scholarly journals MR MORPHOMERY OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN NORMAL VOLUNTEERS AND PATIENTS WITH PSYHOTIC DISORDERS DISEASE

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
N. I. Ananyeva ◽  
E. V. Andreev ◽  
T. A. Salomatina ◽  
L. R. Akhmerova ◽  
R. V. Ezhova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Mri Morphometry ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Affective Functioning ◽  
The Brain

Role of limbic system, first of all, hippocampal formation, is carefully analyzed in literature because of its involvement in different psychiatric diseases. Results are contradictory, may be because of insufficient data of normal volumes of structures involving in cognitive and affective functioning of the brain. Hippocampus is very complex organized structure consisting of different subfields and subregions which probably differently changes in different psychiatric diseases. Aim of our study was to analyzed changes in volumes of the whole hippocampus, its subregions and subfields in different psychiatric diseases. In our study we have analyzed MRI morphometry of hippocampal formation in healthy volunteers, patients with Alzheimerdisease (AD) in early stage, vascular dementia (VD), depression based on medical literatureandourexperience. Patients were divided on 4 groups: 10 patients with early Alzheimer disease, 10 normal volunteers, 10 patients with vascular dementia and 10 patients with depression. We have determined method of definition and volume evaluation of different hippocampal subfields. We find difference in the volumes of CA3, molecular stratum and fascia dentatain early stage of AD; in the volume of hippocampal tail, molecular stratum of fascia dentataand CA3 in patients with VD; in molecular stratum of fasciadentata, fimbria and CA3 in patients with depression because of role of these fields in coordination of hippocampal activity.

scholarly journals Association between Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia and Adiponectin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Won Taek Lee ◽  
Kyung Ah Park ◽  
Jong Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Insulin Signal Transduction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Brain

Vascular dementia is caused by various factors, including increased age, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin is widely known as a regulating factor related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin plasma levels decrease with age. Decreased adiponectin increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin improves hypertension and atherosclerosis by acting as a vasodilator and antiatherogenic factor. Moreover, adiponectin is involved in cognitive dysfunction via modulation of insulin signal transduction in the brain. Case-control studies demonstrate the association between low adiponectin and increased risk of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. This review summarizes the recent findings on the association between risk factors for vascular dementia and adiponectin. To emphasize this relationship, we will discuss the importance of research regarding the role of adiponectin in vascular dementia.

scholarly journals A higher proportion of ermin-immunopositive oligodendrocytes in areas of remyelination

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256155
Author(s):  
Intakhar Ahmad ◽  
Stig Wergeland ◽  
Eystein Oveland ◽  
Lars Bø
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Normal Appearing White Matter ◽  
The Brain

Incomplete remyelination is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS)-lesions, but there is no established marker for recent remyelination. We investigated the role of the oligodendrocyte/myelin protein ermin in de- and remyelination in the cuprizone (CPZ) mouse model, and in MS. The density of ermin+ oligodendrocytes in the brain was significantly decreased after one week of CPZ exposure (p < 0.02). The relative proportion of ermin+ cells compared to cells positive for the late-stage oligodendrocyte marker Nogo-A increased at the onset of remyelination in the corpus callosum (p < 0.02). The density of ermin-positive cells increased in the corpus callosum during the CPZ-phase of extensive remyelination (p < 0.0001). In MS, the density of ermin+ cells was higher in remyelinated lesion areas compared to non-remyelinated areas both in white- (p < 0.0001) and grey matter (p < 0.0001) and compared to normal-appearing white matter (p < 0.001). Ermin immunopositive cells in MS-lesions were not immunopositive for the early-stage oligodendrocyte markers O4 and O1, but a subpopulation was immunopositive for Nogo-A. The data suggest a relatively higher proportion of ermin immunopositivity in oligodendrocytes compared to Nogo-A indicates recent or ongoing remyelination.

Decreased lymphocyte dopamine transporter in romantic lovers

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Stefano Baroni ◽  
Gino Giannaccini ◽  
Armando Piccinni ◽  
Federico Mucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Resting Lymphocytes ◽  
The Brain

ObjectiveThe role of dopamine (DA) in romantic love is suggested by different evidence and is supported by the findings of some brain imaging studies. The DA transporter (DAT) is a key structure in regulating the concentration of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. Given the presence of DAT in blood cells, the present study aimed to explore it in resting lymphocytes of 30 healthy subjects of both sexes in the early stage of romantic love (no longer than 6 months), as compared with 30 subjects involved in a long-lasting relationship.MethodsAll subjects had no physical or psychiatric illness. The DAT was measured by means of the [3H]-WIN 35,428 binding and the [3H]-DA reuptake to resting lymphocytes membranes. Romantic love was assessed by a specific questionnaire developed by us.ResultsThe results showed that the subjects in the early phase of romantic love had a global alteration of the lymphocyte DAT involving both a decreased number of proteins (Bmax) and a reduced functionality (Vmax).ConclusionsTaken together, these findings would indicate the presence of increased levels of DA in romantic love that, if paralleled by similar concentrations in the brain, would explain some peculiar features of this human feeling.

scholarly journals The potential role for sphingolipids in neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Alessenko
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
The Brain

The review discusses the functional role of sphingolipids in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Certain evidence exist that the imbalance of sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin, ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and galactosylceramide in the brain of animals and humans, in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease play a crucial role in neuronal function by regulating growth, differentiation and cell death in CNS. Activation of sphingomyelinase, which leads to the accumulation of the proapoptotic agent, ceramide, can be considered as a new mechanism for AD and may be a prerequisite for the treatment of this disease by using drugs that inhibit sphingomyelinase activity. The role of sphingolipids as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the early stage of Alzheimer's disease and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment with new drugs is discussed.

scholarly journals The impact of music on the bioelectrical oscillations of the brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Domantė Kučikienė ◽  
Rūta Praninskienė
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

In this article we conclude the main scientific studies into the changes in the bioelectrical brainwave activity that occur while listening to music. A brainwave spectral analysis, derived from findings of electroencephalograms, is a powerful tool to obtain deep and objective insights into the effects of music on the brain. This capacity is being investigated in various contexts. Starting with a healthy population, studies also seek to determine the impact of music in such conditions as disorders of consciousness, psychiatric diseases, and chronic conditions, as well as to further explore the role of music for rehabilitation purposes. Supplemental investigations in this field are needed not only to deepen the knowledge of general neurophysiology of listening to music, but also to possibly open new perspectives for its broader use in clinical practices.

scholarly journals Role of Body-Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thuy Trang Nguyen ◽  
Qui Thanh Hoai Ta ◽  
Thi Kim Oanh Nguyen ◽  
Thi Thuy Dung Nguyen ◽  
Van Giau Vo
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Research Priority ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that requires extremely specific biomarkers for its diagnosis. For current diagnostics capable of identifying AD, the development and validation of early stage biomarkers is a top research priority. Body-fluid biomarkers might closely reflect synaptic dysfunction in the brain and, thereby, could contribute to improving diagnostic accuracy and monitoring disease progression, and serve as markers for assessing the response to disease-modifying therapies at early onset. Here, we highlight current advances in the research on the capabilities of body-fluid biomarkers and their role in AD pathology. Then, we describe and discuss current applications of the potential biomarkers in clinical diagnostics in AD.

scholarly journals Comparison of two programs for quantification of 1H MR spectra of rat brain using a vascular dementia model

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Mária Jozefovičová ◽  
Ivica Just ◽  
Tibor Liptaj ◽  
Svatava Kašparová
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Brain Metabolite ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Echo Time ◽  
Short Echo Time ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The quantification of in vivo 1H magnetic resonance (MR) spectra measured from the rat brains provides important information about the brain metabolite concentrations and can help to understand the role of the metabolites under normal and pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the most frequently used algorithms for quantification of 1H spectra: LCModel (Linear Combination of Model spectra) and QUEST (QUantitation based on QUantum ESTimation) from jMRUI software (Java based Magnetic Resonance User Interface). The comparison was done on a rat model of vascular dementia (VD). The MR spectra were measured on 4.7T spectrometer with ultra-short echo time by sequence SPECIAL. For these types of spectra the contribution from the macromolecules and lipids is large. Our analysis revealed that all values determined by QUEST, except for one value, were lower in comparison to values obtained by LCModel. The minimal differences were found in N-acetylaspartate/(phospho) creatine (−0.3 %) and maximal in inositol in both control and VD rats. This underestimation of a metabolite concentration in QUEST may be caused by an overestimation of baseline. Although our study found the different values of metabolite concentrations by these two methods, the quantified metabolite changes in pathological brain were comparable in both analyses.

scholarly journals Spatialization of Time in the Entorhinal-Hippocampal System

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy M. Houser
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
The Brain

The functional role of the entorhinal-hippocampal system has been a long withstanding mystery. One key theory that has become most popular is that the entorhinal-hippocampal system represents space to facilitate navigation in one’s surroundings. In this Perspective article, I introduce a novel idea that undermines the inherent uniqueness of spatial information in favor of time driving entorhinal-hippocampal activity. Specifically, by spatializing events that occur in succession (i.e., across time), the entorhinal-hippocampal system is critical for all types of cognitive representations. I back up this argument with empirical evidence that hints at a role for the entorhinal-hippocampal system in non-spatial representation, and computational models of the logarithmic compression of time in the brain.

scholarly journals CSF total tau, plasma and CSF p tau 181 associated with structural changes in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fardin Nabizadeh ◽  
Mohammad Reza Rostami ◽  
mohammad Balabandian ◽  
Niloufar Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Preclinical Ad ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most important cause of dementia and is a serious concern for individuals and governments worldwide. Changes in the brain appear about 15 years before the first clinical symptoms; with this in mind, it can clear the role of biomarkers in monitoring Alzheimer's development. P tau 181 level in plasma recently emerged as a new biomarker and rises obviously in AD patients, preclinical AD, and MCI patients. The role of gray matter atrophy and white matter damages in cognitive decline is well established, which is detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this investigation, we measured the association between CSF (total tau, and p tau 181) and plasma p tau 181 with structural changes (cortical thickness, cortical volume, surface area, and subcortical volume) in MCI patients. We performed a cross-sectional study on the ADNI cohort between 461 MCI patients. Results of voxel-wise partial correlation analysis in our participants showed a significant correlation between plasma p tau 181, CSF total tau and p tau 181 with changes in structural values in different regions. Our study revealed a significant correlation between plasma p tau and structural changes in the brain regions associated with Alzheimer's disease physiopathology. These results provide evidence for using plasma p tau 181 as a diagnostic factor in the early onset of AD patients and neurodegeneration.

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