scholarly journals Study of Front Wheel Pressure on the Soil of Tractors with a Different Wheel Configuration

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
A. A. Akhmetov ◽  
Sh. A.U. Akhmedov
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Seed Layer ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Front Wheel ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Ground Clearance ◽  
The Relationship

An increase in the power of the high-clearance tractor with the 3K2 wheel configuration (TTZ-811) and the weight of the machines coupled with it has led to an increase in the pressure of its running elements on the soil. The authors have proposed to replace it with a tractor with the 4K2 wheel configuration with an adjustable ground clearance (TTZ-1033), which has several advantages.Research purposeThe study of the effect of the wheel configuration, travel speed and air pressure in the tire on the tractor's front wheel pressure on the soil.Materials and methodsThe authors have analytically determined the relationship between the contact area of a wheel tire with the soil on the tire parameters and the internal air pressure in it. To take measurements, load TAS607 sensors like with specially made nozzles have been used.Results and discussionIt has been found that under similar conditions, the average pressure on the soil in the layer of 10-50 centimeters across the width of the front wheel tire of TTZ-811 is 19.0-27.6 kilopascals more as compared to TTZ-1033. It has been found that an increase in air pressure in the tire from 1.2 to 2.2 megapascals results in a n increase in average front wheel pressure on the soil in the seed layer (0-10 centimeters) of the TTZ-1033 tractor from 61.9 to 70.8 kilopascals, and of the TTZ-811 tractor – from 63.5 to 79.3 kilopascals. It has been revealed that at a depth of 10 centimeters, the pressure of the front wheel of the TTZ‑1033 tractor averaged 84.9-108.2 kilopascals, and at a depth of 50 centimeters – only 12.2-12.8 kilopascals. Under the same conditions, the average pressure` of the TTZ-811 tractor's front wheel decreases from 78.0-113.3 to 15.3-52.8 kilopascals.ConclusionsThe authors have stated that soil compaction with the front wheels of a tractor can be reduced by replacing a tractor with a 3K2 wheel configuration with a tractor with a 4K2 wheel configuration, as well as by increasing the tractor speed.

scholarly journals A model of the injection moulding process

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Whale ◽  
N. Fowkes ◽  
G. Hocking ◽  
D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Moulding Process ◽  
Injection Moulding Process ◽  
Steady State Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Pressure Gradient

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the injection moulding process, in which hot molten plastic is injected under high pressure into a thin cold mould. Assuming that the velocity and temperature profiles across the mould maintain their shape, a simple steady state model to describe the behaviour of a Newtonian fluid during the filling stage is developed. Various phenomena of the process are examined, including the formation of a layer of solid plastic along the walls of the mould, and the relationship between the flux of liquid plastic through the mould and the average pressure gradient along the mould. In any given situation, it is shown that there is a range of pressures and injection temperatures which will give satisfactory results.

scholarly journals Geoelectric method applied in correlation between physical characteristics and electrical properties of the soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Marcelino Silva Filho ◽  
Carlos Leandro Borges Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio Assfalk Oliveira ◽  
Thyago Gumeratto Pires ◽  
Aylton José Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Soil Dynamics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents the study of the relationship between electrical properties and physical characteristics of the soil. Measures of apparent electrical resistivity of the soil were made for different types of soil, varying moisture content gradually while maintaining a constant compaction, and then varying the compaction and relating it to a constant humidity. Development of a correlation surface is proposed in order to identify granulometry of the soil from moisture and compaction measurements. For the study of spatial variability, two areas were chosen to allow the change of moisture content and compaction in order to verify the measurement capacity of apparent electrical resistivity of the soil as methodology to identify change in soil dynamics. Results obtained show correlations among apparent electrical resistivity of the soil, moisture, soil compaction and clay content.

scholarly journals Validating accelerometry-derived proxies of energy expenditure using the doubly-labelled water method in the smallest penguin species

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. bio.055475
Author(s):  
G. J. Sutton ◽  
J. A. Botha ◽  
J. R. Speakman ◽  
J. P. Y. Arnould
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Specific Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding energy use is central to understanding an animal's physiological and behavioural ecology. However, directly measuring energy expenditure in free-ranging animals is inherently difficult. The doubly-labelled water (DLW) method is widely used to investigate energy expenditure in a range of taxa. Although reliable, DLW data collection and analysis is both financially costly and time consuming. Dynamic body acceleration (e.g. VeDBA) calculated from animal-borne accelerometers has been used to determine behavioural patterns, and is increasingly being used as a proxy for energy expenditure. Still its performance as a proxy for energy expenditure in free-ranging animals is not well established and requires validation against established methods. In the present study, the relationship between VeDBA and the at-sea metabolic rate calculated from DLW was investigated in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) using three approaches. Both in a simple correlation and activity-specific approaches were shown to be good predictors of at-sea metabolic rate. The third approach using activity-specific energy expenditure values obtained from literature did not accurately calculate the energy expended by individuals. However, all three approaches were significantly strengthened by the addition of mean horizontal travel speed. These results provide validation for the use of accelerometry as a proxy for energy expenditure and show how energy expenditure may be influenced by both individual behaviour and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals The clinical effect of smoking and environmental factors in spontaneous pneumothorax: a case-crossover study in an Inland province

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175346662097740
Author(s):  
Dohun Kim ◽  
Sang-Yong Eom ◽  
Chang-Seob Shin ◽  
Yong-Dae Kim ◽  
Si-Wook Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Spontaneous Pneumothorax ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Matched Data ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The factors that trigger spontaneous pneumothorax have not been sufficiently evaluated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the development of spontaneous pneumothorax and meteorological parameters, including air pollutants. Methods: This is a retrospective study using the medical records of 379 patients who were admitted for spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) over a period of 4 years. Meteorological and air pollution data were obtained from the National Meteorological Office and the Ministry of Environment. We employed a case-crossover design to evaluate the short-term association between SP and meteorological factors including air pollutants. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze bi-directional matched data. Results: Increase of relative humidity (RH) and of carbon monoxide (CO) were associated with the risk of pneumothorax, with odds ratio (OR) for RH = 1.18 (1.02–1.36), CO = 1.23 (1.02–1.48). Moreover, as air pressure (AP) decreased, risk of pneumothorax increased, with OR = 1.30 (1.05–1.59) but others did not. In the stratified analysis, the effect of RH was positive in ex-smokers (OR = 3.31) and non-smokers (OR = 1.32), but negative in current smokers (OR = 0.72). The effect of AP was significant in younger patients (OR = 1.33), males (OR = 1.40), and non-smokers (OR = 1.36). CO was related only with non-smokers (OR = 1.35) Conclusion: The triggering factors for spontaneous pneumothorax were relative humidity, carbon monoxide, and air pressure. The effect of the trigger was prominent in patients who were younger (<45 years), non- or ex-smokers, and male. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.

Effects of Activated Sludge Properties on Water Flux of Ultrafiltration Membrane Used for Human Excrement Treatment

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1601-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Sato ◽  
Yasuhiko Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Filtration Resistance ◽  
State Water ◽  
Sludge Properties ◽  
The Relationship

We studied the relationship between water flux of a UF membrane with MLSS, soluble COD, and the viscosity of activated sludge suspension in a human excrement treatment test plant utilizing UF membrane. The bench-scale plate and frame UF membrane test unit was operated for activated sludge suspension of 20~29 kg/m3 MLSS, 500-730 g/m3 soluble COD and 0.38-1.3 Pa·s viscosity under the conditions of 0.2-0.24 MPa average pressure and 2 m/s recirculating velocity. As a result, stable-state water flux was 0.55-1.65 m/D at 25°C. The relationship between filtration resistance R to transmembrane pressure drop ∆P, MLSS, COD, and viscosity η was expressed by the following equation: From this equation, we were able to predict R with an accuracy of ±24%. Soluble COD had the largest effect on water flux followed by MLSS. The effect of viscosity was relatively small.

Contact Model of Sealing Surfaces for Flange and Metallic Gasket Based on Fractal Theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 308-310 ◽  
pp. 1571-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Feng ◽  
Feng Lu ◽  
Guo Liang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Compressive Stresses ◽  
Bolted Flange ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scale Coefficient

Metallic gasket seals are widely used in pressure vessels and piping. The failure of sealing systems is mostly caused not by the strength of flanges or bolts but by the leakage of the connections. The contact area of sealing surface has a major influence on the leakage of the bolted flange connections. The contact model of sealing surfaces of the flange and the metallic gasket was established on the basis of the modified M-B model, and the relationship between the contact area and the compressive stress is obtained. It’s found that the bigger the compressive stress, the bigger the contact area. When the compressive stresses are identical, the bigger fractal dimension and the less scale coefficient, the bigger the contact area. These can be used in the evaluation of sealing behavior of metallic gaskets.

Research State of Combine Threshing Unit Monitoring System and Insufficiency and Emphasis in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 246-247 ◽  
pp. 1026-1030
Author(s):  
Cheng Wen Zhang ◽  
Chong You Wu ◽  
Su Zhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Drive Pulley ◽  
Fault Diagnostic ◽  
The Relationship

This article summarizes the development of United States, Japan and other foreign combine threshing part monitoring system. Meanwhile it analyses the research status of China from two aspects of fault diagnostic and the relationship with feed rate. Which is specifically illustrated the present researching status of the fault alarm, fault warning, troubleshooting, and the relationship be-tween feed rate and travel speed, roller torque, the drive pulley oil pressure relations. At last it con-cludes the insufficiency in the present studies and points out the direction of the strengthened re-search that is model of real-time controlling about feed rate.

Tongue–Palate Contact Pressure, Oral Air Pressure, and Acoustics of Clear Speech

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 826-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Searl ◽  
Paul M. Evitts
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Clear Speech ◽  
Speech Acoustics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speech Clarity ◽  
Normal Speech ◽  
Listener Ratings

Purpose The authors compared articulatory contact pressure (ACP), oral air pressure (Po), and speech acoustics for conversational versus clear speech. They also assessed the relationship of these measures to listener perception. Method Twelve adults with normal speech produced monosyllables in a phrase using conversational and clear speech. Target phonemes were /t, d, s, z, l, n/. ACP was measured at a point of articulatory contact; Po was sensed by a catheter open in the posterior oral cavity. Results ACP was increased to a greater extent in clear speech for /t, d, z/. Po was increased to a greater extent for /t, d/. Acoustic changes also occurred in terms of segment durations, speaking rate, and CV dB ratio. Regression analysis indicated that segment duration was the strongest predictor of listener ratings of speech clarity, followed by an index of articulatory effort and speaking rate. Conclusion Articulatory effort, as indexed by ACP, Po, and CV dB ratio, was increased to varying degrees depending on the consonant. Greatest changes occurred for /t, d/. Durational measures at both the segment and the phrase level were also important for predicting listener ratings of speech clarity.

DEVELOPMENT OF A HYBRID SOIL PRESSURE SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO SOIL COMPACTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Talesnick ◽  
Moti Ringel ◽  
Kyle Rollins
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Soil Pressure ◽  
Compaction Process ◽  
Vibratory Compaction ◽  
Soil Strain ◽  
The Relationship

A new soil pressure sensor based on a combination of the deflecting membrane and fluid filled approaches has been developed. The advantages of this combined approach are that issues of sensor compliance are eliminated without reducing the effectiveness of the sensor to be used for dynamic measurements. Calibration and verification testing performed under controlled laboratory conditions illustrate these benefits. The new system was implemented in a full-scale field trial which involved the construction of a compacted engineered fill 1.8 m in height. As each layer of fill was placed and compacted vertical in-soil pressure and vertical in-soil strain were continuously measured. During the vibratory compaction process both vertical soil pressure and vertical soil strain histories were captured in each layer. The data collected allowed for the determination of fill stiffness for both static and dynamic conditions. The results illustrate the effect of both confining pressure and strain level on fill stiffness. The relationship between compaction pressure and depth is clearly defined.

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