prospects to be translated in clinical practice. This review highlights the drug delivery nanosystems incorporating the major antiviral classes and their transport across specific barriers at cellular and intracellular level. Important reflections on nanomedicines currently approved or undergoing investigations for the treatment of viral infections are also discussed. Finally, the authors present an overview on the requirements for the design of antiviral nanotherapeutics.

scholarly journals Effect of the preparation Ingavirin® (imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid) on the interferon status of cells under conditions of viral infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Thomas Aschacher ◽  
Artem Krokhin ◽  
Irina Kuznetsova ◽  
Johannes Langle ◽  
Vladimir Nebolsin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Theoretical Ground ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Interferon Inducer ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Interferon System

Ingavirin® (imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid) is an original antiviral drug, which is used in Russia for treatment and profilaxis of influenza and other acute viral infections. We confirmed that imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid (IEPA), not being interferon inducer itself, enhances synthesis of both interferon-a/fi receptors (IFNAR) to interferone and cell sensitivity to interferone signalling, which was suppressed by NS1 protein - pathogen factor of influenza virus. IEPA is able to promote antiviral effector proteins PKR and MxA in infected cells, in opposition to interferon system suppression by influenza virus. Theoretical ground of clinical efficacy of Ingavirine® could be confirmed by obtained data of influence to innate immune system during viral infection.

Nanoemulsion-Based Antiviral Drug Therapy

2022 ◽  
pp. 194-212
Author(s):  
Halima M. ◽  
Ihsana Banu Ishthiaq ◽  
Sneha Unnikrishnan ◽  
Karthikeyan Ramalingam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
High Variability ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Strong Antiviral Activity ◽  
Animation System

Nanoemulsions are an attractive approach for the delivery of antiviral drugs in the treatment of various viral infections. Nanoemulsions are easy to plan and develop, and their components exhibit high variability. Nanoemulsion system and its components have certain biophysical properties which could increase the efficacy of drug therapy. Pulmonary surfactant (PS)-assisted antiviral drug delivery by nanoemulsion system could be another effective approach for the treatment of COVID-19. Antiviral drug delivery of nebulization using an animation system could increase the efficacy of antiviral drug against COVID-19. Ginkgo biloba polyprenol nanoemulsion was also found to be stable, non-toxic, and had strong antiviral activity against influenza A H3N2 and hepatitis B virus in vitro. Nanoemulsion systems possess certain properties that make their system suitable for drug delivery by mobilization and hence would be promising systems for therapeutics in the future.

scholarly journals The Domain Landscape of Virus-Host Interactomes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Lu Zheng ◽  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Jie Ping ◽  
Yanhong Zhou ◽  
Yixue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Domain Interaction ◽  
Protein Interactome ◽  
Cellular Machinery

Viral infections result in millions of deaths in the world today. A thorough analysis of virus-host interactomes may reveal insights into viral infection and pathogenic strategies. In this study, we presented a landscape of virus-host interactomes based on protein domain interaction. Compared to the analysis at protein level, this domain-domain interactome provided a unique abstraction of protein-protein interactome. Through comparisons among DNA, RNA, and retrotranscribing viruses, we identified a core of human domains, that viruses used to hijack the cellular machinery and evade the immune system, which might be promising antiviral drug targets. We showed that viruses preferentially interacted with host hub and bottleneck domains, and the degree and betweenness centrality among three categories of viruses are significantly different. Further analysis at functional level highlighted that different viruses perturbed the host cellular molecular network by common and unique strategies. Most importantly, we creatively proposed a viral disease network among viral domains, human domains and the corresponding diseases, which uncovered several unknown virus-disease relationships that needed further verification. Overall, it is expected that the findings will help to deeply understand the viral infection and contribute to the development of antiviral therapy.

scholarly journals A phenomics approach for antiviral drug discovery

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonne Rietdijk ◽  
Marianna Tampere ◽  
Aleksandra Pettke ◽  
Polina Georgiev ◽  
Maris Lapins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Drug Screening ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Lung Fibroblasts ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Drug Candidates

Abstract Background The emergence and continued global spread of the current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for methods to identify novel or repurposed therapeutic drugs in a fast and effective way. Despite the availability of methods for the discovery of antiviral drugs, the majority tend to focus on the effects of such drugs on a given virus, its constituent proteins, or enzymatic activity, often neglecting the consequences on host cells. This may lead to partial assessment of the efficacy of the tested anti-viral compounds, as potential toxicity impacting the overall physiology of host cells may mask the effects of both viral infection and drug candidates. Here we present a method able to assess the general health of host cells based on morphological profiling, for untargeted phenotypic drug screening against viral infections. Results We combine Cell Painting with antibody-based detection of viral infection in a single assay. We designed an image analysis pipeline for segmentation and classification of virus-infected and non-infected cells, followed by extraction of morphological properties. We show that this methodology can successfully capture virus-induced phenotypic signatures of MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts infected with human coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E). Moreover, we demonstrate that our method can be used in phenotypic drug screening using a panel of nine host- and virus-targeting antivirals. Treatment with effective antiviral compounds reversed the morphological profile of the host cells towards a non-infected state. Conclusions The phenomics approach presented here, which makes use of a modified Cell Painting protocol by incorporating an anti-virus antibody stain, can be used for the unbiased morphological profiling of virus infection on host cells. The method can identify antiviral reference compounds, as well as novel antivirals, demonstrating its suitability to be implemented as a strategy for antiviral drug repurposing and drug discovery.

scholarly journals Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Physicochemistry and Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1642
Author(s):  
Sofía Lara-Ochoa ◽  
Wendy Ortega-Lara ◽  
Carlos Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽  
Ionic Substitution ◽  
System A ◽  
Bone Properties

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been the gold standard in the biomedical field due to its composition and similarity to human bone. Properties such as shape, size, morphology, and ionic substitution can be tailored through the use of different synthesis techniques and compounds. Regardless of the ability to determine its physicochemical properties, a conclusion for the correlation with the biological response it is yet to be found. Hence, a special focus on the most desirable properties for an appropriate biological response needs to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the fundamental properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and the characterization of physicochemical properties involved in their biological response and role as a drug delivery system. A summary of the main chemical properties and applications of hydroxyapatite, the advantages of using nanoparticles, and the influence of shape, size, functional group, morphology, and crystalline phase in the biological response is presented. A special emphasis was placed on the analysis of chemical and physical interactions of the nanoparticles and the cargo, which was explained through the use of spectroscopic and physical techniques such as FTIR, Raman, XRD, SEM, DLS, and BET. We discuss the properties tailored for hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for a specific biomolecule based on the compilation of studies performed on proteins, peptides, drugs, and genetic material.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR COMBATING AGAINST CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS‐2) - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
CHANDRASEKAR R ◽  
SIVAGAMI B ◽  
SATHEESH KUMAR G
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings

Coronavirus called as coronavirus diseases (COVID)-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS‐CoV]‐2) is a viral infection which is spreading to a great extent and affecting many people worldwide, many developed and developing countries are severely affected by the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) is taking serious preventive measures to stop this viral infection worldwide. The coronavirus is a big threat to human beings and controlling the emerging viral infections is a global concern. Antiviral drug such as Remdesivir has been approved by the FDA, but combating against these viral infections is a great challenge to scientists and researchers with the available few antiviral drugs due to severe side effects and toxicity. Many drugs such as hydroxy chloroquin, Remdesivir, and vaccines have been recommended for combating this virus. Few Polyherbal formulations and Ayurvedic formulations containing antiviral phytoconstituents have been recommended to boost the immunity. Some drugs and phytoconstituents are under different phases of human clinical trials. The currently available synthetic drugs and vaccines for the treatment of viral infections have severe side effects. Medicinal plants play a critical role in treating viral infections by developing immunity against viral diseases. Some medicinal plants which were used as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity helped in treating various diseases and viral infections. Many plants contain flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and polyphenols such as thymoquinone, phytosteroids such as cucurbitacin and others which may likely to act as antioxidants and immunomodulatory that can fight against COVID-19. The current review provides information on phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants, their mechanism of action, in silico molecular docking studies and human clinical trials to treat viral disorders.

scholarly journals Macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers for anti-inflammation and targeted antiviral treatment in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqin Tan ◽  
Lingjie He ◽  
Xiaojun Meng ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Hudan Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Abstract Background The worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 remains a serious public health menace as the lack of efficacious treatments. Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) characterized with elevated inflammation and multi-organs failure is closely correlated with the bad outcome of COVID-19. Hence, inhibit the process of CSS by controlling excessive inflammation is considered one of the most promising ways for COVID-19 treatment. Results Here, we developed a biomimetic nanocarrier based drug delivery system against COVID-19 via anti-inflammation and antiviral treatment simultaneously. Firstly, lopinavir (LPV) as model antiviral drug was loaded in the polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA-LPV NPs). Afterwards, macrophage membranes were coated on the PLGA-LPV NPs to constitute drugs loaded macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers (PLGA-LPV@M). In the study, PLGA-LPV@M could neutralize multiple proinflammatory cytokines and effectively suppress the activation of macrophages and neutrophils. Furthermore, the formation of NETs induced by COVID-19 patients serum could be reduced by PLGA-LPV@M as well. In a mouse model of coronavirus infection, PLGA-LPV@M exhibited significant targeted ability to inflammation sites, and superior therapeutic efficacy in inflammation alleviation and tissues viral loads reduction. Conclusion Collectively, such macrophage biomimetic nanocarriers based drug delivery system showed favorable anti-inflammation and targeted antiviral effects, which may possess a comprehensive therapeutic value in COVID-19 treatment.

Characteristics Of The Structure Formation Of Gypsum Binder Modified With Zinc Hydrosilicates

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Structure Formation ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Sorption Characteristics

The authors' methodic for assessing the role of chemical and physic-chemical factors during the structure formation of gypsum stone is presented in the article. The methodic is also makes it possible to reveal the synergistic effect and to determine the ranges of variation of controls factors that ensure maximum values of such effect. The effect of a micro-sized modifier based on zinc hydro-silicates on the structure formation of building gypsum is analyzed and corresponding dependencies are found. It is shown that effects of influence of modifier on the properties of gypsum compositions are determined by chemical properties of modifier. Among the mentioned properties are sorption characteristics (which depend on the amount of silicic acid and its state) and physicochemical properties - the ability to act as a substrate during crystal formation. The proposed method can also be extended to other binding substances and materials. This article contributes to the understanding of the processes that occur during the structure formation of composites, which will make it possible to control the structure formation in the future, obtaining materials with a given set of properties.

The diagnosis of hepatitis C viral infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1019-1023
Author(s):  
Judit Gervain
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Viral Nucleic Acid ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
Subtype B

The successful therapy of hepatitis C viral infection requires that the illness is diagnosed before the development of structural changes of the liver. Testing is stepwise consisting of screening, diagnosis, and anti-viral therapy follow-up. For these steps there are different biochemical, serological, histological and molecular biological methods available. For screening, alanine aminotransferase and anti-HCV tests are used. The diagnosis of infection is confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction of the viral nucleic acid. Before initiation of the therapy liver biopsy is recommended to determine the level of structural changes in the liver. Alternatively, transient elastography or blood biomarkers may be also used for this purpose. Differential diagnosis should exclude the co-existence of other viral infections and chronic hepatitis due to other origin, with special attention to the presence of autoantibodies. The outcome of the antiviral therapy and the length of treatment are mainly determined by the viral genotype. In Hungary, most patients are infected with genotype 1, subtype b. The polymorphism type that occurs in the single nucleotide located next to the interleukin 28B region in chromosome 19 and the viral polymorphism type Q80K for infection with HCV 1a serve as predictive therapeutic markers. The follow-up of therapy is based on the quantitative determination of viral nucleic acid according to national and international protocols and should use the same method and laboratory throughout the treatment of an individual patient. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1019–1023.

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