Study of hydrogenation and corrosion of steel equipment and pipelines at the production facilities of H2S -containing hydrocarbon raw materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
R. K. Vagapov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Steel Equipment ◽  
Equipment And Pipelines ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel ◽  
The Impact

The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is associated not only with corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of used carbon and low-alloy steels. This can lead to the loss of their strength properties and the subsequent destruction of equipment operated under conditions of increased operating pressures. Such corrosive-mechanical effects associated with the penetration of hydrogen into steel are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production of hydrocarbon fluids. The effect of H2S on the main types of structural steels was investigated according to the results of autoclave tests. The formation of blistering (blistering) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on the steel was recorded. A study of the phase composition of corrosion products and their possible effect on the processes of corrosion and hydrogenation of steel has been carried out.

scholarly journals Various strength properties of SCM435 and SNCM439 low-alloy steels in 115 MPa hydrogen gas and proposal of design guideline

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (854) ◽  
pp. 17-00264-17-00264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saburo MATSUOKA ◽  
Hisao MATSUNAGA ◽  
Junichiro YAMABE ◽  
Shigeru HAMADA ◽  
Takashi IIJIMA
Keyword(s):  
Strength Properties ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Design Guideline ◽  
Alloy Steels

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS OF THE EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF AGROINDUSTRIAL TERRITORIES OF ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Voyevodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Development

Purpose: substantiation of environmental indicators of the efficiency of functioning of agro-industrial territory of advanced development (APTOR). Materials and methods. The methods of systematic, complex study, comparison, analysis and generalization of data were used. Results. As a result of the study, indicators that characterize the efficiency of APTOR functioning from an environmental point of view have been identified. The proposed indicators are harmonized with previously developed, widespread and recognized domestic and international methods. The main focus of the proposed indicators is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of management and operative activity. To characterize the efficiency of the APTOR activity based on the use of reclamation technologies, including reclamation parks, it is recommended to use, first of all, indicators indicating the efficiency of water resources use, among which the definition in dynamics (before and after the APTOR operation) “water consumption in the calculation per unit (in physical or value terms) of products (agricultural raw materials and products from them) produced at APTOR”. Due to the fact that the APTOR activities, which is planned to include many technological processes, can have a significant impact on other components of the environment, except for water resources, it is proposed to calculate indicators demonstrating the impact of APTOR activities on the state of air and soil in terms of energy efficiency, transport efficiency, pollution and waste management. On the basis of the indicators for the above recognized equal four blocks, an integrated indicator can be calculated. Conclusions. The use of the proposed indicators will make it possible to assess the effectiveness of the ecological activity of a new economic entity: an agro-industrial territory of advanced development.

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE GRINDING TIME DURATION IMPACT ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER FROM ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIALS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Z Galimova ◽  
◽  
H Babakhanova ◽  
M Abdunazarov ◽  
I Ismoilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Fiber Materials ◽  
The Impact

Both raw and recycled fiber materials are used for paper production. The increase in percentage use of the latter is due to their paper-forming properties, availability and low cost. The article explores the possibility of using pulp from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark. Mulberry twigs, after removing leaves, which are the main raw material in silk production, have no practical industrial application. Recycling waste - mulberry branches - for the production of pulp is therefore relevant as it is aimed at solving raw material and environmental problems. The purpose of this work is to use local raw materials for paper production, study the impact of processing method of the grinding process on paper forming properties. During grinding the mechanical processes of changes of fibers determine mainly structure of a paper sheet, and colloidal-physical processes - bind and ability of fibers to form strong, homogenous and smooth structure of paper. The structure of the sheet of paper facilitates excessive or "selective" ink absorption into the pores of the paper and thus predetermines the quality of reproduction during the printing process. Methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties of papers were used in this work, and changes in the surface structure of samples cast at various technological modes of the milling process were studied. The results of the study revealed that the addition of cellulose mass from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark helps to obtain a strong paper. The optical properties of the paper, which contains cotton and cellulose from the inner layer of mulberry branch bark, are explained by the whiteness of the added fibers themselves. The strength properties of the paper at a weight grinding degree of 300 CWR are explained by the bond between the split and strongly interwoven fibers of the cellulose fibers. It has been established that the addition of more than 30% cellulose from the inner layer of the mulberry branch bark to the paper pulp mass is undesirable, as this adversely affects the whiteness of the paper

The critical influence of La content on the microstructure-toughness relationship in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Yuxin Cao ◽  
Xiangliang Wan ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
Hangyu Dong ◽  
Kaiming Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Welding Thermal Cycle ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
The Impact

The present study was envisaged to investigate the role of La content on the particle, microstructure and toughness in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of high-strength low-alloy steels. Three steels with La content of 0.016 wt.%, 0.046 wt.% and 0.093 wt.% were prepared and simulated in a 100 kJ/cm heat input welding thermal cycle. Subsequently, the particle and microstructure of selected specimens were characterized and the impact absorb energy was measured at −20 °C. The results indicated that the La2O2S inclusions in 0.016 wt.%-La steel were gradually modified to LaS-LaP in 0.046 wt.%-La steel and to LaP in 0.093 wt.%-La steel. A higher fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the simulated CGHAZ of 0.016 wt.%-La steel, since the inclusion of La2O2S was more powerful to induce the formation of acicular ferrite. Furthermore, the fraction of M-A constituents in the simulated CGHAZ increased with increasing La content. The impact toughness in the simulated CGHAZ of 0.016 wt.%-La steel was the highest, owing to the high fraction of the fine-grained acicular ferrite and low fraction of M-A constituent.

Effects of titanium content on the impact wear properties of high-strength low-alloy steels

Wear ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 203647
Author(s):  
Shuying Li ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
Yuan Lu ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Wenchao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Titanium Content ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Impact Wear ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Technological processes of reusing crushed concrete in the demolition of buildings in construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 01038
Author(s):  
Vladimir Efimov ◽  
Denis Pogodin ◽  
Myhammet Fakhratov
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Crushed Stone ◽  
Concrete Aggregate ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Initial Strength ◽  
Concrete Panels ◽  
Crushed Concrete

The paper is dedicated to waste processing management in waste processing technology. Processing of scrap concrete waste, similar in composition and condition to traditional raw materials, is economically and ecologically feasible. Secondary crushed stone obtained by crushing scrap of reinforced concrete panels in demolished five-storey apartment blocks of the first phase was studied. It is shown that concrete with scrap concrete waste shows strength properties similar to primary concrete and helps organize waste-free production. The methods of recycled waste usage, especially usage of secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, are becoming ever more relevant with every passing year. Imported concrete aggregate volumes can be reduced by 15-30% due to usage of secondary crushed stone. Consideration of industrial waste problem and methods of solving this problem by using waste in construction industry, including secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, is made. Annually, about 11.5 million tons of construction waste is generated in Moscow. The use of industrial waste similar in terms of composition and condition of traditional raw materials unquestionable from economic and environmental point of view. This study showed that concrete using fine granulated blast furnace slag as cement additives has higher initial strength characteristics.

scholarly journals The Effect of Electrochemical Composite Coatings with LaF3-LaB6 Particles in Nickel–Copper Matrix on the Metallurgical Processes in Arc Welding of Low Alloy Ferrite-Pearlite Steels

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Parshin ◽  
Victor A. Karkhin ◽  
Peter Mayr ◽  
Alexey S. Maystro
Keyword(s):  
Weld Pool ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Copper Matrix ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Electrostatic Deposition ◽  
Insoluble Particles ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

Development of welding consumables with fluorides and borides of rare earth metals is a promising area for improving the weldability of low alloy steels. As lanthanum fluoride and boride dissociate, lanthanum and boron dissolve in the weld pool and the welding arc plasma is saturated with fluorine. As a result of FeO, MnO, SiO2 deoxidation and FeS, MnS desulfurization, refractory lanthanum sulfides and oxides La2O3, La2S3 are formed in the weld pool, which can be the crystallization nuclei in the weld pool and the origin of acicular ferrite nucleation. The paper proposes a model of metallurgical processes in the arc and weld pool, as well as a model of electrochemical adsorption of Ni2+ cations in colloidal electrolytes during electrostatic deposition of nano-dispersed insoluble particles of LaF3 or LaB6 on the surface of wire. The paper discusses the constructional design of the welding wire and the technology for forming electrochemical composite coatings with copper and nickel matrix. The composite wires applied in the welding of low alloy steels make it possible to refine the microstructure, increase the tensile strength by 4% and the impact toughness of welds by 20%.

scholarly journals The Impact of Torrefaction Temperature on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Residual Exotic Fruit (Avocado, Mango, Lychee) Seeds

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon ◽  
Łukasz Sobol ◽  
Tomasz Noszczyk ◽  
Jakub Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Food Processing Sector ◽  
Exotic Fruits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Mass Loss

A large portion of food loss and waste (FSL) is comprised of seeds and stones. Exotic fruits such as mangoes, lychees and avocados, in which the seeds account for a significant part of the weight and volume of the entire product, are most affected by this problem. The seeds contain a large quantity of polyphenols and essential nutrients, which makes them a good material for extraction. However, conventional extraction techniques are considered time-consuming, and therefore significantly limit their use on an industrial scale. An alternative method of managing the seeds may be their energy utilization. In this study, torrefaction was proposed as a method for the valorization of exotic fruit seeds (mango, lychee, avocado). Thus, the influence of torrefaction temperature (200–300 °C) on the physical-chemical properties of substrates was investigated. The obtained results revealed that, in relation to the unprocessed raw materials, the torreficates are characterized by improved hydrophobic properties (all materials are classified as extremely hydrophobic), higher heating value (at 300 °C the values increased from 17,789 to 24,842 kJ∙kg−1 for mango, from 18,582 to 26,513 kJ∙kg−1 for avocado, and from 18,584 to 25,241 kJ∙kg−1 for lychee), higher fixed carbon content (which changed from 7.87–15.38% to 20.74–32.47%), and significant mass loss, by 50–60%. However, as a side effect of thermal treatment, an increase in ash content (approx. 2–3 times but still less than in coal) was observed. Therefore, the torreficates may be competitive with coal. The possibility of using residues from the food processing sector as a substrate for energy purposes is important from the point of view of environment protection and is a part of the functioning of the circular economy.

Assessment of the steel corrosion rate at the infrastructure facilities of hydrocarbon deposits as a function of the mineralization and temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
R. K. Vagapov ◽  
A. Yu. Prokopenko ◽  
I. S. Tomsky
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Equipment And Pipelines ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrocarbon Deposits ◽  
Oil Gas

Active and promising hydrocarbon deposits, including those on the sea shelf, are often characterized by an increased content of corrosive carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Corrosive gases present in the produced crude is a serious threat to the safety and reliability of the equipment and pipelines operating at gas production facilities. We present the results of assessing the dependence of the steel corrosion rate in the presence of CO2 on the salinity and temperature. The experimental data were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. It is shown that the obtained dependences provide calculation of the corrosion rate with a high degree of reliability. The impact of each factor (salinity and temperature) on the steel corrosion rate was evaluated separately. The results obtained can be used to control and predict the danger of corrosion destruction of the infrastructure facilities of oil – gas fields.

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