scholarly journals Detection of HIV-1 resistant to antiretroviral drugs among tomsk oblast population with newly diagnosed HIV-infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
D. P. Zyryanova ◽  
E. M. Astakhova ◽  
M. P. Gashnikova ◽  
T. N. Ismailova ◽  
E. F. Bocharov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Tomsk Oblast ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Transmitted drug resistance to Tenofovir/Emtricitabine among persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection in Shenyang city, Northeast China from 2016 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Minghui An ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Xue Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Shenyang City ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Recent Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background To assess transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC), using as pre-exposure prophylaxis, among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected residents in Shenyang city, northeast China. Methods Demographic and epidemiological information of all newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected residents in Shenyang city from 2016 to 2018 were anonymously collected from the local HIV epidemic database. HIV-1 pol sequences were amplified from RNA in cryopreserved plasma samples and sequenced directly. Viral subtypes were inferred with phylogenetic analysis and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) were determined according to the Stanford HIVdb algorithm. Recent HIV infection was determined with HIV Limiting Antigen avidity electro immunoassay. Results A total of 2176 sequences (92.4%, 2176/2354) were obtained; 70.9% (1536/2167) were CRF01_AE, followed by CRF07_BC (18.0%, 391/2167), subtype B (4.7%, 102/2167), other subtypes (2.6%, 56/2167), and unique recombinant forms (3.8%, 82/2167). The prevalence of TDR was 4.9% (107/2167), among which, only 0.6% (13/2167) was resistance to TDF/FTC. Most of these subjects had CRF01_AE strains (76.9%, 10/13), were unmarried (76.9%, 10/13), infected through homosexual contact (92.3%, 12/13), and over 30 years old (median age: 33). The TDF/FTC DRMs included K65R (8/13), M184I/V (5/13), and Y115F (2/13). Recent HIV infection accounted for only 23.1% (3/13). Most cases were sporadic in the phylogenetic tree, except two CRF01_AE sequences with K65R (Bootstrap value: 99%). Conclusions The prevalence of TDR to TDF/FTC is low among newly diagnosed HIV-infected cases in Shenyang, suggesting that TDR may have little impact on the protective effect of the ongoing CROPrEP project in Shenyang city.

Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406
Author(s):  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
Sharaf Shah ◽  
Rumina Hasan ◽  
Shoaib Rao ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Impact of HIV-1 Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on Bone Homeostasis and Mineral Density in Vertically Infected Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Donà ◽  
E. Mozzo ◽  
D. Luise ◽  
R. Lundin ◽  
A. Padoan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Hiv 1

Daily assumption of antiretroviral drugs and HIV-related immune activation lead to important side effects, which are particularly evident in vertically infected patients. Bone homeostasis impairment and reduction of bone mineral density (BMD) is one of the most important side effects. Primary aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of bone homeostasis alterations in a group of vertically infected patients; secondary aim is to analyze the relationship between bone homeostasis alterations and anthropometric data, severity of HIV infection, and antiretroviral therapy. We studied 67 patients with vertically transmitted HIV-1 (aged 6-31 years), followed by the Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit of the University Hospital of Padua, Italy. We analyzed bone turnover markers (P1NP and CTx) and we performed lumbar spine and femoral dual energy X-ray absorption densitometry (DXA). Personal and anthropometric data and information on HIV-infection severity and antiretroviral therapy were collected for all patients. We found that BMD values recorded by DXA showed a significant correlation with age, race, BMI, physical activity, and antiretroviral therapy duration. P1NP was increased in 43% of patients, while CTX in 61% of them. P1NP alteration was related to age, race, BMI, physical activity, therapy duration, and ever use of protease inhibitors and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. CTX alteration was found to be correlated only with age. In conclusion, our study confirms that a wide percentage of HIV vertically infected patients show reduced BMD and impaired bone homeostasis. Strict monitoring is needed in order to early identify and treat these conditions.

Unsupervised self-initiation of antiretroviral drugs in a newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected haemodialysis patient

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-207
Author(s):  
S.E. Moses ◽  
M. Zuckerman ◽  
P. Donohoe ◽  
M. Sudhanva ◽  
M. Poulton
Keyword(s):  
Haemodialysis Patient ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals HIV-1 CRF63_02A6 models as a tool for evaluating efficacy of developing antiretroviral drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-774
Author(s):  
D. P. Zyryanova ◽  
N. V. Bogacheva ◽  
A. V. Totmenin ◽  
N. M. Gashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Infectious Molecular Clones ◽  
Hiv 1

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) allows not only to control the infection process in certain patient, but also to reduce a risk of HIV infection spreading in general, so that one of the goals for international community fighting against HIV-spread is to maximize coverage of infected subjects with HAART. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection is administered lifelong, so that therapeutic efficacy may be lowered due to emergence of resistant HIV-1 variants. Currently, development of new antiretroviral drugs is currently underway throughout the world, therefore standard HIV-1 models are demanded to evaluate antiviral efficacy of promising drugs. To reliably assess drug efficiency regarding Russiawide HIV-1 variants, HIV-1 genovariants widespread in Russia should be used as a virus model. A recently emerged recombinant form of CRF63_02A6 HIV-1 is spread in Russia being currently a dominant variant detected among HIV-infected individuals in an extended region of the Siberian Federal District: in the Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Kemerovo Regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai Krai. We have obtained CRF63_02A6 infectious isolates of HIV-1, one of which contains mutations, reducing the sensitivity to the applied inhibitors of the virus reverse transcriptase. In addition, we constructed infectious molecular clones based on HIV-1 CRF63_02A6 variants with an affinity for CCR5 coreceptors and CXCR4. Infectious isolates and molecular clones CRF63_02A6 tested as models for assessing efficacy of antiretroviral drugs using the example of the drug “Efavirenz”. The fifty percent inhibitory concentration determined on the models of HIV-1 infectious molecular clones and HIV-1 isolate 18RU7056 ranged from 0.00027 pg/ml to 0.00046 pg/ml being in agreement with data published elsewhere. Concentrations of “Efavirenz” used in the study did not suppress the replication of HIV-1 12RU6987, which is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which confirms the decrease in the sensitivity of HIV-1 12RU6987 to “Efavirenz” by no less than 10,000 times. Thus, our data demonstrate that CRF63_02A6 HIV-1 isolated strains and infectious molecular clones are relevant and complementary tools for assessing efficacy of developing drugs aimed at suppressing HIV-1, including non-nucleoside-resistant virus reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Genetic diversity of HIV-1 and transmitted drug resistance among newly diagnosed individuals with HIV infection in Hangzhou, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1668-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiafeng Zhang ◽  
Zhihong Guo ◽  
Jiezhe Yang ◽  
Xiaohong Pan ◽  
Jun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Unknown HIV Infection Prevalence and Associated Factors: Findings from A University Teaching Hospital in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Early detection and effective treatment with antiretroviral drugs would help preserve/improve the immune system, ameliorate quality of life of persons with HIV/AIDS and prevent unintentional spread of the virus. To that end provider initiated HIV counseling and testing (PIHCT) is recommended as standard of care for all patients attending health facilities in HIV endemic countries. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with unknown HIV infection among medical admissions at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) as an indicator of PIHTC practice in Dares salaam, Tanzania. Methods: Patients newly hospitalized into MNH medical wards with unknown HIV sero-status were recruited in this hospital based cross sectional study. Patients were interviewed, examined, counseled and tested for HIV. CD4+ T lymphocytes count was determined for HIV positive and patients were followed up to determine in hospital outcome and duration of stay. Results: Of the 505 patients with unknown HIV status, 30 (5.9%) tested positive for HIV and all of them had visited another health facility before being referred to MNH compared to 78.5% among those who tested negative (p=0.004). More than two thirds (66.7%) of the newly diagnosed HIV patients had advanced disease. But, history of chronic diarrhea and/or severe weight loss, severe wasting (Slim disease) common features of AIDS in the 1980s were not apparent despite the late clinical presentation. Patients presenting with fever, oral ulcers, oral candidiasis, altered mental status, generalized lymphadenopathy were more likely to be diagnosed with HIV infection. Age of ≥50 years had a negative correlation towards a new diagnosis of HIV infection. Conclusion: Over 85% of medical patients referred to MNH did not know their HIV status. Newly diagnosed HIV sero-positive patients did not present with AIDS defining illnesses although over two thirds of them had advanced disease and in hospital mortality was high.

scholarly journals CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED KAPOSI’S SARCOMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
V. D. Renev ◽  
D. A. Lioznov ◽  
O. N. Leonova ◽  
A. V. Nekrasova ◽  
T. V. Antonova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Cd4 Lymphocytes

Objective: to characterize the clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with HIV infection with newly diagnosed Kaposi’s sarcoma.Materials and methods. The analysis of clinical and laboratory data of 25 HIV-infected patients with newly diagnosed Kaposi’s sarcoma who were treated in the in-patient department of St. Petersburg Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases in 2009-2017Results. Ninety-two (n=23) patients were men. The median age at detecting HIV infection is 36 years. The manifestation age of Kaposi’s sarcoma is a median of 37 years. Elements of Kaposi’s sarcoma were located mainly on the skin of the lower and upper extremities, trunk, face and oral mucosa. Manifest CMV infection was registered in one patient, candidiasis of various localizations was found in 19 patients (76%), 2 of them also had one case of tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis. The viral load of HIV in the serum of patients upon admission to the hospital ranged from 26 159 to 2 755,549 copies/ml. The number of CD4 lymphocytes in the serum of patients is from 4 to 674 cells/μl. First-line antiretroviral drugs were prescribed to 20 (80%) patients, while the positive dynamics of sarcoma was observed in 8 patients. Four (16%) patients received antitumor treatment. The duration of hospitalization of patients ranged from 8 to 85 days (median 29). Twenty-one patients were discharged from the hospital, death was registered in 4 patients (16%).Conclusion. Characteristics of patients with HIV infection with newly diagnosed Kaposi’s sarcoma are: the predominance of males aged 30-39 years; skin lesions of the limbs and trunk in the debut of the clinical picture of sarcoma; laboratory signs of pronounced immunodeficiency (in 75% of patients, CD4 lymphocytes in the serum are less than 200 cells/μl); high viral load of HIV in serum (in 88% of patients more than 100 000 copies/ml); frequent combination with other opportunistic diseases.

scholarly journals An Enhanced Emtricitabine-Loaded Long-Acting Nanoformulation for Prevention or Treatment of HIV Infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhra Mandal ◽  
Michael Belshan ◽  
Ashley Holec ◽  
You Zhou ◽  
Christopher J. Destache
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Among various FDA-approved combination antiretroviral drugs (cARVs), emtricitabine (FTC) has been a very effective nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Thus far, FTC is the only deoxycytidine nucleoside analog. However, a major drawback of FTC is its large volume distribution (averaging 1.4 liters/kg) and short plasma half-life (8 to 10 h), necessitating a high daily dosage. Thus, we propose an innovative fabrication method of loading FTC in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymeric nanoparticles (FTC-NPs), potentially overcoming these drawbacks. Our nanoformulation demonstrated enhanced FTC loading (size of <200 nm and surface charge of −23 mV) and no to low cytotoxicity with improved biocompatibility compared to those with FTC solution. An ex vivo endosomal release assay illustrated that NP entrapment prolongs FTC release over a month. Intracellular retention studies demonstrate sustained FTC retention over time, with approximately 8% (24 h) to 68% (96 h) release with a mean retention of ∼0.74 μg of FTC/105 cells after 4 days. An in vitro HIV-1 inhibition study demonstrated that FTC-NP treatment results in a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ∼43 times lower in TZM-bl cells (0.00043 μg/ml) and ∼3.7 times lower (0.009 μg/ml) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) than with FTC solution (TZM-bl cells, 0.01861, and PBMCs, 0.033 μg/ml). Further, on primary PBMCs, FTC-NPs also illustrate an HIV-1 infection blocking efficacy comparable to that of FTC solution. All the above-described studies substantiate that FTC nanoformulation prolongs intracellular FTC concentration and inhibition of HIV infection. Therefore, FTC-NPs potentially could be a long-acting, stable formulation to ensure once-biweekly dosing to prevent or treat HIV infection.

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