scholarly journals Biodiesel I: Historical background, present and future production and standards - professional paper

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Skala ◽  
Sandra Glisic
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Future Production

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel which may be used as pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated acids (about 60%) and also poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3) in a lower quantity, as well as some undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in research and the industrial production of biodiesel (palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article. The second part focuses on some new concepts for the future development of technology for biodiesel production, based on the application of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions or the use of lipases as an alternative catalyst for this reaction.

scholarly journals Biodiesel II: A new concept of biodiesel production - transesterification with supercritical methanol

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Skala ◽  
Sandra Glisic ◽  
Ivana Lukic ◽  
Aleksandar Orlovic
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Supercritical Methanol ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel that might be used as a pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated (about 60%) and also, in a lower quantity, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3), as well as some amounts of undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in the research and industrial production of biodiesel (palm-oil, sunflower-oil, soybean-oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of the biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as Directives of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article (Chem. Ind. 58 (2004)). The second part focused on some new concepts and the future development of technology for biodiesel production based on the use of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions. A literature review, as well as original results based on the transesterification of animal fats, plant oil and used plant oil were discussed. Obtained results were compared with the traditional concept of transesterification based on base or acid catalysis. Experimental investigations of transesterification with supercritical methanol were performed in a 2 dm3 autoclave at 140 bar pressure and at 300?C with molar ratio of methanol to triglycerides of about 41. The degree of esterification strongly depends on the density of supercritical methanol and on the possibility of reaction occurring in one phase.

scholarly journals The effects of breed and feeding regime on the chemical composition of pig back fat as a potential raw material for biodiesel production

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Mladen Popovac ◽  
Dragan Radojkovic ◽  
Milica Petrovic ◽  
Marija Gogic ◽  
Dragan Stanojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the back fat tissue of mangalitsa pig and meaty pig breeds and their crosses, and the pigs that were fed with feed that was enriched or unenriched with oil, from the aspect of the production of biodiesel, where the starting material for the fuel would be the fat tissue of pigs. By examining the impact of breed and oil content in feed, it was found that chemical parameters (fat, water, protein, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) show statistically significant variation under the influence of these factors. The highest fat content (89.39%), which is essential for conversion of fat into biodiesel, was found in back adipose tissue of mangalitsa breed, while the lowest fat content (86.10%) was found in the back fat tissue of meaty breeds and their crosses. Favorable ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (37.92% : 62.07%), on which some physical properties of the fuel depend, was found in the back fat tissue of pigs that were fed with feed enriched with oil, and the largest proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e. the most unfavorable fatty acid composition (40.90% : 59.09%) was found in the back fat tissues of pigs that were fed with feed unenriched with oil. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids and water (7.44%), as the key factors that determine the cetane number of the fuel and the fuel production process, indicates that the most suitable raw material for the production of biodiesel is the fat tissue of pigs that were fed with food that contained a certain amount of oil.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of oil in Jatropha curcas L. under the dry and warm climate conditions of Colombia

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Montenegro R. ◽  
Stanislav Magnitskiy ◽  
Martha C. Henao T.
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Composition

This study was conducted to assess fruit and seed yield, oil content and oil composition of Jatropha curcas fertilized with different doses of nitrogen and potassium in Espinal (Tolima, Colombia). The yields ranged from 4,570 to 8,800 kg ha-1 of fruits and from 2,430 to 4,746 kg ha-1 of seeds. These yields showed that the fertilizer dose of 150 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1K increased fruit production by 92% and seed production by 95%, which represents an increase of about 100% in oil production, which increased from 947 to 1,900 kg ha-1. The total oil content in the seeds ranged from 38.7 to 40.1% (w/w) with a high content of the unsaturated fatty acids oleic (> 47%) and linoleic acid (> 29%). The highest content of oleic acid in the seed oil was from the unfertilized control plants and plants with an application of 100 kg ha-1 of N and 60 kg ha-1 of K, with an average of 48%. The lowest content of oleic acid was registered when a low dose of nitrogen and a high level of potassium were applied at a ratio of 1:2.4 and doses of 50 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1 K, respectively. Low contents of the saturated fatty acids palmitic (13.4%) and stearic (7.26%) were obtained, making this oil suitable for biodiesel production. The nitrogen was a more important nutrient for the production and quality of oil in J. curcas than potassium under the studied conditions of soil and climate.

scholarly journals Chemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Palado Seed Oil (Aglaia sp) Extracted Using Chloroform Solvent

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syamsul RAHMAN ◽  
Salengke Salengke ◽  
Abu Bakar TAWALI ◽  
Meta MAHENDRADATTA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Ingredients

Palado (Aglaia sp) is a plant that grows wild in the forest around Mamuju regency of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This plant is locally known as palado. Palado seeds (Aglaia sp) can be used as a source of vegetable oil because it contains approximately 14.75 % oil, and it has the potential to be used as food ingredients or as raw material for oil production. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical properties and the composition of fatty acids contained in palado seed oil (Aglaia sp). The employed method involved the use of palado fruit that had been processed to be palado seed and undergoing flouring process. Palado flour was produced by the extraction process by using chloroform solvent with the soxhlet method. The characteristics of the chemical properties in the oil produced were analyzed by using a standard method, including iodine, saponification, and acid values. The analysis of fatty acid composition was conducted by using gas chromatography. The results showed that palado oil extracted with hexane had an iodine value of 15.38 mg/g, saponification value of 190.01 mg KOH/g, and acids value of 1.961 mg KOH/g. The fatty acid composition of the palado seed oil consisted of saturated fatty acids (41.601 %), which included palmitic acid (41.062 %), myristic acid (0.539 %), and unsaturated fatty acids (45.949 %), which included mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as (22.929 %), oleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was linoleic acid (23.020 %).

scholarly journals TECHNICAL REPORT 2: ACID CATALYSIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

2010 ◽  
Vol 07 (13) ◽  
pp. 30-32
Author(s):  
Luis Alcides Brandini DE BONI ◽  
Eduardo GOLDANI
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
National Program ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Acidity Level

Several raw materials have been used in the biodiesel production since the implementation of the National Program of Production and Use of Biodiesel through the Brazilian Law 11.097 of January 13th 2005. The most common way used to produce this biofuel is the transesterification reaction which, among others features, requires a raw material with low acidity level. When this condition is not reached, the esterification reaction is alternatively used to convert free fatty acids into mono alkyl esters. Sulfuric acid is one of the catalysts that can be used in the esterification reaction which, therefore, can react with the alcohol generating dimethylsulfate. The aim of this technical report is to discuss the chemical reactions involved when the esterification reaction is used and the effects that this may cause, such as exposure to carcinogenic products.

scholarly journals Composition of Fatty Acids in Evaluation of Sea Cucumber Potency for Nutraceutical Product Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Rini Susilowati ◽  
Asri Pratitis ◽  
Hedi Indra Januar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Resonance Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition

Unsaturated fatty acid in food has an effect to improve human health, while saturated fatty acid has the opposite impact. Ratio between both types of fatty acids is important to evaluate the biological material for nutraceutical product development. This paper aimed to evaluate the nutraceutical potency of sea cucumber from Kendari Bay Waters, South East Sulawesi, based on their fatty acids composition. The analysis was conducted by the 1H-NMR (Hidrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) method. Several species within 4 genera (Holothuria, Bohadschia, Actinopyga, and Stichopus) were selected as the subject of the study. Comparison of fatty acid composition has been done in genera level, the preliminary study found that variation between species among the same genera was insignificant (p >0.05). Results of the study detected that Holothuria contained with an even ratio of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), but Actinopyga was detected with low PUFA/SFA ratio. It may suggest that Holothuria from this region is the most potential raw material for nutraceutical product development. Meanwhile, precaution is needed for genera that contained with low PUFA/SFA ratio. Furthermore, comparison with other studies detected that fatty acids composition is not morphological specific, but vary, according to food viability, environmental and geographic location. Therefore, preliminary screening is important in evaluation of sea cucumber material for nutraceutical product development.  

scholarly journals Nutritional Properties and In Vitro Antidiabetic Activities of Blue and Yellow Corn Extracts: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Aleksandra J. Smorowska ◽  
Anna K. Żołnierczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Nawirska-Olszańska ◽  
Józef Sowiński ◽  
Antoni Szumny
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Blue Corn

The objective of this research was to designate and identify the profile of fatty acids, sterols, and polyphenol compounds and to demonstrate the antidiabetic activity, in blue corn extracts (BCE) in comparison with the yellow variant of this raw material. All of the maize lines, including the blue corn, were grown in Europe (southwestern part of Poland) and not in the place of origin (South America). In the extracts of the blue corn variety, eight anthocyanin compounds were isolated. The compound found in the largest amount was pelargonidin, followed by cyanidin-3-glucoside and other glycoside derivatives. Unsaturated fatty acids were the main ones found in the lipid fraction of blue and yellow corn, including linoleic acid and oleic acid. Saturated fatty acids, such as stearic and palmitic acid, were present in smaller amounts. The blue corn’s sterol profile was similar to other varieties of this corn, with β-sitosterol and campesterol occurring in the largest amount, alongside smaller amounts of stigmastanol and stigmasterol. The blue corn variety was characterized by a high content of polyphenolic compounds, which show several biological activities, including antidiabetic activity. The strongest in vitro antidiabetic effect was found in the blue corn lines. Among the polyphenolic compounds in both the blue and yellow corn varieties, in the largest amounts, were caffeic acid, procyanidin B2, and gallic acid. Despite the known and proven biological activity of polyphenolic compounds, the fat fraction showed the highest in vitro antidiabetic activity in the BCE studied.

scholarly journals Variation Patterns of the Volatiles during Germination of the Foxtail Millet (Setaria Italic): The Relationship between the Volatiles and Fatty Acids in Model Experiments

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
PengLiang Li ◽  
Yin Zhu ◽  
ShaoHui Li ◽  
AiXia Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry

Functional and nutritional compounds are increased during foxtail millet germination while bad smell is produced due to the fatty acid oxidation. To eliminate the unpleasant aroma, the origins of the volatiles must be known. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed forty-nine volatiles containing 8 ketones, 10 aldehydes, 20 alkanes, 4 alcohols, 5 alkenes, and 2 furans were tentatively identified, and they increased during the germination of the foxtail millet. To identify the origin of some volatiles, model experiments by adding 6 fatty acids to the crude enzymes of the foxtail millet was designed, and 17 volatiles could be detected. The saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) had no contributions to the formation of the volatiles, whereas the unsaturated fatty acid played important roles in the formation of volatiles. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid produced most aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones, while linolenic acid produced the most alkanes and alkenes. This study will be helpful for controlling the smell of germinated seeds from the raw material selection.

scholarly journals Quantification of Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Jatropha cucas L. from Guizhou, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Hamidou SENOU ◽  
Cai X. ZHENG ◽  
Gabriel SAMAKE ◽  
Mamadou B. TRAORE ◽  
Fousseni FOLEGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition

<p class="1Body">The methyl esters of fatty acids composition of the oil from <em>jatropha curcas</em> seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS. Fourteen components were found to be representative with 99.52% of the total content of seed oils. The main constituents were unsaturated fatty acids (71.93%) and saturated fatty acids (27.59%). For the saturated fatty acids composition such as palmitic and stearic acid, the rate was 15.80% and 10.79%, respectively. Linoleic acid (39.58%) and oleic acid (30.41%) were obtained in highest concentration among the unsaturated fatty acids identified in the seeds oil of <em>Jatropha curcas</em> from Guizhou. This value also justifies the fluidity of the oil at room temperature. A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.58%) and a slightly lower rate of monounsaturated fatty acids (32.35%) were also observed. The seed oils profile of Guizhou <em>Jatropha curcas</em> presents the desirable fatty acid C14 to C18 and interesting features for the biodiesel production.</p>

Reaction Mechanism and Impact Factors Analysis of Transesterification Biodiesel Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
Xiang Yu Li ◽  
Jian Chun Jiang ◽  
Kui Wang ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Yi Wei Gao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Synthesis Reaction ◽  
Factors Analysis

The preparation and production technology of biodiesel was explained in this paper. The transesterification mechanism was discussed from the synthesis reaction of biodiesel. Then the synthetic effects on the reaction were investigated such as water of the raw material oil, free fatty acids, temperature, pressure, catalyst, reaction time, alcohol-oil ratios, the mixing degree of raw materials and other aspects. The best synthetic technology was obtained.

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