scholarly journals RECENT PROMISING ADVANCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-s) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Mudasir Maqbool ◽  
Geer Mohamed Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Modern Era

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious global threat. There is a global menace of antibiotic resistant “super bug”, though the extent and the severity of the problem varies. Resistance hampers therapeutic options and drives clinicians to use newer and more expensive drugs. In serious cases, multi-resistance provides no treatment options. To overcome resistance, a continuous supply of new antibiotics offers an obvious way; but the pipeline of agents in development by the Pharmaceutical industry is very limited. There is an ever-evolving need to develop and evaluate newer alternative strategies for countering a worsening clinical situation to overcome resistance and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The widespread distribution of Antimicrobial resistance has not been paralleled by the development of newer antimicrobials. This happens due to the process of drug discovery and clinical trials of new antimicrobials taking longer time and only a fewer new agents been approved for use. In modern era, where obstacles like chemo-resistance and mutations torment medicine, scientists across the world are looking to adapt lateral approaches in encountering diseases. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, super bug, antibiotics

scholarly journals Crumbling the Castle: Targeting DNABII Proteins for Collapsing Bacterial Biofilms as a Therapeutic Approach to Treat Disease and Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
James V. Rogers ◽  
Veronica L. Hall ◽  
Charles C. McOsker
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Financial Burdens ◽  
Global Threat

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concerning global threat that, if not addressed, could lead to increases in morbidity and mortality, coupled with societal and financial burdens. The emergence of AMR bacteria can be attributed, in part, to the decreased development of new antibiotics, increased misuse and overuse of existing antibiotics, and inadequate treatment options for biofilms formed during bacterial infections. Biofilms are complex microbiomes enshrouded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that is a primary defense mechanism of the resident microorganisms against antimicrobial agents and the host immune system. In addition to the physical protective EPS barrier, biofilm-resident bacteria exhibit tolerance mechanisms enabling persistence and the establishment of recurrent infections. As current antibiotics and therapeutics are becoming less effective in combating AMR, new innovative technologies are needed to address the growing AMR threat. This perspective article highlights such a product, CMTX-101, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets a universal component of bacterial biofilms, leading to pathogen-agnostic rapid biofilm collapse and engaging three modes of action—the sensitization of bacteria to antibiotics, host immune enablement, and the suppression of site-specific tissue inflammation. CMTX-101 is a new tool used to enhance the effectiveness of existing, relatively inexpensive first-line antibiotics to fight infections while promoting antimicrobial stewardship.

scholarly journals Consumption Trends of Antibiotic for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: A Longitudinal Retrospective Survey From 2010-2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Z. Sangeda ◽  
Andrea Baha ◽  
Alexander Erick ◽  
Sonia Mkumbwa ◽  
Adonis Bitegeko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Series Analysis

BackgroundWith increased livestock keeping, multiple prevailing infections, antimicrobial agents’ use and pattern in Tanzania, the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes inevitable. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have increasingly become a major challenge in human and animal medicine. Although inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans is the principal cause of resistance, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating from animals contribute to the emergence and spread of these bacteria. Antibiotics help control a multitude of bacterial infections that are major causes of diseases in both animals and humans. Rational use in animals is crucial to control any development and transfer of AMR to humans. This study aimed to create quantitative evidence of animal antimicrobial usage patterns in Tanzania to serve as a baseline for surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance control.MethodologyThis descriptive longitudinal retrospective study was conducted to explore the trend of veterinary-antibiotics consumed in the eight years, from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2017 in Tanzania mainland. The data source was records of all antibiotics imported for veterinary use into Tanzania’s mainland according to the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) records. The analysis employed the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology using Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification. Regression and time series analysis was used to establish trends in antibiotics consumption.ResultsA total of 12,147,491 kg of antibiotics were consumed in Tanzania from 2010 to 2017. Tetracycline, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, quinolones, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and antibacterial combinations were the most commonly used antibacterial agents in Tanzania. Tetracycline class topped the list with about 8,090,798 kg (66.6%) out of 12,147,491 kg total quantity of antimicrobials consumed. Non-significant, linear curve estimations and time series analysis indicate a decline in the quantities of veterinary antibiotics used in the eight years from 2010 to 2017.ConclusionsThis study suggests that tetracycline is the most used antibiotic class for veterinary medicine in Tanzania. The trend of antimicrobial use is generally decreasing compared to other countries in Africa. Even though some antibiotics have the lowest consumption rate, they are also prone to AMR, prompting follow-up by the relevant regulatory authorities.

scholarly journals Reinventing the antimicrobial pipeline in response to the global crisis of antimicrobial-resistant infections

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Singer ◽  
Claas Kirchhelle ◽  
Adam P. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Permanent Staff

The pipeline for new antibiotics is dry. Despite the creation of public/private initiatives like Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (Carb-X) and the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Centre, the current focus on ‘push-pull’ incentives for the pharmaceutical industry still relies on economic return. We propose a joint, internationally-funded antimicrobial development institute that would fund permanent staff to take on roles previously assigned to pharmaceutical companies. This institute would receive ring-fenced, long-term, core funding from participating countries as well as charities, with the aim to focus on transforming the largely dormant antimicrobial pipeline. Resulting drugs would be sold globally and according to a principle of shared burdens. Our proposed model for antimicrobial development aims to maximise society’s investment, through open science, investment in people, and the sharing of intellectual property.

A New Product Development Partnership Model for Antibiotic Resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 487-523
Author(s):  
John K. Billington
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Overuse ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Partnership Model ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Global Threat

Antibiotics have prevented countless deaths from common infections and have made possible many modern medical procedures. Over the past few decades, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global threat, spreading between healthcare facilities and throughout communities worldwide at an alarming pace. Antibiotic overuse and misuse in humans, animals, and the environment accelerate resistance by selecting for bacteria with antibiotic-resistant traits, which then become predominant and infect others. Meanwhile, few antibiotics remain active against the most resistant bacteria. There is an urgent need for new antibiotics and other antibacterial products to replace second-line and last resort therapies when they no longer work. This Article proposes a new U.S.-based, non-governmental, not-for-profit product development partnership (PDP) model specifically designed for antibacterial development. This new model should both supplement and complement existing government-led efforts and should be built with mechanisms in place to balance the values of innovation, access, and conservation.

scholarly journals Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Dissemination in Aquatic Systems

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine Ng ◽  
Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments

This special issue on Antimicrobial Resistance in Environmental Waters features 11 articles on monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in natural aquatic systems (reservoirs, rivers), and effluent discharge from water treatment plants to assess the effectiveness of AMR removal and resulting loads in treated waters. The occurrence and distribution of antimicrobials, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was determined by utilizing a variety of techniques including liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS), traditional culturing, antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), molecular and OMIC approaches. Some of the key elements of AMR studies presented in this special issue highlight the underlying drivers of AMR contamination in the environment and evaluation of the hazard imposed on aquatic organisms in receiving environments through ecological risk assessments. As described in this issue, screening antimicrobial peptide (AMP) libraries for biofilm disruption and antimicrobial candidates are promising avenues for the development of new treatment options to eradicate resistance. This editorial puts into perspective the current AMR problem in the environment and potential new methods which could be applied to surveillance and monitoring efforts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of powdered cuttlebone against Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus flavus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Ghazal Yazdanpanah ◽  
Neda Javid ◽  
Zhila Honarmandrad ◽  
Najmeh Amirmahani ◽  
Alireza Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
New Antibiotics

Background: The presence of medicines in the environment is considered as a serious threat to the human health. The entrance of these substances into the water sources causes soil pollution, which eventually leads to the environmental pollution and it creates some problems for the public health. Also, increasing antibiotic resistant bacteria has attracted the attention of researchers to the use of natural resources such as marine products, for producing new antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activities of powdered cuttlebone against Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus flavus. Methods: At first, cuttlebones were washed, dried, and powdered. Then, the powdered cuttlebone was characterized. In the next step, its antimicrobial activities were evaluated using agar well diffusion technique, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was calculated. Results: The powdered cuttlebone was found to be effective against K. oxytoca (24 mm, MIC: 10-1 mg/mL), but no antimicrobial response was found against S. aureus. Also, the powdered cuttlebone antifungal activity and MIC against A. flavus were recorded 23 mm and 10-1 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest antimicrobial activities of powdered cuttlebone, which are concentration dependent. Furthermore, cuttlebone can be used as an accessible natural source to provide novel, low cost, and safe antimicrobial agents.

Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci Isolated from Organic and Conventional Retail Chicken

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KILONZO-NTHENGE ◽  
A. BROWN ◽  
S. N. NAHASHON ◽  
D. LONG
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria existing in agricultural environments may be transferred to humans through food consumption or more multifaceted environmental paths of exposure. Notably, enterococcal infections are becoming more challenging to treat as their resistance to antibiotics intensifies. In this study, the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of enterococci in organic and conventional chicken from retail stores were analyzed. Of the total 343 retail chicken samples evaluated, 282 (82.2%) were contaminated with Enterococcus spp. The prevalence was higher in organic chicken (62.5%) than conventional chicken (37.5%). Enterococcus isolates were submitted to susceptibility tests against 12 antimicrobial agents. Among the isolates tested, streptomycin had the highest frequencies of resistance (69.1 and 100%) followed by erythromycin (38.5 and 80.0%), penicillin (14.1 and 88.5%), and kanamycin (11.3 and 76.9%) for organic and conventional isolates, respectively. Chloramphenicol had the lowest frequency (0.0 and 6.6%, respectively). The predominant species in raw chicken was E. faecium (27.3%), followed by E. gallinarum (6.0%), E. casseliflavus (2.1%), and E. durans (1.4%). These species were also found to be resistant to three or more antibiotics. The data indicated that antibiotic-resistant enterococci isolates were found in chicken whether it was organic or conventional. However, enterococci isolates that were resistant to antibiotics were less common in organic chicken (31.0%) when compared with those isolated from conventional chicken (43.6%). The results of this study suggest that raw retail organic and conventional chickens could be a source of antibiotic-resistant enterococci.

Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Phytotherapeutics with Focus on Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 2807-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Su Jang ◽  
Tímea Mosolygó
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Scientific Attention

: Bacteria within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than planktonic bacteria in suspension. Treatment of biofilm-associated infections inevitably involves high dosages and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is a potential risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the high prevalence of AMR and its association with biofilm formation, investigation of more effective anti-biofilm agents is required. : From ancient times, herbs and spices have been used to preserve foods, and their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties are well known. Moreover, phytochemicals exert their anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations without providing the opportunity for the emergence of resistant bacteria or harming the host microbiota. : With increasing scientific attention to natural phytotherapeutic agents, numerous experimental investigations have been conducted in recent years. The present paper aims to review the articles published in the last decade in order to summarize a) our current understanding of AMR in correlation with biofilm formation and b) the evidence of phytotherapeutic agents against bacterial biofilms and their mechanisms of action. The main focus has been put on herbal anti-biofilm compounds tested to date in association with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and food-borne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli).

scholarly journals 833. Characteristics and Utilization Patterns of Colistin Compared with Newer Agents in Gram-Negative Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S457-S457
Author(s):  
Stephen Marcella ◽  
Casey Doremus ◽  
Roger Echols
Keyword(s):  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Total Hospital Cost ◽  
Healthcare Database ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Days Of Therapy ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Utilization Patterns

Abstract Background Colistin has resurfaced in light of Gram-negative (GN) resistance. New antibiotics to treat antibiotic resistant GN infections (eg, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, meropenem-vaborbactam [new agents]), have recently been approved but their use vs colistin is unclear. We compared the overall use of colistin and new agents from 2014 to 2018 in patient days on therapy (PDOT). Methods Data on non-cystic fibrosis patients from the Premier Healthcare Database was used. PDOT was tabulated quarterly for Premier hospitals and projected to the US population. A subset of data from 2016 to 2018 with microbiologically confirmed GN (MCGN) infections was selected for adult inpatients receiving ≥3 days of therapy with colistin, new agents, carbapenems, or extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The index infection was defined either as the first carbapenem-resistant (CR) or -sensitive infection if no CR infection occurred. Patients could be treated with ≥1 antibiotic per infection. Utilization was examined by pathogen and patient characteristics. Results PDOT with colistin decreased from 2015 to 2018, while new agents have increased (Figure). During 2015–2018, colistin and any of 3 new agents were used by 3,320 and 5,781 inpatients, respectively, of whom, 649 (20%) and 1,284 (22%) had MCGN pathogens. Colistin-treated patients were sicker than patients treated with new agents (Table), underlying renal disease was present in 34.5% vs 36.3 %, and median length of stay of 17 vs 15 days, respectively. Mean total hospital cost was $93,815 vs $84,013 for colistin and new agents, respectively. Mortality was greater in colistin patients (18% vs 12%; p< 0.0001). CR infections constituted similar proportions of colistin and new agent use (79% vs 75%). Colistin accounted for 15.2% of CR Acinetobacter treatments and 9.7% of CR Enterobacterales (CRE) treatments compared with 4.5% and 12.8%, respectively, for new agents. Figure. Projected Inpatient PDOT Table. Conclusion Colistin use has decreased simultaneously with the introduction and increased use of new agents in the USA. Colistin was used more frequently in sicker patients and for Acinetobacter spp. infections than for CRE infections. Patients on colistin have worse outcomes, probably due to baseline differences in their health status. Disclosures Stephen Marcella, MD, Shionogi Inc. (Employee) Casey Doremus, MS, Shionogi Inc. (Employee) Roger Echols, MD, Shionogi Inc. (Consultant)

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