Effect of Water Extract of the Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) on Some Liver Enzymes

Purpose: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for liver and gall bladder / biliary tract diseases. Silymarin is the purified and standardized extract from milk thistle seeds. The purpose of the present study is to present a comparative analysis of the total phenolic substances content and the antioxidant effect of silymarin and three different types of Silybum marianum extracts (i.e. ethanol extract, water extract and lyophilized extract). Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts was analysed and the antioxidant activity was assessed by determining their free radical scavenging ability by DPPH method. Results: Total phenolic content is the highest in silymarin– 134.12±3.22 mg GAE/g, followed by lyophilized water extract – 51.74±2.10 mg GAE/g. Silymarin has also been found to have the highest antioxidant activity among all extract samples (338.03 VCEAC µmol /g), followed by S.marianum lyophilised extract (123.05 VCEAC µmol/g). Conclusions: A strong correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts and their antioxidant activity has been found.

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Allelopathic Studies on Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)

International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology ◽

10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.14007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 62-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shamima Sultana ◽

Md Asaduzzaman

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Water Extract ◽

Hot Water ◽

Plant Sample ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Weed Species ◽

Water Extracts

Declining crop yield due to weeds and their resistance to herbicides are major constraint for successful crop productions. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is common weed species in Australian cropping rotation. Allelopathic potentiality of milk thistle on different crops has been documented sporadically, but there is no literature on about ryegrass and canola. Therefore, a laboratory based allelopathic extracts bioassay was conducted. The hot water extracts was prepared from milk thistle plant parts added into water with ration of 1: 10 (plant sample: distilled water) where mixture was heated 10 minutes. After heat treatment samples was immediately sieved and centrifuged and the resulted solution was treated as 100% concentration. Separately, to get the fresh water extract plant sample was added into water (1:10) and kept 24 hours in room temperature. After 24 hours, the sample was sieved and centrifuged and collected samples result was treated 100% concentrations. To obtain 50% concentration, both hot and fresh samples were diluted with distilled water. Therefore the experiment was conducted with five different treatment concentrations (0, 50% hot water extracts, 50% fresh water extracts, 100% hot water extracts and 100% fresh water extracts). The experiment was comprised with RCBD design with three replications under control conditions. During experimental period the allelopathic effects of donor species on germination and seedling growth of ryegrass and canola was observed. Results shows, germination and seedling growth of both receiver species are inhibited by milk thistle extracts. Extracts from fresh water at 100% was more toxic to receiver species followed by 50% concentration of fresh and 100% from hot water extracts. This concentration reduced the root, shoot growth of ryegrass and canola 84.971%, 84.269% and 89.898%, 87.394%, respectively. The result also revealed that allelopathic pattern of hot water extracts was same however; it is less toxic to both receiver species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.14007 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 2 (1): 62-67, June, 2012

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Pressurized water versus ethanol as a Silybum marianum extraction solvent for inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by copper and J774 macrophage cellsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 1 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products.

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y07-058 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (9) ◽

pp. 894-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sunny N. Wallace ◽

Jennifer Raible ◽

Danielle Julie Carrier ◽

Katherine L. Vaughn ◽

Carl L. Griffis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Water Extract ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hot Water ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Low Density ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Pressurized Water ◽

J774 Macrophage

Silybum marianum contains flavonolignans, termed silymarin (SM), that are therapeutic agents for many inflammation-based diseases including atherosclerosis. Oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein was induced by CuSO4 or J774 macrophage cells and measured by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). SM was extracted by pressurized hot water (PHWE) or ethanol, and the effects of these extracts on TBARS formation were evaluated in comparison with those of SM preparations made from blending masses of individual flavonolignan standards in ratios identical to those of the water and ethanol extracts. Ethanol-extracted SM and its blended counterpart inhibited the generation of TBARS by 82% and 43%, respectively, at 150 μmol/L doses. TBARS levels in the presence of 150 μmol/L of the PHWE and its blended SM counterpart were reduced by 84% and 38%, respectively. Extracts from milk thistle fruit displayed higher protective effects than blended SM solutions of the same concentration with an identical compositional makeup. The appearance of degradation peaks in the water extract did not create any cytotoxic effects. Results of this study confirm that PHWE can be used to extract flavonolignans from milk thistle and that these extracts may possess therapeutic potential different from or beyond that of traditional organic solvent preparations.

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THE EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON THE GROWTH, YIELD, AND FLAVONOLIGNAN CONTENT IN MILK THISTLE (SILYBUM MARIANUM)

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2007.756.27 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 259-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A.R. Belitz ◽

C.E. Sams

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Effect Of Water

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The pathogen of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in the Czech Republic

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v5i1.4264 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 538-544

Author(s):

Ivana Safrankova ◽

Kolackova P ◽

Rutivckova G

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Active Compound ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Medicinal Herb ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

The Czech Republic

Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic as a medicinal herb; silymarin is isolated from its achenes and used for the production of liver and gallbladder medicine. The quality and content of the active compound is influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by pests and pathogens. The occurrence of pests of milk thistle variety Silyb was observed in two localities during the years 2011 2013. In the year 2011 the mycoflora of seeds of four milk thistle varieties was determined. Representatives of 15 species were isolated from the seeds, most of them saprophytic. 21 fungal species were isolated and identified from milk thistle plants during the vegetation; Septoria silybi among the most important ones. Possibilities of protection of milt thistle against pathogens are discussed.

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