scholarly journals Humanized Artificial Body in the 20th Century Italian Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Saprykina
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Italian Literature ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fiction Writers ◽  
The One

In various epochs, science fiction writers shared an interest in problems related to the humanization of an artificial body and the process of human interaction with a man’s own creation. In the 20th century Italian literature, in particular, this theme emerged already at the dawn of the century (e.g. а futuristic novel by F.T. Marinetti) and was present up until the beginning of the current “age of artificial intelligence.” Fantastic plots of several short stories and novellas by D. Buzzati and T. Landolfi, written in the 1950s and 60s, depicted ambivalent perception of the technogenic civilization and its novelties by the modern cultural consciousness. On the one hand, these works reflected the turning of the machine into an indispensable attribute of the social status of the modern human, the guarant of her private life success and mental health. On the other hand, in science fiction, there is a clear tendency to dramatize the problems and difficulties that the technological age set for a human — in particular, the problem of preserving the privilege of the human consciousness over the increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence of the machine.

The Body in Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity J Callard
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

Geographers are now taking the problematic of corporeality seriously. ‘The body’ is becoming a preoccupation in the geographical literature, and is a central figure around which to base political demands, social analyses, and theoretical investigations. In this paper I describe some of the trajectories through which the body has been installed in academia and claim that this installation has necessitated the uptake of certain theoretical legacies and the disavowal or forgetting of others. In particular, I trace two related developments. First, I point to the sometimes haphazard agglomeration of disparate theoretical interventions that lie under the name of postmodernism and observe how this has led to the foregrounding of bodily tropes of fragmentation, fluidity, and ‘the cyborg‘. Second, I examine the treatment of the body as a conduit which enables political agency to be thought of in terms of transgression and resistance. I stage my argument by looking at how on the one hand Marxist and on the other queer theory have commonly conceived of the body, and propose that the legacies of materialist modes of analysis have much to offer current work focusing on how bodies are shaped by their encapsulation within the sphere of the social. I conclude by examining the presentation of corporeality that appears in the first volume of Marx's Capital. I do so to suggest that geographers working on questions of subjectivity could profit from thinking further about the relation between so-called ‘new’ and ‘fluid’ configurations of bodies, technologies, and subjectivities in the late 20th-century world, and the corporeal configurations of industrial capitalism lying behind and before them.

scholarly journals THE ADVANCEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A WAY TO MAN AND MACHINE IN COMBAT IN TIME MACHINE AND I ROBOT

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Sumathi R ◽  
Sutharshan V
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Machine ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Fantasy Fiction ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Future Events

Science fiction has proved notoriously difficult to define. It can be explained as a combination of science and technology and development in robotics in short it can be otherwise called as ‘realistic speculation about future events and a genre based on an imagined alternative to the reader's environment. It has been called a form of fantasy fiction and an historical literature. The paper goes further with two main concepts one with clash between two people of future and the other with advancement of science particularly on robotics. First is about general outline to science fiction in short a (SF) a genre cause problem because itdoes not recognize the hybrid nature of many SF works. It is more helpful to think of it as a mode or field where different genres and subgenres intersect. And then there is the issue of science. In the early decades of the 20th century, a number of writers attempted to tie this fiction to science and event to use it as a means of promoting scientific knowledge, a position which continues into what has become known as ‘hard SF’. The research article is completely based on advancement of science and its effects.

Advanced Methodologies Descriptions and Applications

2014 ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Brad Morantz
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
The World ◽  
Fiction Writers ◽  
Mathematical Applications

Artificial intelligence is the stuff of science fiction writers, robots taking over the world, and computers knowing our every thought and action. Advanced methodologies is the utilization of accepted artificial intelligence programs in mathematical applications to solve a variety of problems. In this chapter, many of these methods will be described and sample applications provided to better explain the advantages of this method in problem solving.

scholarly journals RUSSIAN LITERARY MODERNISM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON BULGARIAN LITERATURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kostova-Panayotova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary Modernism ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
Fiction Writers ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Russian Modernism ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Form

The paper discusses to what extent major currents and representatives of Russian modernism and the Avant-garde had influenced the works of prominent representatives of 20th-century Bulgarian literature such as L. Stoyanov, Liliev, Debelyanov, Trayanov, Sirak Skitnik, and many others. In addition to addressing the influence of Russian symbolism on Bulgarian writers, the article examines the impact of Acmeism on the work of El. Bagryanа and At. Dalchev; the one of Imaginism on the work of Bulgarian modernists from the 1920s such as Slavcho Krasinski, Geo Milev and others. The intertwining of features of the poetics from different avant-garde currents, both in the works of individual authors and in the works of a single writer appeared as a typical phenomenon in the life of the Bulgarian avant-garde. Such poets as N. Furnadzhiev, A. Raztsvetnikov, N. Marangozov and others, and fiction writers as Ch. Mutafov, A. Karaliychev, A. Strashimirov, J. Yovkov, repeatedly experienced the influence of contradictory modernist and avant-garde currents, however, in their works they managed to add the “European form” to the “Bulgarian content”. The study also involves Bulgarian avant-garde journals such as Crescendo, Libra/Vezni, etc. This paper argues that by going against the rules, the avant-garde writers created a productive artistic method, a kind of alternative classic.

scholarly journals Two crossbows and a carbine: Out of the commentary on A.N. and B.N. Strugatsky’s novel “Hard to be a God”

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Irina N. Arzamastseva ◽  
Alexander V. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fiction Writers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sea Monster ◽  
Intertextual Connections

The article is devoted to the study of the functions of the characters’ weapons in A.N. and B.N. Strugatsky’s novel “Hard to be a God”. It is important for writing a commentary on the prologue of the novel. The authors used the historical-typological and mythopoetic research methods. As the result of reviewing the history of words-concepts, as it made by A.N. Veselovsky, the authors managed to study the intertextual connections of “Hard to be a God” with V.T. Shalamov’s poem “Crossbow” and his story “May”, as well as N.S. Gumilev’s poem “Just looks through the cliffs...” and E. Hemingway’s play “The fifth column”. Through these connections, the image of weapons is formed in the work of science fiction writers. It is necessary to destruct the mythological enemy – the sea monster, which symbolizes the social evil within the novel framework. As we have found out, the reason for such an intricate symbolism lies in the peculiarities of the age: the image of the sea monster standing for public evil is due to historical reasons. And since the elimination of social problems by such radical methods, according to the authors, is impossible, the movement towards a bright future should be only gradual and peaceful. As in reality, weapons are fundamentally unable to perform their task. Moreover, the weapon is dangerous for its owner, which indicates the ambivalence of the image. In addition, the comparison, important for the novel “Hard to be God”, of the past and future appears the first in the comparison of crossbows and carbines, further developing by other means. Weapons are involved in creating a number of important motives: doom, the danger of using force, and interference in the course of history.

scholarly journals Exploring Peoples' Perception of Autonomy and Reactance in Everyday AI Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supraja Sankaran ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Henk Aarts ◽  
Panos Markopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
Design Fiction

Applications using Artificial Intelligence (AI) have become commonplace and embedded in our daily lives. Much of our communication has transitioned from human–human interaction to human–technology or technology-mediated interaction. As technology is handed over control and streamlines choices and decision-making in different contexts, people are increasingly concerned about a potential threat to their autonomy. In this paper, we explore autonomy perception when interacting with AI-based applications in everyday contexts using a design fiction-based survey with 328 participants. We probed if providing users with explanations on “why” an application made certain choices or decisions influenced their perception of autonomy or reactance regarding the interaction with the applications. We also looked at changes in perception when users are aware of AI's presence in an application. In the social media context, we found that people perceived a greater reactance and lower sense of autonomy perhaps owing to the personal and identity-sensitive nature of the application context. Providing explanations on “why” in the navigation context, contributed to enhancing their autonomy perception, and reducing reactance since it influenced the users' subsequent actions based on the recommendation. We discuss our findings and the implications it has for the future development of everyday AI applications that respect human autonomy.

scholarly journals The Foundations of N.K. Mikhailovsky's Theory. Formation of “Subjective Sociology”, Late 1860s – mid-1870s

2021 ◽  
Vol V (2) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Andrey Teslya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Public ◽  
Special Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One

Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhaylovsky (1842–1904) is one of the most well-known and influential Russian publicists of the last third of the 19th and the beginning of 20th century, ideologist of the Narodniki movement, the author of the conception known as “subjective sociology” and the editor of journal Russian wealth at the end of his life. Yet, while his role in the history of Russian social movement or literary-aesthetic views have been quite fully studied, his social theory has rarely become the object of the special analysis during the last century. On the one hand, it was shadowed by the theories which appeared earlier and had more influence even abroad (outside the Russian empire) as, for example, the ideas of Herzen, Bakunin, Chernyshevsky, Lavrov. On the other hand, Mikhaylovsky, who was severely criticized by Russian social democrats in 1894–1901, was perceived as a rather weak theorist. In this article, we demonstrate the essential differences between the early conceptual advances of Mikhaylovsky and P.L. Lavrov and assert that the conception of the former was influenced both by the rethinking of the Darwinism from a viewpoint of understanding of nature and by the conclusions for social theory. Unlike Lavrov, Mikhaylovsky, as well as Herzen, was an advocate of non-teleological understanding of progress and favored the interpretation of history as logical yet free from strict determinism. In conclusion, Mikhaylovsky’s opinion about the society, which was formed at the end of 1860s – first quarter of 1870s, appears as a quite consistent and elaborated system, an answer to the theoretical challenges. Firstly, on the part of the Darwinism and the attempt to apply it to the analysis of the society. Secondly, on the part of the organicism. Lastly, we give an interpretation to the decline of the public interest to the social theory of Mikhaylovsky at the end of the 19th – beginning of 20th century.

scholarly journals El bandolerismo social revisitado. El caso del Norte del Tolima (Colombia)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 271-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Moreno Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Way

Se trata de retomar un planteamiento que había hecho el historiador inglés Eric Hobsbawm, en el sentido de reelaborar la tipología del bandolero social. Según él, para reelaborarlo era necesario contar con muchos más estudios de casos. A partir de algunos de ellos, el artículo se centra en dar cuenta del debate que ha generado el modelo del bandolerismo de Hobsbwm desde mediados del siglo XX. En primer lugar, doy cuenta, cómo sus discípulos y críticos han interpretado su modelo, principalmente el del bandolero social. Un segundo aspecto tiene que ver con algunos casos de bandolerismo mediterráneo, principalmente el catalán, el que se ha dado en el Magreb y el itálico. Por último, doy cuenta de un caso particular de bandolerismo social en el Tolima, Colombia: el del “Palomo” Aguirre.Palabras clave: historia, bandolerismo social, Colombia, Tolima.Social Banditry. The Case of Northen Tolima (Colombia)AbstractThis paper is about retaking an approach made by the English historian Eric Hobsbawm, in the sense of reworking social bandit’s typology. According to him, in order to rework it, many more case studies were needed. Based on some of them, this paper focuses on accounting for the debate generated by Hobsbwm banditry’s model since mid-20th century. First, I account for the way his disciples and critics have interpreted his model, mainly that  of  the social bandit. A second aspect deals with some cases of Mediterranean banditry, especially the Catalan, the Italic and the one that took place in Maghreb. Finally, I account for a particular case of social banditry in Tolima, Colombia: the one of “Palomo Aguirre”.Keywords: history, social banditry, Colombia, Tolima.

scholarly journals Ethnographic Trailblazers: Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Robert Prus ◽  
Matthew Burk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Participant Observer

While ethnographic research is often envisioned as a 19th or 20th century development in the social sciences (Wax 1971; Prus 1996), a closer examination of the classical Greek literature (circa 700-300BCE) reveals at least three authors from this era whose works have explicit and extended ethnographic qualities. Following a consideration of “what constitutes ethnographic research,” specific attention is given to the texts developed by Herodotus (c484-425BCE), Thucydides (c460-400BCE), and Xenophon (c430-340BCE). Classical Greek scholarship pertaining to the study of the human community deteriorated notably following the death of Alexander the Great (c384-323BCE) and has never been fully approximated over the intervening centuries. Thus, it is not until the 20th century that sociologists and anthropologists have more adequately rivaled the ethnographic materials developed by these early Greek scholars. Still, there is much to be learned from these earlier sources and few contemporary social scientists appear cognizant of (a) the groundbreaking nature of the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon and (b) the obstacles that these earlier ethnographers faced in developing their materials. Also, lacking awareness of (c) the specific materials that these scholars developed, there is little appreciation of the particular life-worlds depicted therein or (d) the considerable value of their texts as ethnographic resources for developing more extended substantive and conceptual comparative analysis.  Providing accounts of several different peoples’ life-worlds in the eastern Mediterranean arena amidst an extended account of the development of Persia as a military power and related Persian-Greek conflicts, Herodotus (The Histories) provides Western scholars with the earliest, sustained ethnographic materials of record. Thucydides (History of the Peloponnesian War) generates an extended (20 year) and remarkably detailed account of a series of wars between Athens and Sparta and others in the broader Hellenistic theater. Xenophon’s Anabasis is a participantobserver account of a Greek military expedition into Persia. These three authors do not exhaust the ethnographic dimensions of the classical Greek literature, but they provide some particularly compelling participant observer accounts that are supplemented by observations and open-ended inquiries. Because the three authors considered here also approach the study of human behavior in ways that attest to the problematic, multiperspectival, reflective, negotiated, relational, and processual nature of human interaction, contemporary social scientists are apt to find instructive the rich array of materials and insights that these early ethnographers introduce within their texts. Still, these are substantial texts and readers are cautioned that we can do little more in the present statement than provide an introduction to these three authors and their works.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in Tourism & Hospitality – The Perception of Tourists and Tourism Companies in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Mihaela-Filofteia Tutunea ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
The One ◽  
Secondary Information

In a world where everyday life is directly influenced and focused on the use of technology as a support for individual and professional daily activity, we are all witnessing an increasingly obvious change in human interaction; we all notice how interpersonal interaction is rapidly being replaced by new technologies, solutions and application such as IoT and AI and which are going to completely change the perspective on human life so far. From this perspective and in the conditions of the ongoing pandemic, the present study focused on identifying the changes brought by AI solutions and applications in some of the most flexible and adaptable industries such as tourism and hospitality; in order to obtain a more complete picture, the study was oriented in a double perspective, namely the offer from the tourism & hospitality industry, on the one hand and the tourists, on the other hand; regarding the offer from tourism and hospitality, the study used both primary and secondary information, to visualize an image of the existing AI solutions/applications and adopted by the companies in these industries; For the category of tourists, knowing the generational difference regarding the new technologies from the perspective of the level of acceptance and their use, the study aimed at identifying generational profiles regarding the acceptance and use of AI applications in the tourist experience. We consider that the results of the study can be an important support for conducting more complex and comparative studies, related to the use of new technologies that obviously change the development of human society. Keywords: AI (artificial intelligence), tourism, hospitality, generations JEL classification: L86, M15, L83

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