scholarly journals Pharmacognostical Standardization and Phytochemical Studies on the leaves of Solanum torvum Sw

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4-A) ◽  
pp. 290-295
Author(s):  
L Janarthanan ◽  
BR Balakrishnan ◽  
V Karthikeyan ◽  
P Senniappan ◽  
BS Venkateswarlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Solanum Torvum ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Solanaceae Family ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

A genus of plant belongs to the family Solanaceae well distributed in India more than 26 species which are found naturalised in India. Solanum torvum Sw. is a medium sized flowering plant in the Solanaceae family that is found in India, Malaysia. Transverse section of lamina showed the adaxial part has thick, short hump; the midrib and the adaxial hump have thin, angular epidermal cells. The upper part of adaxial hump has a few layers sclerenchyma cells. The inner layer of the adaxial midrib also has few layers of thick walled cells. The ground tissue consists of wide circular thin walled parenchyma cells with narrow inter cellular spaces. The vascular system of the midrib showed bi-collateral structure. Non glandular, profusely branched, thick walled, lignified epidermal trichome occurs as both on the veins and lamina. Physico-chemical standards such as Foreign Matter, Total Ash, Water Soluble Ash, Sulphated Ash, Loss on Drying, Water Soluble Extractive, Alcohol Soluble Extractive and Crude Fiber Content in percentage were estimated. Preliminary phytochemical screening of appropriate solvent extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, Cellulose, Lignin, Fats & Fixed Oils, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Tannins, Proteins, Starch, Steroids and Triterpenoids and absence of Volatile Oil, Mucilage and Pectin. Microscopic analysis and other parameters were informative and provide valuable information in the identification, standardization of Solanum torvum leaves. Keywords: Solanum torvum, Solanaceae, leaf, Microscopical evaluation.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PIPER LONGUM LINN. FRUITS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Priyanka Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Piper Longum ◽  
The Family ◽  
Perennial Shrub ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Introduction: Piper longum Linn, belonging to the family Piperaceae, is a climber, perennial shrub which is commonly found in India.  The dried fruits of Piper longum are widely used in Ayurvedic System of medicines since time unknown. It posses significant pharmacological properties due to presence of variety of chemical constituents in it. Objective: The present study is aimed to evaluate the pharmacognostical, physiochemical and phytochemical parameters for Piper longum fruits, as per the WHO guidelines for herbal drug standardization. Materials and Methods: WHO emphasized the use of standardized herbs and formulations for safety and best therapeutic results. Results and Discussion: Pharmacognostical studies shows that the fruits of Piper longum are found as green when fresh which turns grayish black upon drying. It posses pungent, bitter and acrid taste. The fruits are cylindrical with small petiole. The powder microscopy shows the presence of brown content, oleo resins, stone cells and calcium oxalate crystals. Physiochemical analysis shows variable extractive values in different solvents with maximum extractives of 20.6±0.021% in water and minimum extractive value of 6.6±0.036% in chloroform. Total Ash value of 8.3±0.015%, Acid Insoluble Ash- 1.16±0.025% and Water Soluble Ash- 5.5±0.01%, Foreign Matter- 1.62±0.12%, Moisture content of 15.70±0.051%, Bitterness value-1.96, Swelling Index-1.5±0.01 and Foaming Index- 102.33. Phytochemical analysis of the fruits of Piper longum shows the presence of alkaloids, volatile oil, tannins, fixed oils, and phenolics. Conclusion: The botanical, physical and chemical parameters obtained in this study can be used for establishing the identity and purity of the drug that will lead to safety and efficacy of the herb.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTIC, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON STEM BARK OF ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM DC.

2019 ◽  
pp. 470-474
Author(s):  
JOTHI G ◽  
KEERTHANA K ◽  
SRIDHARAN G
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Section ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Zanthoxylum Armatum ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Objectives: To analyze the microscopic, macroscopic, physicochemical, and phytochemical standards of the Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (stem bark). Methods: Pharamacognostic studies, namely macroscopic, microscopic, and powder microscopic analysis of stem bark were carried out. Physicochemical standards - ash content including total ash content, water soluble, and acid insoluble ash values, moisture content by loss on drying, solubility and extractive values of Z. armatum DC. were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening, fluorescence analysis and quantification of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids were also studied. Results: The macroscopic studies of stem bark showed the stem and its branches, armed with long, sharp prickles with variable size. The transverse section of bark showed the phellogen, phelloderm, cortex, phloem, and medullary rays that are characteristics to Z. armatum DC. The results of physicochemical standards give the identity and purity of the selected sample. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Conclusion: The present findings provide the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical information about the stem bark of Z. armatum and this might be useful by providing additional support with regard to its identification and standardization parameters.

Standardization and Phytochemical screening of Carica papaya seeds

2021 ◽  
pp. 4540-4546
Author(s):  
Varsha Singh ◽  
Aleza Rizvi ◽  
Udaivir Singh Sara
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

The present work focus to evaluate the physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the seeds of family Caricaceae. The plants resources which are used in pharmaceutical formulation standardization was carried out on the basis of organoleptic properties, physical characteristics, and physico-chemical properties. Different Physicochemical parameters ash values, extractive values, loss on drying, foreign matter, fluorescence analysis, and pH were evaluated. Macroscopical characteristics and Physicochemical parameters like total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash were found to be 83.7%, 71.7% and 61.5% w/w respectively. Hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water soluble extractive values (hot)were 7.6%, 11.6%, 27.4%, 37.5%w/w respectively. The pH of 1% and 10% aqueous solution was found to be 3.57 and 3.78 respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of Tannins, Proteins and amino acids, Glycosides, Phenolic compounds, Carbohydrates, Saponins, Alkaloids and Flavonoids. Thin layer chromatographic studies also had been done on ethanolic and hexane extracts. HPTLC fingerprinting is a valuable method for the quantitative determination of phytochemicals present in plant extract. These studies aim to investigating referential information for correct identification and standardization of this plant secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STANDARDIZATION OF PHYSALIS MINIMA L. LEAF

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
DIBYENDU SHIL ◽  
DAMIKI LALOO ◽  
SMRITI REKHA CHANDA DAS ◽  
SUVAKANTA DASH
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Protein Quantification ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of Physalis minima leaf. Methods: The leaf of Physalis minima was examined for macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical parameters and fluorescence analysis. Extracts obtained from the leaf was analyzed for phytochemical screening and estimation of total tannin, phenolic and flavonoid content following the standard procedure available in the literature. Results: Morphologically, the leaf was found to be ovate in shape, 5 to 8 cm long and up to 3 cm width with dentate margin, asymmetrical base, hairy surface, reticulate veins on each side of midrib, green in colour, characteristic odour and slight bitter in taste. Microscopic study has shown the important diagnostic characters of Solanaceae family which is characterized by presence of dorsiventral leaf with anomocytic stomata, grandular or uniseriate trichomes and cluster crystal of calcium oxalate. Physicochemical parameters like foreign organic matter (0.78%), loss on drying (8.23%), total ash (11.4%), acid insoluble ash (2.2%), water-soluble ash (6.1%), sulphated ash (2.4%) alcohol soluble extractive (10.4%), water-soluble extractive (9.5%), ether soluble extractive (1.8%) foaming index (below 100), swelling index (1), volatile oil and heavy metal content were quantified. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts of Physalis minima leaf has shown the presence of phytoconstituents viz. alkaloids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids, protein. Quantification of phytoconstituents was also reported like phenols (10.59±0.65 mg/gm equivalent to tannic acid), tannin (8.24±0.27 mg/gm equivalent to tannic acid) and flavonoids (87.17±0.87 mg/gm equivalent to rutin) respectively. Conclusion: This present study was provided the qualitative and quantitative standard of Physalis minima will help to prevent the possible steps of adulteration with other species of the same genus.

scholarly journals Quality Standards for Caturjata Carna Evaluated with Official and Substitute Ingredients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-699
Author(s):  
Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar ◽  
Rao Priyadarshini ◽  
Muthu Tamizh Manoharan ◽  
Rubeena M
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Cinnamomum Tamala ◽  
Physico Chemical

Background: In Ayurveda, single or multiple herbs mixed in a particular proportion are used for the treatment of different diseases. Caturjata Curna (CC) is a popular Ayurvedic medicine with therapeutic application in tastelessness, diseases due to vitiated Kapha, poisoning and discoloration. The present study is an attempt to standardize a polyherbal medicine CC. Methods: CC was prepared by mixing an equal proportion of ingredients including Tvak (Cinnamomum verum) - stem bark, Ela (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) - seed, Tvakpatra (Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm.) - leaf and Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea L.) - stamen in equal parts as per guidelines in Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Macro-microscopy, physico-chemical parameters, HPTLC fingerprinting, and spectroscopic parameters were determined according to standardised methodology available in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Results: Caturjata curna is brown coloured with a characteristic odour and aromatic taste. Powder microscopy showed the presence of diagnostic characters like horse shoe-shaped stone cells, perisperm cells with volatile oil droplets, paracytic stomata and endothecium layers of anthers indicating each ingredient of the formulation. HPTLC showed 13, 13 and 16 bands each under short UV, long UV and white light post derivatisation respectively in ethanolic extract of the formulation. Physico-chemical standards like loss on drying at 105º (10.39 %), total ash (4.1 %), acid-insoluble ash (0.90 %), ethanol- soluble extractive (10 %), water-soluble extractive (8.77 %) and pH of 10% aqueous solution (4.58) were recorded. The presence of cinnamaldehyde and 1-eicosene was confirmed by GC-MS and NMR studies. Conclusion: a monograph on quality standards for CC has been proposed which would serve as a document to control the quality of this polyherbal formulation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of impact of Siddha Suthi (purification) processes on nut of Serankottai (Semecarpus anacardium L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-644
Author(s):  
JULIET L ◽  
Sunil Kumar K N ◽  
Reena V L ◽  
Aarthi V ◽  
Sivakkumar S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Structure ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Semecarpus Anacardium ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Serankottai (Semecarpus anacardium L.) is a Schedule E (1) drug and is considered for treating all kinds of Vatha diseases, venereal disease, skin disease and cancerous conditions. Suthi murai denotes the purification process before any drug is employed in medicine. This study is aimed at evaluating the impact of Siddha purification processes on macro-microscopical and physico-chemical characteristics of Serankottai so that a justification for such classical processes can be derived. Materials and Method: The raw (S1) and purified Serankottai (S2 to S6) samples were analyzed for their macroscopic, microscopic and powder microscopic analysis followed by the physicochemical parameters like loss on drying (LOD), total ash (TA), water soluble ash (WSA), acid insoluble ash (AIA), water soluble extractive (WSE), alcohol soluble extractive (ASE) and pH values. Results: Prismatic crystals, oil globules, sclereids, resin, fiber were observed in the microscopical studies of raw sample and these are found in the purified samples except S2 which has revealed charred cell structure. Physical nature of Serankottai has been maintained in all the purification methods except for S2. The LOD was 5.53%, 2.90%, 6.47%, 5.03%, 4.6%, 5.05% in sampleS1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively. The TA values were 3.44%, 18.90%, 2.59%, 2.54% 2.7% and 3.65% in sample S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 respectively. Significant differences in physico-chemical parameters were observed in different purification methods. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the Siddha purification processes have impact on physicochemical characters of Semecarpus anacardium. The need of the purification, as mentioned in Siddha texts is hereby justified.

Amorphous and Crystalline Particulates: Challenges and Perspectives in Drug Delivery

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisham Al-Obaidi ◽  
Mridul Majumder ◽  
Fiza Bari
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Engineering ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Amorphous Form ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Soluble Drugs ◽  
Amorphous Drug

Crystalline and amorphous dispersions have been the focus of academic and industrial research due to their potential role in formulating poorly water-soluble drugs. This review looks at the progress made starting with crystalline carriers in the form of eutectics moving towards more complex crystalline mixtures. It also covers using glassy polymers to maintain the drug as amorphous exhibiting higher energy and entropy. However, the amorphous form tends to recrystallize on storage, which limits the benefits of this approach. Specific interactions between the drug and the polymer may retard this spontaneous conversion of the amorphous drug. Some studies have shown that it is possible to maintain the drug in the amorphous form for extended periods of time. For the drug and the polymer to form a stable mixture they have to be miscible on a molecular basis. Another form of solid dispersions is pharmaceutical co-crystals, for which research has focused on understanding the chemistry, crystal engineering and physico-chemical properties. USFDA has issued a guidance in April 2013 suggesting that the co-crystals as a pharmaceutical product may be a reality; but just not yet! While some of the research is still oriented towards application of these carriers, understanding the mechanism by which drug-carrier miscibility occurs is also covered. Within this context is the use of thermodynamic models such as Flory-Huggins model with some examples of studies used to predict miscibility.

scholarly journals Silica Monolith for the Removal of Pollutants from Gas and Aqueous Phases

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Vanessa Miglio ◽  
Chiara Zaccone ◽  
Chiara Vittoni ◽  
Ilaria Braschi ◽  
Enrico Buscaroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Adsorption Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Silica Monoliths ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Gaseous Toluene ◽  
Mcm 41

This study focused on the application of mesoporous silica monoliths for the removal of organic pollutants. The physico-chemical textural and surface properties of the monoliths were investigated. The homogeneity of the textural properties along the entire length of the monoliths was assessed, as well as the reproducibility of the synthesis method. The adsorption properties of the monoliths for gaseous toluene, as a model of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), were evaluated and compared to those of a reference meso-structured silica powder (MCM-41) of commercial origin. Silica monoliths adsorbed comparable amounts of toluene with respect to MCM-41, with better performances at low pressure. Finally, considering their potential application in water phase, the adsorption properties of monoliths toward Rhodamine B, selected as a model molecule of water soluble pollutants, were studied together with their stability in water. After 24 h of contact, the silica monoliths were able to adsorb up to the 70% of 1.5 × 10−2 mM Rhodamine B in water solution.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Atti-Santos ◽  
Marcelo Rossato ◽  
Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti ◽  
Luciana Duarte Rota ◽  
Juarez Ciro Rech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis L

Nineteen samples of Rosmarinus officinalis were extracted by steam distillation in a pilot plant and evaluated in terms of chemical compositions and physico-chemical characteristics. The volatile oil yields ranged from 0.37% (1999 harvest) to 0.49% (1998 harvest). Twenty components were identified in the oils. The major components were alpha-pinene (40.55 to 45.10%), 1,8-cineole (17.40 to 19.35%), camphene (4.73 to 6.06%) and verbenone (2.32 to 3.86%). The physico-chemical parameters averaged 0.8887 g/cm³ for specific gravity, 1.4689 for refractive index, and +11.82° for optical rotation, and there were no significant variations in either the chemical or physico-chemical data in the different years.

Microscopic and Phytochemical analysis of Desmodium velutinum (Willd) DC and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Panchanga powder

2021 ◽  
pp. 2950-2956
Author(s):  
Jigyasa Pathak ◽  
Aswathi M. P. ◽  
B. R. Patel ◽  
Harisha C. R. ◽  
Shukla Vinay J.
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wild Edible Plants ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Edible Plants ◽  
Therapeutic Purpose ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Collection Practices

Background: Desmodium velutinum (Fabaceae) is one of the wild edible plants used traditionally to treat diarrhoea, haematuria, infertility and also externally used to treat scorpion bites. Though various parts of the plant have been used for therapeutic purpose, panchanga of the plant has not been studied for its Pharmacognostical and phytochemical characteristics in detail, following scientific parameters. Hence in the present study Desmodium velutinum whole plant has been studied for its pharmacognostical and phytochemical characters and compared with commonly used species Desmodium gangeticum. Methods: Whole plant of Desmodim velutinum was collected from Paikmal, Odisha and Desmodium gangeticum was collected from Junagarh, Gujarat in the month of November 2019 following good collection practices and shade dried. Pharmacognostical study and analytical study were performed following standard pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Whole plant (Panchanga) of former is sweetish and latter is bitter. Powder microscopy of Desmodium gangeticum showed presence of rhomboidal crystals and lignified annular and spiral vessels. Desmodium velutinum showed presence of prismatic crystals and lignified pitted vessels. Physico-chemical analysis showed higher loss on drying in Desmodium gangeticum, and higher water soluble extractive values of Desmodium velutinum. Phytochemical estimation showed the presence of Proteins, tannins, and carbohydrates in both samples. HPTLC study showed similar Rf value 0.82 and 0.94 at 254 and 0.03 and 0.41 at 366nm. Conclusion: Basing upon the analytical and microscopic similarities Desmodium velutinum may be considered as substitute of Desmodium gangeticum

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