scholarly journals Migration processes among Tatars of the Tetyushsky krai: directions, causes and results (the second half of the 16th – early 20th centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-301
Author(s):  
Elmira K. Salakhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Migration Direction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The presented article sets the tasks to consider the migration conditions and processes among the population of the Tetyushsky Krai, to identify the historical validity of their choice of a particular region for living, to determine the reasons that contribute to the movement of the population. The study of the history of the region in this perspective is being conducted for the first time. In our opinion, this approach to the study of local history is relevant. Ancestral ties in Tatar society have always been strong and representatives of the same family living in different regions maintained close contact and, therefore, kinship ties considerably affected the migration direction. In the course of our research, several directions of migration of the population of the Tetyushsky Territory were identified in different periods of history: after the fall of the Bulgarian state and, subsequently, the Kazan Khanate. The migration of certain clans took place on the territory of the current Spassky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. This movement was quite understandable, since in the memory of the people it was perceived as a movement within their land, their state. It is known that the territory of Volga Bulgaria stretched both in the left and right banks of the Volga River. It should also be noted that natives of the Tetyushsky Region founded some villages in the Almetyevsk and Spassk districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. The lack of arable land contributed to the movement of the population to the Menzelinsk district of the Ufa Province, in search of better conditions for farming. The connection of the inhabitants of the Mountain side with the southern city of Astrakhan is primarily due to its convenient geographical location for trade relations, which has been a favorite occupation of the Tatars since the beginning of centuries. Also, the climatic conditions of the southern region saved many in the hunger years in the Volga region. Those who moved from the Middle Volga region, mostly came from the Mountainous side. The study of the historical ties of the Tatars of different regions, migration processes and their directions provides new materials for researching the history of regions and settlements.

scholarly journals The Center for Economic History of the Central Russia and the Middle Volga Region: History, Development, Traditions and Innovations (to the 20th anniversary of creation)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Larisa G. Skvortsova
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Humanitarian Space ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. For its centuries-old history, in the development of various branches of scientific knowledge, Russia has relied on scientific schools – leading centers that determine the prospects for the development of science, its goals, objectives, strategic priorities, designed to unite and strengthen the work of scientists on certain issues. In the late 80s and early 90s of the last century, the researchers of our country addressed the problem of socio-economic development, attempts to identify the causes of their occurrence, to determine the ways out of the current situation, became the impetus for the creation of the Centers for Economic History. The purpose of the article is to study the history of formation, development, determination of the main directions of activity, analysis of the work and functioning of the Center for Economic History of the Central Russia and the Middle Volga Region at Mordovia State University. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, the materials of the Center for Economic History of Central Russia and the Middle Volga Region, information and analytical bulletins, conference programs, reports, scientific works of the team, reviews, analytical reviews were used. The article uses a micro historical approach, narrative, traditional methods of historical research. Results. The expediency of creating the Center is due to the processes that took place in many vital spheres of Russia, including science and education. The main purpose of the Center was the reproduction and generation of historical, historical and economic knowledge and knowledge of social and humanitarian informatics, as well as their transfer to the system of training bachelors, undergraduates, highly qualified personnel and the modern humanitarian space. Discussion and Conclusion. At the present stage, the economic history of the Republic of Mordovia is known to the wide scientific community largely due to the activities of the Center, which is represented in the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the problems of Russian and world economic history. Over the years, the scientists of the Center have accumulated significant experience in studying economic history, organizing and conducting scientific events, publishing, expanding the boundaries of scientific research, acquiring scientific connections and contacts. All this allows the staff of the Center to continue further research aimed at the formation of the humanitarian space and socio-cultural environment of modern society.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM SOWING NORMS OF SUNFLOWER OF RODNIK VARIETY DEPENDING OF MINERAL NUTRITION BACKGROUND ON GREY FOREST SOILS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Фаик Сафиоллин ◽  
Faik Safiollin ◽  
Рустам Низамов ◽  
Rustam Nizamov ◽  
Салават Сулейманов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga

We can expect to receive from 0.81 to 0.97 tons of sunflower oil seeds per hectare in the soil-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region without the introduction of mineral fertilizers. As the doses of mineral fertilizers are increased, the productivity of 1 hectare of arable land is increased 2.8 times and the gross collections of oilseeds are 2.14 tons per hectare at the non highest background of mineral nutrition, against 0.86 tons per hectare in the control variant of the experiment (without fertilizers). The optimization of seeding rates of the studied culture is of great importance in the formation of highly productive agrocenoses. In the variants of supplementary supply of plants with nutrients, especially when N98P38K124 is introduced, the seeding rate of 70 thousand pieces per hectare of virgin seeds raises the yield of sunflower by 0.51 tons per hectare (a very solid increase in yield), compared with the sowing rate of 60 thousand pieces per hectare.

scholarly journals The Perspective of Croatian Old Apple Cultivars in Extensive Farming for the Production of Functional Foods

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 708
Author(s):  
Boris Duralija ◽  
Predrag Putnik ◽  
Dora Brdar ◽  
Anica Bebek Markovinović ◽  
Sandra Zavadlav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Processed Form ◽  
Extensive Farming

The Republic of Croatia has a long tradition of fruit growing due to its geographical location, climatic conditions, and high quality of fruit crops, especially apple fruits. Apples can be used for the formulation of functional foods either in processed form (e.g., juice), or as a by-product (e.g., apple pomace). However, there is a growing demand for functional foods derived from ancient and traditional plant sources as they are recognized as a very valuable source of health-promoting bioactive ingredients. Similarly, old apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) are characterized by good morphological and pomological properties, less need for chemicals during cultivation and the higher share of biologically active compounds (BACs) with better sensory acceptability compared to commercial cultivars. However, their nutritional and biological potential is underestimated, as is their ability to be processed into functional food. The importance in preserving old apple cultivars can also be seen in their significance for improving the nutritional composition of other apple cultivars through innovative cultivation strategies, and therefore old local apple cultivars could be of great importance in future breeding programs.

FEATURES OF THE INTERNAL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KYRGYZSTAN IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Kanybek A. Kudayarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political System ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

Kyrgyzstan, like other states of the post-Soviet space, has passed a challenging path in its development since gaining independence. Three de- cades of the republic’s existence in the new geopolitical conditions revealed the peculiarities of its political, socio-economic and cultural evolution, that distinguish the Kyrgyz Republic from the Central Asian neighbours and other republics of Commonwealth of Independent States. Supporting the concept of the history of the Kyrgyz people while preserving certain traditions of the Turkic nomadic civilization has become a fundamental part of the emerging national identity. Another important feature of building the political system in the Kyrgyz Republic is the attempt to create a Western-style democratic state based on its own experience of implementing “nomadic democracy”. The presence of constant zigzag jumps in the evolution of the political system of the republic (i.e., repeated transitions from the presidential form of government to the presidential-parliamentary form and back) can be traced throughout the existence of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. At the same time, it should be noted that the described processes are due to a special geographical location, which ini- tially affects the formation of the corresponding type of economic management. That in turn, affects the political development of the country.

scholarly journals Овощеводство Республики Беларусь

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Autko ◽  
I.S. Butov
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Total Structure ◽  
Processing And Storage

Овощеводство Республики Беларусь в последние годы показывает высокую динамику развития. Природно-климатические условия Беларуси благоприятны для возделывания холодостойких овощных культур (все виды капусты, столовые корнеплоды, зеленные). Условия для ежегодных гарантированных сборов теплолюбивых культур (томат, огурец) в открытом грунте имеются только в юго-восточных и юго-западных районах республики. На остальной территории гарантированные урожаи этих культур наиболее возможны в теплицах, под пленочными укрытиями и в утепленном грунте. В Республике Беларусь посевные площади под овощами в последние годы во всех категориях хозяйств стабилизировались на уровне 6570 тыс. га, в том числе в хозяйствах населения 4650 тыс. га, в КФХ 1011 тыс. га. В последние 20 лет прослеживается положительная тенденция поступательного наращивания производства в КФХ, урожайность овощной продукции в которых в 2018 году на 64 и 31 превышала аналогичный показатель по с.-х. организациям и хозяйствам населения соответственно. В общей структуре валового сбора овощей на хозяйства населения приходится порядка 6769, КФХ 1619, с.-х. организации 1315. Производство овощей на душу населения в последние годы колебалось на уровне 178206 кг (при норме 146 кг). Республика полностью обеспечивает себя овощами, кроме того овощи поставляются на экспорт. В стране построено более 60 современных овощехранилищ, однако большинство из них требует существенной реконструкции. В настоящее время отмечен также рост производства плодоовощных консервов. Таким образом, внутренний рынок овощей полностью обеспечен продукцией собственного производства. Для повышения эффективности овощеводства Республики Беларусь на основе специализации и концентрации производства необходимо совершенствование организации всего овощного подкомплекса, включающую территориальное размещение, специализацию и структуру производства овощей, в том числе укрепление материально-технической базы переработки и хранения, улучшение организации закупок товарной продукции, расширение ассортимента и улучшение качества овощей.Vegetable growing in the Republic of Belarus in recent years shows a high dynamics of development. The natural and climatic conditions of Belarus are favorable for the cultivation of cold-resistant vegetable crops (all types of cabbage, table roots, green). Conditions for annual guaranteed collections of heat-loving crops (tomato, cucumber) in the open ground are available only in the South-Eastern and South-Western regions of the Republic. In the rest of the territory, guaranteed yields of these crops are most possible in greenhouses, under film shelters and in insulated soil. In the Republic of Belarus, the sown areas under vegetables in recent years in all categories of farms have stabilized at the level of 6570 thousand hectares, including in households 4650 thousand hectares, in farms 1011 thousand hectares. In the last 20 years, there is a positive trend of progressive increase in production in farms, the yield of vegetable products in which in 2018 by 64 and 31 exceeded the same indicator for agricultural organizations and farms, respectively. In the total structure of the gross harvest of vegetables on the farms of the population accounts for about 6769, farm 1619, agricultural organizations 1315. Production of vegetables per capita in recent years has fluctuated at the level of 178206 kg (at the rate of 146 kg). The Republic fully provides itself with vegetables, in addition, vegetables are exported. More than 60 vegetable stores have been built in the country, but most of them require significant reconstruction. Currently, there is also an increase in the production of canned fruits and vegetables. Thus, the domestic market of vegetables is almost completely provided with products of its own production. To improve the efficiency of vegetable growing of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of specialization and concentration of production it is necessary to improve the organization of the whole vegetable subcomplex, including geographical location, specialization, and the structure of production of vegetables, including a strengthening material-technical base of processing and storage, improving the procurement of commodity products, expanding the range and improving the quality of vegetables.

scholarly journals Anthroponimic geographical names of the Republic of Mari El of Tatar origin: toponymic zones

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-285
Author(s):  
Flera Ya. Khabibullina ◽  
Iraida G. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Comparative

Introduction. The article considers anthroponymous toponyms of Tatar origin in the Republic of Mari El in reference to the genesis and history of movement and contact of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. The purpose of the article is to study the Tatar-Mari toponymic zoning based on the otantroponym oikonyms, which go back to the Tatar language. Materials and Methods. The analysis of toponymic material is associated with the use of various approaches: comparative-historical, comparative, as well as such research methods: the method of component analysis of toponymic units; areal, descriptive, structural, etymological, statistical, cartographic. The body of the research is represented by otanthroponymic oikonyms, selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in the Russian, Mari and Tatar languages, in the number of 129 units. Results and Discussion. The Tatar-Mari interactions on the territory of the Republic of Mari-El are concentrated in two main zones: the Tatar-mountain-Mari toponymic zone and the Tatar-meadow-Mari zone. The article defines the basic principles of the nomination of anthroponymous toponyms, provides a classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination in each of the topozones, and also highlights parallel names. The analysis also makes it possible to trace the patterns of placement of toponymic objects on the territory of the the Republic of Mari-El. Analysis of the identified borrowings from the Tatar language makes it possible to clarify their territorial localization in the territory of Mari El. Oikonyms formed on the basis of Tatar personal names are most common in areas of compact residence of Tatars, as well as in border areas with the Republic of Tatarstan, due to trade and economic, historical and political, administrative, territorial, and geographical factors. The main principle underlying the Mari otantroponym oikonyms was their nomination based on the relationship with a person: their social status; class affiliation; profession; social interactions; place and role in the family hierarchy; human character; appearance; clothing; qualities of a person; their financial status; etc. Conclusion. The names of Mari anthroponymous topoobjects of Tatar origin were implemented in importing Tatar values that are significant for the Mari ethnic group and go back to Tatar names: material wealth, high social status, respect for parents and elders, health and strength of body, friendship, kindness, firmness and strength of character, cleanliness and neatness in clothing.

The History of Guinea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Saliou Camara
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Civilian Leadership

Like most of post-colonial African nation-states, Guinea is the product of Europe’s colonial partition of the continent at the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. France followed up on the Berlin arrangements with military campaigns against West African rulers and treaties with other European colonial powers (Britain and Portugal) vying for territories in the region and the Republic of Liberia. However, the ancient communities whose descendants inhabit the Republic of Guinea were part and parcel of some of the greatest kingdoms and empires that marked West Africa’s history between the 6th and 19th centuries (Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Batè, Wassolon, and Futa-Jallon). Islam, which was introduced into the region through trans-Saharan trade, scholarship, and wars involving Muslim North Africa and Islamized elites of the Bilad as-Sudan, gained prominence and ultimately became the dominant religion in Guinea. The Atlantic Slave Trade spearheaded by the Portuguese, and the succeeding legitimate trade opened West Africa to colonial conquest and occupation in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Under French occupation, Guinea underwent major political, cultural, social, and economic mutations brought about by events and processes such as its integration into the French West Africa Federation and its multifaceted participation in the World Wars, as well as in France’s colonial wars in Indochina and Algeria. In the process, a nationalist anti-colonial consciousness evolved and crystallized, leading to the country’s advent to independence in 1958. As the sole French colony to reject Charles de Gaulle’s Franco-African Community, its modern history is in many ways unique. Since independence, Guinea has gone through a pro-Soviet single-party regime, military rule, and a shaky transition to the current civilian leadership, whose record of democratic governance has been checkered at best. Economic development has also been largely elusive, despite the abundance of arable land and mineral resources. This notable uniqueness notwithstanding, the history of Guinea does epitomize in some respects that of the African continent.

scholarly journals Main directions of development of agro-technologies for production of spring wheat species for sustainable agriculture in the forest-steppe of the middle Volga region

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00071
Author(s):  
Marat Amirov ◽  
Farit Shaikhutdinov ◽  
Igor Serzhanov ◽  
Albina Serzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Middle Volga

The article presents the results of research conducted in different soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region on the influence of regulated factors, as well as environmental factors on the production process of plants of various types of spring wheat. The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is enough to obtain yields within 12–13 tons of dry biomass or 6–7 tons of grain. Natural precipitation is able to provide 3.82–4.36 t of spring wheat grain from 1 ha, and 4.5–6.3 t/ha by the total influence of solar energy, heat and moisture supply. Natural level of soil fertility without application of organic and mineral fertilizers allows to receive about 2 tons of spring wheat grain from 1 ha. Application of nitrogen in the form of ammoniac water (N-20.5 %) increased the yield in comparison with the use of nitrogen in the form of ammoniac saltpeter: the increase was 0.14 t per 1 ha. In the conditions of grey forest soil in the Predkamye region of the Republic of Tatarstan the optimal norm of sowing of spring wheat Triticum dicoccum Schuebl (spelt) depending on the feeding background was established. Growth of yield at sowing of 6 million seeds per hectare at all levels of nutrition in comparison with sowing rate of 4 million tons per hectare was 0.18 tons per hectare against the natural background, against the estimated background of NRC on 2.0 tons of grain – 0.19 tons and 2.5 tons of grain – 0.24 tons per hectare. The maximum yield increase was received at a combination of a mineral foodstuff with an optimum norm of sowing and has made on a settlement background 2 tons of grain from hectare – 0.20 tons, on 2.5 tons of grain – 0.34 tons from hectare. Thus, the aim of our research was to develop methods of growing high yielding quality grain of different types of wheat adapted to the conditions of forest-steppe in the Volga region.

Economic Historian and Local Historian Alexey Vasilyevich Kleyankin

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
State University ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Central State ◽  
Scientific Contribution ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. 2021 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of one of the outstanding scientists of the Mordovia State University, doctor of historical sciences, professor A.V. Kleyankin. The purpose of the study is to evaluate his scientific contribution to the development of historical science and local lore of the Republic of Mordovia and the Volga region. Research Methods. The research is based on the biographical method. The use of general scientific methods made it possible to present the problem under study as a process within the framework of a concrete historical situation, the tasks to be solved, and to analyze the essence and content of A. V. Kleyankin’s scientific and pedagogical activities. The article introduces the materials of the archives of Ogarev Mordovia State University and the Central State University of the Republic of Mordovia, and uses the documents of electronic resources. Results and Discussion. The article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alexey Vasilyevich Kleyankin of Ogarev Mordovia State University. The study provides biographical information about the scientist, presents the scientific and educational activities of the scientist-historian, focuses on the main scientific works. Conclusion. The contribution of A.V. Kleyankin to the history of the region is significant and not forgotten. A. V. Kleyankin devoted his entire life to science. From 1971 until the last days of his life, he worked at the Mordovia State University, was listed in the Book of Honor of the Mordovia State University, was awarded a Certificate of Honor by the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the RSFSR, and became an Honored Scientist of the Mordovian ASSR. His role as a researcher and representative of the school of economic history is important. A.V. Kleyankin is the author of dozens of works on the economic history of the Amur region, the Volga – Oka interfluve, and the Volga region.

YURINSKY ANTIQUITIES. CONTINUATION OF THE RESEARCH INITIATED BY A.H. KHALIKOV

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
SHALAKHOV E. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Porous Ceramics ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Engineering Protection

The article discusses and analyzes the results of field work of the Mari archaeological expedition and the author on a seasonal hunting site of the Stone and Early Bronze Age. Polyanskaya V site, located in the Western part of the Republic of Mari El, was attributed by its discoverer (A.H. Khalikov) to the circle of monuments of the Balakhna Neolithic culture, represented by hundreds of settlement monuments in the Middle Volga region. The main ceramic complex of the site consists of fragments of walls and corollas of vessels with pit-comb ornamentation. In the late 1970s, the Polyanskaya V site was partially destroyed during the creation of engineering protection of the Yurinskaya lowland from flooding by the waters of the Cheboksary reservoir. Due to the lack of possibility to conduct stationary excavations of the monument, V.V. Nikitin (Mari archaeological expedition) and we regularly collected lifting material. These fees were most effective in 2000-2005. The collection of flint inventory of the Polyanskaya V site has been significantly expanded. Thanks to our findings of throwing tools in the damaged by wind erosion cultural layer of the site, it was possible to more accurately determine the cultural identity of porous ceramics, which are also found on the monument square. Visiting the site by groups of hunters of the Eneolithic era is illustrated by flint arrow that have analogies in the inventory of Volosovo type settlements of the Mari Volga region. Keywords: Balakhna culture, stone tools, ceramics, archaeological collection

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document