scholarly journals Lead - a preanalytical/analytical variable in clinical chemistry

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Ivana Rasic-Misic ◽  
Emilija Pecev-Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Chemical ◽  
Analytical Variable ◽  
Lead Intake ◽  
Proper Interpretation

Lead is one of the most studied clinically important metals due its high toxicity and a high number of workers exposed to it. The interest toward Pb is elevated by the fact that children are especially susceptible to lead poisoning. Research regarding lead poisoning requires a complex, multi-disciplinary (clinical medical and clinical chemical) approach. Monitoring human exposure to lead (intake, i.e. poisoning) may be achieved by quantification of Pb in tissues and body fluids. For that reason, a number of accurate and reliable analytical methods for the determination of Pb (analytical/preanalytical variable) were developed. An objective of this review paper is to provide key information necessary for proper interpretation of results of lead related clinical/laboratory tests.

scholarly journals A review: Analytical methods for heavy metals determination in environment and human samples

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Arjomandi ◽  
*Hamid Shirkhanloo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Soil And Water

Heavy metals are vital and necessary in our daily lives. Moreover, if the amounts of heavy metals are more than the acceptable amounts (mentioned by WHO) in soil, water, and air, indeed, they cause a lot of diseases in human bodies. Therefore, monitoring and measuring the amounts of heavy metals that are arduous and difficult are so important. In this review paper, a lot of studies that have been carried out on the determination and quantification of heavy metals in human bodies, soil, and water are considered. Moreover, the effect of toxicity of each heavy metal on human health is assessed. According to WHO, EPA, NIOSH, ACGIH, and clinical chemistry, the determination of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Mn is very important in the human body and Environmental matrixes. 

Automated multiple flow-injection analysis in clinical chemistry: determination of albumin with bromcresol green.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
B W Renoe ◽  
K K Stewart ◽  
G R Beecher ◽  
M R Wills ◽  
J Savory
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Flow Injection ◽  
Flow Injection Analysis ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Clinical Chemical ◽  
Bromcresol Green

Abstract We describe an adaptation of automated multiple flow-injection analysis instrumentation to an analysis for albumin in serum. The bromcresol green reaction was used to test the utility of the system. The approach yielded albumin results with excellent sensitivity, no measurable carryover, a relative standard deviation of less than 1%, good correlations with published procedures, and no measurable interferences. The simplicity and flexibility of the instrumentation and its performance integrity, as indicated by the analytical results, make this a viable clinical chemical tool.

The Potential of Phosphorescence Spectrometry in Clinical Chemistry—The New Generation of Instrumentation and Methodology

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M O'Donnell ◽  
J D Winefordner
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Decay Curve ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Generation

Abstract We review recent advances in instrumentation and methodology in phosphorimetry that should facilitate the use of phosphorimetry for clinical analyses and recent phosphorescence studies of interest to the clinical chemist. We indicate recent advances, particularly improvements in instrumentation, novel methodologies, and new chemical processes that result in either an increase in sensitivity or selectivity (or both) of measurement of compounds of clinical importance. The greatest use of phosphorimetry in the clinical laboratory will not be for the analysis of very large numbers of samples for one species via automatic instrumentation, but rather will be for the analysis of those molecular species difficult or impossible to measure by conventional methods (colorimetry, fluorometry, etc.). Although various instrumental and methodological advances are discussed separately here, the most important use of these advances in clinical chemistry will undoubtedly be when two or more of them are combined, for example, in the use of time- or frequency-resolved phosphorimetry for the selective measurement of the phosphorescence resulting with inorganic probes and the appropriate choice of solvent and pH (of course, the instrument could contain an image vidicon detector for rapid determination of the spectrum, the decay curve, or both).

scholarly journals Proteomics: A New Diagnostic Frontier

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1218-1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen L Hortin ◽  
Saeed A Jortani ◽  
James C Ritchie ◽  
Roland Valdes ◽  
Daniel W Chan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Protein Fragments ◽  
Recent Conference ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Source Of Information

Abstract Background: Analysis of proteins has been an integral part of the field of clinical chemistry for decades. Recent advances in technology and complete identification of the human genome sequence have opened up new opportunities for analysis of proteins for clinical diagnostic purposes. Methods: Content of a recent conference of proteomics is summarized. Results: New analytical methods allow the simultaneous analysis of a large number of proteins in biological fluids such as serum and plasma, offering partial views of the complete set of proteins or proteome. Plasma presents many analytical challenges, such as the complexity of components, predominance of a few major components, and the large concentration range of components, but the number of proteins that can be detected in plasma has expanded dramatically from hundreds to thousands. At the same time, there is increased capability to detect structural variations of proteins. Recent studies also identified the presence of complex sets of small protein fragments in plasma. This set of protein fragments, the fragmentome or peptidome, is potentially a rich source of information about physiologic and disease processes. Conclusions: Advances in proteomics offer great promise for the discovery of markers that might serve as the basis for new clinical laboratory tests. There are many challenges, however, in the translation of newly discovered markers into clinical laboratory tests.

A New Approach to the Costing of Clinical Laboratory Tests

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M G Broughton ◽  
T C Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

A method of costing clinical laboratory tests is described which avoids the assumptions and omissions of previous methods and overcomes the basic theoretical difficulty of allocating indirect (overhead) costs, which form the major component. The method develops the concept of a ‘cost per request” to cover indirect costs, which reflect the cost of providing laboratory facilities, and a ‘cost per test” to cover the direct analytical costs of the individual tests done. The direct cost per test was found to vary with the workload, which makes it difficult to predict the effect of changes in demand on expenditure. The Canadian Schedule of Unit Values was found to be an unreliable basis for calculating direct labour costs. Examples are given of the direct and indirect costs of consumables, labour, and capital, and their contribution to the total cost of clinical chemistry tests done either during or outside normal working hours. The total annual cost for each analyte may be a more useful indicator of expenditure than the cost per test.

Diagnostic performances of clinical laboratory tests using Triton X-100 to reduce the biohazard associated with routine testing of Ebola virus-infected patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Tempestilli ◽  
Luigia Pucci ◽  
Stefania Notari ◽  
Antonino Di Caro ◽  
Concetta Castilletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Enveloped Virus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Triton X

AbstractEbola virus, an enveloped virus, is the cause of the largest and most complex Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa. Blood or body fluids of an infected person may represent a biohazard to laboratory workers. Laboratory tests of virus containing specimens should be conducted in referral centres at biosafety level 4, but based on the severity of clinical symptoms, basic laboratories might be required to execute urgent tests for patients suspected of EVD. The aim of this work was to compare the analytical performances of laboratory tests when Triton X-100, a chemical agent able to inactivate other enveloped viruses, was added to specimens.Results of clinical chemistry, coagulation and haematology parameters on samples before and after the addition of 0.1% (final concentration) of Triton X-100 and 1 h of incubation at room temperature were compared.Overall, results showed very good agreement by all statistical analyses. Triton X-100 at 0.1% did not significantly affect the results for the majority of the analytes tested.Triton X-100 at 0.1% can be used to reduce the biohazard in performing laboratory tests on samples from patients with EVD without affecting clinical decisions.

Rapid System of Microchemical Analysis for the Clinical Laboratory

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Saifer ◽  
Shirley Gerstenfeld ◽  
Michael C Zymaris
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Microchemical Analysis ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Semiautomatic System ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract A rapid, semiautomatic system of microchemical analysis for the clinical chemistry laboratory has been proposed. Five basic elements of this system are: (1) The use of siliconated-heparinized plasma. (2) The use of the calibrated-pipet-tip buret technic for measuring small (0.10-ml.) samples. (3) The use of the decantation principle as a precision step in making quantitative transfers. (4) The use of automatic syringe pipets for adding constant volumes of reagents, (5) The use of specific enzymatic methods, whenever these are applicable, for the determination of biologic constituents. The analytic system has already been applied to the determination of such important biologic constituents as glucose, urea nitrogen, phosphorus, acid and alkaline phosphatases, sodium and potassium, calcium, and total protein. The semiautomatic system permits the use of microprocedures in a clinical chemistry laboratory by persons of limited technical skill.

Automated multiple flow-injection analysis in clinical chemistry: determination of albumin with bromcresol green.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
B W Renoe ◽  
K K Stewart ◽  
G R Beecher ◽  
M R Wills ◽  
J Savory
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Flow Injection ◽  
Flow Injection Analysis ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Clinical Chemical ◽  
Bromcresol Green

Abstract We describe an adaptation of automated multiple flow-injection analysis instrumentation to an analysis for albumin in serum. The bromcresol green reaction was used to test the utility of the system. The approach yielded albumin results with excellent sensitivity, no measurable carryover, a relative standard deviation of less than 1%, good correlations with published procedures, and no measurable interferences. The simplicity and flexibility of the instrumentation and its performance integrity, as indicated by the analytical results, make this a viable clinical chemical tool.

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