scholarly journals Os princípios retores da organização estatal nas Índias

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Pietschmann
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Will ◽  
State Organization

Os princípios retores da organização estatal nas ÍndiasThe guiding principles of the state organization in the Indies Horst Pietschmann[1] RESUMO: Na América hispânica, as regiões começam a se articular mais em virtude do dinamismo da economia, das concentrações demográficas, institucionais e de poder e de outros fatores geopolíticos. As novas articulações do espaço colonial apenas parcialmente e, quando fosse o caso, respondiam às estruturas governamentais do aparato imperial estabelecido durante o século XVI. Ao mesmo tempo, dá-se um processo inverso: por diferentes causas – sejam geopolíticas, econômicas etc. – determinadas regiões, dotadas, inclusive, de aparato burocrático próprio, entram na órbita de centros mais poderosos que conseguem impor política e economicamente sua autoridade e poder. Esse conjunto de desenvolvimentos contraditórios, que até o momento só se estudou parcialmente na dimensão econômica, porém muito pouco na político-administrativa, em realidade é o início do processo que denominamos de fase de formação de proto-Estados. As reformas do século XVIII são, em grande media, a consequência ou a resposta tardia a desenvolvimentos prévios que se produziram mais bem contra a vontade da metrópole, em momentos de debilidade da Coroa, frente ao processo de desarticulação imperial que ocorre não só na América, mas também nas possessões europeias. É precisamente a perspectiva global do Império hispânico para a segunda metade do século XVII que permite caracterizar esse processo de desintegração imperial como um processo de surgimento de novas entidades políticas que adquirem um maior grau de autonomia e influíram na formação de novos Estados independentes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História da América Hispânica. Formação de Estados. Organização estatal. Império Hispânico. ABSTRACT: In Hispanic America, the regions have begun to articulate more by virtue of economic dynamism, demographic, institutional and power concentrations, and other geopolitical factors. The new articulations of the colonial space only partially, and when was the case, responded to the governmental structures of the imperial apparatus established during the 16th century. At the same time, there is an inverse process: for different causes - geopolitical, economic, etc. - certain regions, even equipped with their own bureaucratic apparatus, enter into the orbit of more powerful centers that can politically and economically impose their authority and power. This set of contradictory developments, which until now has been studied only partially in the economic dimension, but very little in the political-administrative sphere, is actually the beginning of the process we call the proto-state formation phase. The reforms of the 18th century are, in large measure, the consequence or the late answer to previous developments that have been produced against the will of the metropolis, in moments of weakness of the Crown, during the process of imperial disarticulation that occurs not only in America, but also in European possessions. It is precisely the global perspective of the Spanish Empire during the second half of the 17th century that allows us to characterize this process of imperial disintegration as a process of emergence of new political entities that acquire a greater degree of autonomy and influenced the formation of new independent states. KEYWORDS: History of Hispanic America. State formation. State organization. Spanish Empire.[1] Professor emérito da Universidade de Hamburgo.

Digital Resources: Power of Attorney, A Digital Spatial History of Indigenous Legal Culture in Colonial Oaxaca, Mexico

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanna Yannakakis
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Native People ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Power Of Attorney ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

“Power of Attorney in Oaxaca, Mexico: Native People, Legal Culture, and Social Networks” is an ongoing digital research project that constructs a geography of indigenous legal culture through digital maps and visualizations. The Power of Attorney website analyzes relationships among people, places, and courts that were created by the granting of power attorney, a notarial procedure common across the Spanish empire. The primary actors in this story are indigenous individuals, communities, and coalitions of communities in the diocese of Oaxaca, Mexico, and the legal agents who represented them, some of whom were untitled indigenous scribes, and others, titled lawyers and legal agents of Spanish descent. The relationship between indigenous litigants and their legal agents created social networks and flows of knowledge and power at a variety of scales, some local and some transatlantic, whose dimensions changed over time. The pilot for the project focuses on the district of Villa Alta, Oaxaca, during the 18th century. “Power of Attorney in Oaxaca, Mexico: Native People, Legal Culture, and Social Networks” is an ongoing digital research project that constructs a geography of indigenous legal culture through digital maps and visualizations. The Power of Attorney (https://www.powerofattorneynative.com/) website analyzes relationships among people, places, and courts that were created by the granting of power attorney, a notarial procedure common across the Spanish empire. The primary actors in this story are indigenous individuals, communities, and coalitions of communities in the diocese of Oaxaca, Mexico, and the legal agents who represented them, some of whom were untitled indigenous scribes, and others, titled lawyers and legal agents of Spanish descent. The relationship between indigenous litigants and their legal agents created social networks and flows of knowledge and power at a variety of scales, some local and some transatlantic, whose dimensions changed over time. The pilot for the project focuses on the district of Villa Alta, Oaxaca, during the 18th century. The multiscalar narrative of the Power of Attorney project speaks to multiple audiences, and the digital multimedia format allows visitors to further tailor their interactions with information. The site operates on many levels. It provides maps and visualizations based on original research, data culled from primary sources that can be used as a research tool, historical and geographical background information, information about how to read letters of attorney, and microhistorical narratives of power of attorney relationships. For undergraduates learning about the relationship between Spanish administration and pueblos de indios, the maps and visualizations provide an at-a-glance overview of the spatial and social connections among Indian towns, ecclesiastical and viceregal courts, and the court of the king in Madrid from the perspective of an indigenous region rather than a top-down perspective. Graduate students and scholars interested in the production of notarial records in native jurisdictions, social history and ethnohistorical methodology and the relationship between local and transatlantic processes can explore the maps, visualizations, and data in greater detail. An educated general audience interested in the history of Oaxaca’s native peoples can find a general introduction to the region, its history and geography, and the long-standing relationship between Mexico’s native people and the law.

Muslim Brotherhoods in West African History

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Nobili
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
West African ◽  
The Novel ◽  
African History ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent States ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Colonial Government

Muslim Sufi brotherhoods (ṭuruq, sing. ṭarīqa) are ubiquitous in contemporary Islamic West Africa. However, they are relative latecomers in the history of the region, making their appearance in the mid-18th century. Yet, Sufism has a longer presence in West Africa that predates the consolidation of ṭuruq. Early evidence of Sufi practices dates to the period between the 11th and the 17th centuries. By that time traces of the Shādhiliyya and the lesser-known Maḥmūdiyya are available between the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Chad, but it was the activities of the Kunta of the Qādiriyya and of al-ḥājj ‘Umar of the Tijāniyya that led to the massive spread of Sufi brotherhoods in the region. The authority of leaders of ṭuruq did not disappear with the imposition of European colonialism. In fact, the power of those leaders who adjusted to the novel political situation further consolidated thanks to their role as mediators between their constituencies and the colonial government. Eventually, the end of the colonial period did not signal the decline of ṭuruq in West Africa. Conversely, during the postcolonial years, Sufi brotherhoods continued flourishing despite the secular nature of West African independent states and the increasing tension with a plethora of equally rising Salafi movements.

scholarly journals Malay Muslims Patani Insurgency Pattern in the Post-Revolution 1932

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syukri
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Malay Patani is a majority resident in southern Thailand. They have a long history of the insurgency. The history of the Malay insurgency of Patani lasted since the 18th century. In the early 21st century, the Malay insurgency pattern was likely to strengthen in response to the policies of the Thai regime repressive to insurgency issues and strict assimilation policies that demanded an all-ethnic identity in Thailand is the true ethnic Thai identity. In this literature study, Malay Patani insurgency pattern after revolution 1932 because of the will to restore the rights and integrity of Malayu Patani culture. It is the main reason for the rejection of Malay nationalism Patani by the Thai regime. In the last decade, the concept of Islam as identity has increasingly made it a determination to establish the Malay identity of Patani Islam as the basis of the insurgency movement

EPITAFIES OF THE RELATIVES OF HADJI IBRAHIM AL-URADI AS A SOURCE ON THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIST AND ON THE HISTORY OF GIDATL

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Look ◽  
Cultural Monuments ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

Global Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

In the Cold War, “development” was a catchphrase that came to signify progress, modernity, and economic growth. Development aid was closely aligned with the security concerns of the great powers, for whom infrastructure and development projects were ideological tools for conquering hearts and minds around the globe, from Europe and Africa to Asia and Latin America. This book provides a global history of development, drawing on a wealth of archival evidence to offer a panoramic and multifaceted portrait of a Cold War phenomenon that transformed the modern world. Taking readers from the aftermath of the Second World War to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the book shows how development projects altered local realities, transnational interactions, and even ideas about development itself. The book shines new light on the international organizations behind these projects—examining their strategies and priorities and assessing the actual results on the ground—and it also gives voice to the recipients of development aid. It shows how the Cold War shaped the global ambitions of development on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and how international organizations promoted an unrealistically harmonious vision of development that did not reflect local and international differences. The book presents a global perspective on Cold War development, demonstrating how its impacts are still being felt today.

Rediscovering Blackstone: wpływ Williama Blackstone’a na rozwój amerykańskiej nauki prawa w recepcji Alberta W. Alschulera

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Edyta Sokalska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law School ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Common

The reception of common law in the United States was stimulated by a very popular and influential treatise Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir William Blackstone, published in the late 18th century. The work of Blackstone strengthened the continued reception of the common law from the American colonies into the constituent states. Because of the large measure of sovereignty of the states, common law had not exactly developed in the same way in every state. Despite the fact that a single common law was originally exported from England to America, a great variety of factors had led to the development of different common law rules in different states. Albert W. Alschuler from University of Chicago Law School is one of the contemporary American professors of law. The part of his works can be assumed as academic historical-legal narrations, especially those concerning Blackstone: Rediscovering Blackstone and Sir William Blackstone and the Shaping of American Law. Alschuler argues that Blackstone’s Commentaries inspired the evolution of American and British law. He introduces not only the profile of William Blackstone, but also examines to which extent the concepts of Blackstone have become the basis for the development of the American legal thought.

Belarus Libraries in the Period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569 - the End of 18th Century)

2010 ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Roman S. Motulsky
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Monastic Libraries

Peculiarities of Belarus libraries' development in the context of political, religious and cultural traditions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth are considered. It is told about history of monastic libraries, and also about private collections and libraries of educational institutions.

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