scholarly journals The Impact of Torrefaction Temperature on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Residual Exotic Fruit (Avocado, Mango, Lychee) Seeds

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon ◽  
Łukasz Sobol ◽  
Tomasz Noszczyk ◽  
Jakub Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Food Processing Sector ◽  
Exotic Fruits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Mass Loss

A large portion of food loss and waste (FSL) is comprised of seeds and stones. Exotic fruits such as mangoes, lychees and avocados, in which the seeds account for a significant part of the weight and volume of the entire product, are most affected by this problem. The seeds contain a large quantity of polyphenols and essential nutrients, which makes them a good material for extraction. However, conventional extraction techniques are considered time-consuming, and therefore significantly limit their use on an industrial scale. An alternative method of managing the seeds may be their energy utilization. In this study, torrefaction was proposed as a method for the valorization of exotic fruit seeds (mango, lychee, avocado). Thus, the influence of torrefaction temperature (200–300 °C) on the physical-chemical properties of substrates was investigated. The obtained results revealed that, in relation to the unprocessed raw materials, the torreficates are characterized by improved hydrophobic properties (all materials are classified as extremely hydrophobic), higher heating value (at 300 °C the values increased from 17,789 to 24,842 kJ∙kg−1 for mango, from 18,582 to 26,513 kJ∙kg−1 for avocado, and from 18,584 to 25,241 kJ∙kg−1 for lychee), higher fixed carbon content (which changed from 7.87–15.38% to 20.74–32.47%), and significant mass loss, by 50–60%. However, as a side effect of thermal treatment, an increase in ash content (approx. 2–3 times but still less than in coal) was observed. Therefore, the torreficates may be competitive with coal. The possibility of using residues from the food processing sector as a substrate for energy purposes is important from the point of view of environment protection and is a part of the functioning of the circular economy.

Study of hydrogenation and corrosion of steel equipment and pipelines at the production facilities of H2S -containing hydrocarbon raw materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
R. K. Vagapov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Steel Equipment ◽  
Equipment And Pipelines ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel ◽  
The Impact

The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is associated not only with corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of used carbon and low-alloy steels. This can lead to the loss of their strength properties and the subsequent destruction of equipment operated under conditions of increased operating pressures. Such corrosive-mechanical effects associated with the penetration of hydrogen into steel are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production of hydrocarbon fluids. The effect of H2S on the main types of structural steels was investigated according to the results of autoclave tests. The formation of blistering (blistering) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on the steel was recorded. A study of the phase composition of corrosion products and their possible effect on the processes of corrosion and hydrogenation of steel has been carried out.

Use of Industrial Waste and Raw Materials in Iron Sorption

2016 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 154-158
Author(s):  
Edmunds Lodins ◽  
Inga Pudze ◽  
Ineta Rozenstrauha ◽  
Linda Krage
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Made In

This work focuses on pellets made by Latvian industrial waste (waste cullet glass, sewage sludge, metallurgical slag and alumina scrap metal processing waste and raw mineral materials (limeless clay) to gain high porosity and water sorptiom. Iron sorption using ceramic pellets is explored more detailed. Physical-chemical properties and microstructure were researched to obtain a deeper understanding of how these qualities affect water purification from iron compounds. Three pellets with different properties were made in this paper : B5, A5 and E1. Composition B5 indicates highest iron sorption rate at sintering temperature 1100 °C and shows considerable iron reduction in a solution after one week.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS OF THE EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF AGROINDUSTRIAL TERRITORIES OF ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Voyevodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Development

Purpose: substantiation of environmental indicators of the efficiency of functioning of agro-industrial territory of advanced development (APTOR). Materials and methods. The methods of systematic, complex study, comparison, analysis and generalization of data were used. Results. As a result of the study, indicators that characterize the efficiency of APTOR functioning from an environmental point of view have been identified. The proposed indicators are harmonized with previously developed, widespread and recognized domestic and international methods. The main focus of the proposed indicators is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of management and operative activity. To characterize the efficiency of the APTOR activity based on the use of reclamation technologies, including reclamation parks, it is recommended to use, first of all, indicators indicating the efficiency of water resources use, among which the definition in dynamics (before and after the APTOR operation) “water consumption in the calculation per unit (in physical or value terms) of products (agricultural raw materials and products from them) produced at APTOR”. Due to the fact that the APTOR activities, which is planned to include many technological processes, can have a significant impact on other components of the environment, except for water resources, it is proposed to calculate indicators demonstrating the impact of APTOR activities on the state of air and soil in terms of energy efficiency, transport efficiency, pollution and waste management. On the basis of the indicators for the above recognized equal four blocks, an integrated indicator can be calculated. Conclusions. The use of the proposed indicators will make it possible to assess the effectiveness of the ecological activity of a new economic entity: an agro-industrial territory of advanced development.

scholarly journals Characteristics of biochar pellets from corn straw under different pyrolysis temperatures

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 172346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianjun Xing ◽  
Fangyu Fan ◽  
Wen Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Biomass Resources

Biomass resources have the potential to produce clean-energy. However, their physico-chemical properties are inferior to those of coal, and thus, biomass resources are not regarded as ideal feedstock for industrial application. In the present study, the pyrolysis of corn (maize) straw pellets was performed under different temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600°C) at a 10°C min −1 heating rate and 30 min residence time, and the characteristics of biochar pellets were carefully investigated, particularly their elemental composition, hydrophobicity and mechanical resistance. Fourier transform infrared, proximate analysis and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Results indicated that the mass and energy yields of the biochar pellets decreased from 35.46 to 28.65% and from 50.17 to 45.52%, respectively, at increased temperature. Meanwhile, the higher heating value of the biochar pellets increased from 15.45 MJ kg −1 in the raw materials to 21.86 and 24.55 MJ kg −1 in the biochar produced at 400 and 600°C, respectively. In addition, biochar pellets showed good hydrophobicity, which benefited their storage and transportation, though mechanical resistance decreased. The pellets had compact structures, regular shapes and weakened or no functional groups in contrast with raw pellets, and these properties played important roles in the improvements.

scholarly journals Application of complex instrumental techniques, spectroscopy and chromatography, for the analysis of biofuels and biomass

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Tatjana Tomić ◽  
Jelena Parlov Vuković
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Different Types

Biofuels are environmentally friendly alternative fuels produced from animal and plant raw materials. They have great significance due to limited availability of crude oil and increased ecological requirements. The development of biofuels is followed by the development of new and more efficient analytical procedures for monitoring the composition and physical-chemical properties. This paper presents the application of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods in the analysis of different types of biofuels. The results of the determination of the hydrocarbon composition and functional groups important for the application of biofuels as blending components are shown. In this paper, it has confirmed the possibility of using NMR spectroscopy, HPLC and IC chromatography in biofuel and biomass analysis.

scholarly journals The Impact of Polluting Sources on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Water in the Curved River in Kosovo

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Industrial Zone ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Impact

It has already become a tradition to research the pollution with heavy metals of surface and groundwater. Very few studies have been done to assess the ecological status of rivers in Kosovo, based on their assessment through physical-chemical parameters, such as: pH, OT, BOD5, COD, N-NH4, NO3-, NT, PO4-P, PT. Although it is known that physical-chemical pollution of surface water is present in the flow of rivers, since in the impossibility of setting up plants for the treatment of industrial and urban wastewater, in all cases their discharge is done in a way free and uncontrolled. Therefore, our object of study consists in the real evidence of physical-chemical pollution of the waters of the Curved River (Kriva Reka), a segment of which crosses the industrial area of ​​the Artana Mine, located in the northeastern part of Kosovo. During the research work we have identified six monitoring points: M1 and M6 represent the river waters outside the industrial zone, while the other four monitoring points reflect the industrial discharge waters and the polluted river waters in the industrial zone. Classical and instrumental methods of analytical chemistry have been applied to determine physical-chemical parameters. The results obtained after the analysis of water samples give the values of physical-chemical parameters, based on which we estimate that the Curved River is characterized by poor ecological status.

scholarly journals Limnological Features of the Southern Part of Gharaf River and the Impacts of Floodplain Period on its Characteristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 415-430
Author(s):  
Zahraa N. Khalaf ◽  
Muhanned R. Nashaat ◽  
Jameel S. AL-Sariy
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
A Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
International Water ◽  
The Impact

The current study was conducted on the southern part of Gharaf  River in   order to define the physical-chemical properties and the impact of the Tigris River’s floodplain water on its ecological characteristics during 2019. Four sites were selected along the southern part of the river. The findings showed a strong connection between the temperature of air and water at all sites. A value ranging from 4.85 - 84.65 NTU was reported for turbidity. The water was found to be oligohaline, low alkaline, and well ventilated due to high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Gharaf  River is considered to be of questionable clean water, according to the results of BOD5. The total alkalinity values were recorded to be in the range of 92-292.8 mg /L, which are higher than the acceptable limits of 20-200 mg /L CaCO3 for the Iraqi and international water standards. It was also found that Gharaf  River water was very hard, but still within the allowable natural water limits (200 mg /L Ca and 150 mg /L Mg). Concentrations of sulphate ranged 50-200 mg / L, while levels of bicarbonate ranged 140-230 mg /L. On the other hand, ranges of 3354-855 mg / L and 3-85 mg / L, respectively, were recorded for TDS and TSS. In addition, nitrates values were found to be in the range of 0.04-5.14 mg / L, being below the permissible limits for Iraqi water (15 mg / L). Other values observed for phosphates were 0.004-0.085 mg / L. Overall, the results demonstrated different effects on the properties of Gharaf  River water during and after the floodplain period.

scholarly journals The physical chemistry of cytoplasm and its influence on cell function: an update

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 2593-2596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Luby-Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Intermolecular Interactions ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cellular Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physical Chemical

From the point of view of intermolecular interactions, the cytoplasmic space is more like a crowded party in a house full of furniture than a game of tag in an empty field. Understanding the physical chemical properties of cytoplasm is thus of key importance for understanding cellular function. This article attempts to provide an entrée into the current literature on this subject and offers some general guidelines for thinking about intracellular biochemistry.

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