Tourism as an Instrument of Rapprochement between the PRC and the Russian Federation

After the PRC President Xi Jinping put forward a proposal for the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative in 2013, this initiative of the PRC faced a phenomenon that has been called “soft power of resistance” in Chinese science. The PRC leadership, as a way to overcome this challenge, sees the need for humanitarian rapprochement with the participating countries of the initiative, one of the manifestations of which is Chinese outbound tourism. In Eurasia, the one of the most rapid development of Chinese tourism in recent years has been in Russia, which allows us to consider this phenomenon as an attempt from the PRC to cultural rapprochement with the Russian Federation through increasing tourist flows.

China’s Public Diplomacy Goes Political

The Hague Journal of Diplomacy ◽

10.1163/1871191x-bja10067 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Ingrid d’Hooghe

Keyword(s):

Global Governance ◽

Soft Power ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

Chinese Communist Party ◽

Chinese Culture ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Xi Jinping ◽

The World ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Summary China’s growing confidence on the world stage under the leadership of President Xi Jinping is reflected in the country’s more active, vocal and, lately, even ‘wolf warrior’ diplomacy. It is also clearly visible in China’s public diplomacy approach, where priorities have shifted from advertising Chinese culture as the country’s major source of soft power to promoting China’s models of domestic and global governance. The Chinese government proudly presents policies such as the Belt and Road Initiative and, more recently China’s approach to the COVID-19 pandemic, as improvements in global governance or sometimes even as Chinese ‘gifts’ to the world. This article argues that under President Xi, the content and form of China’s public diplomacy have changed. China’s public diplomacy has hardened, it is more strongly controlled by the Chinese Communist Party and the content of China’s public diplomacy messages have become more political.

Public diplomacy mechanism of the Russian Federation: areas of focus in the context of analysis of foreign policy concepts of the Russian Federation

Международные отношения ◽

10.7256/2454-0641.2020.4.33871 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 60-71

Author(s):

Tat'yana Aleksandrovna Grishanina

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Soft Power ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

State Level ◽

Information Support ◽

Development Trends ◽

The Public ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The One

The subject of this research is the public diplomacy mechanism of the Russian Federation. The goal consists in consideration of the mechanism of functionality of public diplomacy of the Russian Federation based on the framework government documents, reports on the activity of the structures of public diplomacy of the Russian Federation, and expert analytical articles. The author examines the foreign policy concepts of the Russian Federation of 2000, 2008, 2013 and 2016, as well as reveals their structures and areas of focus. Analysis of the discourse of research on the public diplomacy of the Russian Federation allowed determining the gaps and the problematic areas that require further research. The article presents examples of the projects that were implemented in the indicated directions in accordance with the latter concept. In conclusion, the author outlines the development trends of public diplomacy mechanism of the Russian Federation. The mechanism of public diplomacy of the Russian Federation is an ambiguous phenomenon and still in the making. On the one hand, the understanding of “soft power” on the state level has evolved significantly in recent years. Moreover, the author traces the evolution of terminological field of public diplomacy in the official documents, as well as its objectives and development trends. On the other hand, the question of coordinating body within the mechanism of public diplomacy of the Russian Federation remains open and relevant. Attention of researchers is also focused on the actors and level of their engagement into the system, interaction between the elements within and outside the mechanism. At the same time, public diplomacy projects are implemented by the Russian Federation worldwide; they coordinate with the trends set by intergovernmental organizations, and appear to be quite effective with regards to provision of information support. The trend of digitization of international policy poses new challenges for the public diplomacy structures, which would require an evolution in understanding of the concept.

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2019-12-47-71 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 47-71

Author(s):

Petr M. Mozias

Keyword(s):

Regional Integration ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Flexible Framework ◽

The One ◽

International Transactions ◽

The Belt And Road ◽

Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

Formation of conditions of functioning of management companies of reclamation parks providing highly competitive economic efficiency

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2019-6-30-36 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-36

Author(s):

Ivan Abramenko ◽

Svetlana Manzhina ◽

Svetlana Kupriyanova

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Import Substitution ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Federal Programs ◽

Effective Work ◽

Industrial Parks ◽

Level Of Activity ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

The Russian Federation

The aim of the study is to find solutions aimed at the formation of optimal conditions for the creation and functioning of reclamation parks on the territory of existing institutions for reclamation subordinated to the Ministry of agriculture of Russia, through the establishment and justification of the necessary list of functions and powers of their management companies. The comparative analysis of the concept of creation of agricultural parks and the documents regulating functioning of agro-industrial parks is carried out. In addition, the studies were conducted in the context of Federal programs and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The analysis of regulatory documentation and scientific developments in the field of agro-industrial sector allowed to compare and make informed decisions on the formation of functions and powers of the management companies of reclamation parks. The formed materials will allow to organize highly effective work of the management companies of recreational parks, by endowing the latter with the necessary functions and powers, without burdening them with unnecessary functions that are not within their competence. Thus formation of functions and powers providing competitive level of activity of reclamation parks needs to be carried out on the basis of functions and powers of the industrial and agroindustrial parks regulated by the current legislation. The formed substantiations will allow to accelerate decision-making processes in the field of powers and functions of managing companies of reclamation parks by legislative and Executive authorities, and thus will contribute to more rapid development of the reclamation complex of the Russian Federation, and as a consequence of the implementation of Federal programs and other legislative acts aimed at the development of agriculture and import substitution in this area.

The Belt and Road Initiative: Goals and Challenges

Tikrit Journal For Political Science ◽

10.25130/poltic.v0i19.216 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Adnan Khalaf i Hammed Al-Badrani ◽

Hind Ziyad Nafeih

Keyword(s):

Development Strategy ◽

Soft Power ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Power Lines ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Ancient Silk Road ◽

Main Engine ◽

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation. It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country. The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

Политическая активность российской молодежи как индикатор ценностных ориентаций молодого поколения (на материалах регионального исследования)

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica ◽

10.24917/20813333.26.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (336) ◽

pp. 121-131

Author(s):

Elena Viktorovna Matveeva ◽

Alexander Mitin ◽

Daria Trofimova

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Value Orientations ◽

Political Activity ◽

Youth Policy ◽

Democratic Development ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The One ◽

Value Preferences ◽

Normative Value

In the article, the authors pay attention to the issue of value preferences of Russian youth on the example of the one of the regions of the Russian Federation – the Kemerovo region - Kuzbass. The problem of political activity of young people is considered through the system of current legislation on youth, socialization and directly value orientations and preferences of young people. The main legal acts regulating youth policy in the Russian Federation are marked. As an empirical basis a number of methodological approaches were used-the system approach (D. Easton, G. Almond), the normative-value approach of J. Rawls, a method of expert interviews and questionnaire survey. The article shows the inconsistency of the value beliefs of modern youth, which is caused by the Russian model of democratic development.

China’s Soft Power in Pakistan: The Representation of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor in Local Newspapers

East Asian Policy ◽

10.1142/s1793930521000258 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (04) ◽

pp. 5-18

Author(s):

Zahid Shahab AHMED ◽

Ahsan HANIF ◽

Baogang HE

Keyword(s):

Soft Power ◽

News Coverage ◽

Local Newspapers ◽

Newspaper Reporting ◽

Before And After ◽

Belt And Road ◽

New Perspective ◽

This article conducts a case study of China’s influence on Pakistan by collecting and analysing news coverage from two prominent English and Urdu newspapers in Pakistan for a five-year period between 2013 and 2018. It compares the changes in newspaper reporting before and after the launch of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in 2015. Analysis has shown a significant increase in positive reporting on the CPEC and China. The case of Pakistan is representative of its recognition of China’s soft power in a developing country, thus offering a new perspective on China’s goodwill vis-à-vis the Belt and Road Initiative.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS OF EVOLUTION OF THE EURASIAN TRACK OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA’S FOREIGN POLICY

Urgent Problems of Europe ◽

10.31249/ape/2021.01.08 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 177-192

Author(s):

Nicole BODISHTEANU

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Soft Power ◽

Recipient Country ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Republic Of Moldova ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Republic ◽

Policy Direction

The author considers main external and internal factors of the formation of the Eurasian track in foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova from 2009 to 2020. Among main internal factors of the development of the Eurasian (as opposed to European) track of foreign policy, the author singles out: 1) coming to power of the pro-Russian president I. Dodon; 2) current orientation of the economy on the market of the CIS countries; 3) pro-Western parliamentary contingent and representatives of the Party of Action and Solidarity led by M. Sandu, who, on the contrary, helps to blur this track. Among external factors, the author does put an accent on: 1) the influence of the Ukrainian crisis on public opinion of Moldovan citizens towards Western institutions, and as a result, the growing popularity of the «pro-Russian» foreign policy direction; 2) «soft power» of the Russian Federation, mostly concentrated on a common language (Russian) and cultural values (literature, historical past, etc.); 3) willingness of Eurasian partners (mainly the Russian Federation) to provide assistance in crisis situations at no cost, unlike European and Western institutions, which traditionally indicate a number of democratic transformations in the recipient country as one of the conditions for providing assistance. The author comes to the conclusion that the Eurasian track of the foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova is still in its «infancy», but it has great potential and promises interesting prospects for a small state with a favorable geographical position, located at the crossroads of the most important transport routes between the West and the East.

Demystifying the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s domestic and non-strategic policy?

Asian Journal of Comparative Politics ◽

10.1177/20578911211038876 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 205789112110388

Author(s):

Yuan Jiang

Keyword(s):

Global Strategy ◽

Chinese Economy ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Xi Jinping ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Strategic Policy ◽

The Difference ◽

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a central policy of the Chinese government. The initiative is directly associated with President Xi Jinping, who first put forward the BRI in Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013, initially as One Belt One Road. Different from repetitive literature that concludes the BRI as China's global strategy, this article makes a contribution to argue that the BRI is China's domestic and non-strategic policy. To justify this argument, this article analyses how the BRI has been embedded into aspects of Chinese domestic policy by revealing its nexuses with Chinese domestic economy, politics and ideology. To deepen the understanding of the BRI's connection with the Chinese economy, this article explores the link between the BRI and China's supply-side structural reform. Meanwhile, this research demystifies the BRI as a global strategy and the difference between joining and rejecting the BRI to prove the BRI's non-strategic essence. In the end, this article discusses the BRI's far-reaching geopolitical influence.

On the issue of the modern system of tax law

10.18411/lj-11-2020-246 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

G.F. Cel'niker ◽

N.A. Fityunina ◽

S.A. Zvyaginceva

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Derived Category ◽

The Other ◽

Tax Law ◽

Law System ◽

Separate Branch ◽

Modern System ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The One ◽

Functional Purpose

The article reveals the features of the tax law system, which is considered, on the one hand, as an Autonomous, separate branch of law in the system of branches of law of the Russian Federation, and on the other, as a derived category from the norms that determine financial law and, thus, are a sub-branch by their functional purpose. The criteria on the basis of which it seems appropriate to allocate institutions in the tax law system are highlighted. The General and special parts of tax law are characterized through the prism of their Conditioned norms.