scholarly journals Biodiesel II: A new concept of biodiesel production - transesterification with supercritical methanol

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Skala ◽  
Sandra Glisic ◽  
Ivana Lukic ◽  
Aleksandar Orlovic
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Supercritical Methanol ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel that might be used as a pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated (about 60%) and also, in a lower quantity, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3), as well as some amounts of undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in the research and industrial production of biodiesel (palm-oil, sunflower-oil, soybean-oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of the biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as Directives of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article (Chem. Ind. 58 (2004)). The second part focused on some new concepts and the future development of technology for biodiesel production based on the use of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions. A literature review, as well as original results based on the transesterification of animal fats, plant oil and used plant oil were discussed. Obtained results were compared with the traditional concept of transesterification based on base or acid catalysis. Experimental investigations of transesterification with supercritical methanol were performed in a 2 dm3 autoclave at 140 bar pressure and at 300?C with molar ratio of methanol to triglycerides of about 41. The degree of esterification strongly depends on the density of supercritical methanol and on the possibility of reaction occurring in one phase.

scholarly journals Biodiesel I: Historical background, present and future production and standards - professional paper

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Skala ◽  
Sandra Glisic
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Future Production

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel which may be used as pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated acids (about 60%) and also poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3) in a lower quantity, as well as some undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in research and the industrial production of biodiesel (palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article. The second part focuses on some new concepts for the future development of technology for biodiesel production, based on the application of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions or the use of lipases as an alternative catalyst for this reaction.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of oil in Jatropha curcas L. under the dry and warm climate conditions of Colombia

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Montenegro R. ◽  
Stanislav Magnitskiy ◽  
Martha C. Henao T.
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Composition

This study was conducted to assess fruit and seed yield, oil content and oil composition of Jatropha curcas fertilized with different doses of nitrogen and potassium in Espinal (Tolima, Colombia). The yields ranged from 4,570 to 8,800 kg ha-1 of fruits and from 2,430 to 4,746 kg ha-1 of seeds. These yields showed that the fertilizer dose of 150 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1K increased fruit production by 92% and seed production by 95%, which represents an increase of about 100% in oil production, which increased from 947 to 1,900 kg ha-1. The total oil content in the seeds ranged from 38.7 to 40.1% (w/w) with a high content of the unsaturated fatty acids oleic (> 47%) and linoleic acid (> 29%). The highest content of oleic acid in the seed oil was from the unfertilized control plants and plants with an application of 100 kg ha-1 of N and 60 kg ha-1 of K, with an average of 48%. The lowest content of oleic acid was registered when a low dose of nitrogen and a high level of potassium were applied at a ratio of 1:2.4 and doses of 50 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1 K, respectively. Low contents of the saturated fatty acids palmitic (13.4%) and stearic (7.26%) were obtained, making this oil suitable for biodiesel production. The nitrogen was a more important nutrient for the production and quality of oil in J. curcas than potassium under the studied conditions of soil and climate.

scholarly journals The Study of Variation in Fatty Acids Composition for Animal Fats

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia POP ◽  
Cornel LASLO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Poultry Fat

In this article the chemical composition of 2 types of animal fats (cow milk fat and poultry fat) following the variation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids proportion during freezing storage was studied. Determination of chemical composition of animal fats is important in establishing organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters, the variation of them in time, nature and proportion of fatty acids conferring specific characteristics to them. For milk fat was determined the following chemical composition: saturated fatty acids 68.35%, monounsaturated fatty acids 29.25%, polyunsaturated fatty acids 2.4%. After 4 months of storage under freezing there was a change in fatty acids proportion, saturated fatty acid content increased to 70.41%, monounsaturated fatty acids content decreased to 28.23%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids content decreased to 1.35% due to oxidation process when decreased the degree of unsaturation due to unsaturated fatty acids oxidation. In the case of poultry fat there was also an increase of saturated fatty acids (30.71%) and a decrease for monounsaturated (43.47%) and polyunsaturated (24.81%) fatty acids content.

scholarly journals Quantification of Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Jatropha cucas L. from Guizhou, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Hamidou SENOU ◽  
Cai X. ZHENG ◽  
Gabriel SAMAKE ◽  
Mamadou B. TRAORE ◽  
Fousseni FOLEGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition

<p class="1Body">The methyl esters of fatty acids composition of the oil from <em>jatropha curcas</em> seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS. Fourteen components were found to be representative with 99.52% of the total content of seed oils. The main constituents were unsaturated fatty acids (71.93%) and saturated fatty acids (27.59%). For the saturated fatty acids composition such as palmitic and stearic acid, the rate was 15.80% and 10.79%, respectively. Linoleic acid (39.58%) and oleic acid (30.41%) were obtained in highest concentration among the unsaturated fatty acids identified in the seeds oil of <em>Jatropha curcas</em> from Guizhou. This value also justifies the fluidity of the oil at room temperature. A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.58%) and a slightly lower rate of monounsaturated fatty acids (32.35%) were also observed. The seed oils profile of Guizhou <em>Jatropha curcas</em> presents the desirable fatty acid C14 to C18 and interesting features for the biodiesel production.</p>

scholarly journals Chemometric Match to Evaluate Fatty Acids Degradation of Animal and Plant Fats after Heating Treatment by Principal Component Research (PCR)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 325-330
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Heat Condition ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Edible Fats ◽  
Heating Treatment ◽  
Diet Intake

Fats have value demand of diet intake to supply energy and as cooking medium. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) may prone to fatty acids (FAs) oxidation during heating process of fat by altering the double bonds between carbon atoms into trans fatty acids (TFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). TFAs and SFAs have been known as potential undesirable health effects for consumption. Thus monitoring the changes of oxidation UFAs at certain heat condition is essential to investigate the heat impact of various edible fats from animals and plants. The aim of the study was to evaluate FAs degradation various edible fats after heating treatments. The variety of fats such as chicken, beef, lard, mutton and plant fats were heated under controlled temperatures (120,180 and 240 ℃) and hours of heating (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hrs). FAs were profiled by combination of gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and chemometrics techniques. The major FAs were identified after heating treatment such as Palmitic (C16:0), Stearic (C18:0), Elaidic (C18:1n9t), Oleic (C18:1n9c) and Linolelaidic (C18:2n6c). Observation through sum heat at 120℃ /3hrs, 180℃/ 3hrs and 240℃/ 2 and 3hr contributed by SFAs and TFAs (C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n9t) for all animal fats. The UFAs (C18:1n9c and C18:2n6c) contributed by sum heat of 120℃/ 0.5-2hrs, 180 ℃/ 0.5-2hrs and 240℃/0.5 in a group. Plant fats were groups together by themselves and segregated from animal fats. These findings suggested that the degradation of UFAs to the SFAs and TFAs are related to the heat condition regardless species of animal fats

scholarly journals Authentication of Wistar rat fats with gas chromatography mass spectometry combined by chemometrics

10.5219/1229 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Any Guntarti ◽  
Ibnu Gholib Gandjar ◽  
Nadia Miftahul Jannah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Mass Spectometry

Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, which is very concerned about halal food. The most problem that’s very concerning nowadays was that food products were contaminated by unclean meat, such as rat meat. The purpose of this study was to authenticate rat fat using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics. In this study, rat fat were heated in oven at 90 °C – 100 °C for approximately one hour until the oil came out. After that, the derivatization process was carried out to convert fat into methyl ester compounds using NaOCH3 and BF3. Methyl ester compound than injected into the GCMS instrument system. In addition to rat fat, other fat extraction were carried out, such as pigs, cows, chickens, wild boars, dogs, and goats. The combination of chemometrics Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to classify rat fat with other animal fat. Based on the results of the study showed that fatty acids in rats using GCMS produced 6 types of fatty acids, namely: myristat (0.15 ±0.09%), palmitoleate (0.73 ±0.54%), palmitate (19.08 ±3.54%), linoleate (30.14 ±16.90%), oleate (40.48 ±2.74%), and stearate (2.55 ±0.01%). Total content of rat fatty acids was 93.13%, with unsaturated fatty acids 71.35% and saturated fatty acids 21.78%. Chemometrics PCA from rat fat can be grouped with other animal fats

scholarly journals The structure of synthetic mixed triglycerides

1930 ◽  
Vol 129 (811) ◽  
pp. 468-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Glyceride Structure ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Quantitative Statement

A study has been made of the distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides produced synthetically by esterification of selected mixtures of saturated and unsaturated higher fatty acids with glycerol, in order to compare the general structure of these synthetic products with that of a number of natural fats. The component glycerides of many natural fats have recently been investigated in these laboratories, by converting all unsaturated groupings into acidic products by oxidation of the glycerides with anhydrous potassium permanganate in acetone solution ; only fully-saturated triglycerides present in the original fat are then left in the form of neutral compounds. This mode of attack leads primarily to a quantitative statement of the relative distribution of saturated and unsaturated acids in the glyceride molecules of a fat, but, if the combined fatty acids in the whole fat and in the fully-saturated portion are analysed in detail, and if oleic and linoleic acids (as is frequently the case) are the only unsaturated derivatives present, additional information as to the relative distribution of individual fatty acids can frequently be given. The general results of the observations on natural fats have been summed up in a recent communication in which it was shown that the glyceride structure varies with the biological type of the fat. In vegetable seed fats there is a pronounced tendency to even distribution of fatty acids throughout the glycerides ; an acid ( e. g ., oleic acid), when present in subordinate amounts, tends to become linked with about 1.3 to 1.5 molecules of an acid which is present in larger proportions and, in consequence, as between saturated and unsaturated groups, the amount of fully-saturated glyceride present in a seed fat is, broadly, determined by the amount linked with unsaturated acids in the above favoured ratio. Thus in seed fats fully-saturated glycerides do not appear in appreciable quantity until the molecular proportion of saturated fatty acids in the total fatty acid mixture reaches about 60 per cent. In contrast to seed fats, the glycerides of vegetable pericarp fats and of animal fats such as various depot fats and milks fats are constituted on more heterogeneous lines, albeit in a manner which at first sight is more akin to that which would be anticipated if the laws ordinarily operative in esterification were followed.

scholarly journals The effects of breed and feeding regime on the chemical composition of pig back fat as a potential raw material for biodiesel production

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Mladen Popovac ◽  
Dragan Radojkovic ◽  
Milica Petrovic ◽  
Marija Gogic ◽  
Dragan Stanojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the back fat tissue of mangalitsa pig and meaty pig breeds and their crosses, and the pigs that were fed with feed that was enriched or unenriched with oil, from the aspect of the production of biodiesel, where the starting material for the fuel would be the fat tissue of pigs. By examining the impact of breed and oil content in feed, it was found that chemical parameters (fat, water, protein, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) show statistically significant variation under the influence of these factors. The highest fat content (89.39%), which is essential for conversion of fat into biodiesel, was found in back adipose tissue of mangalitsa breed, while the lowest fat content (86.10%) was found in the back fat tissue of meaty breeds and their crosses. Favorable ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (37.92% : 62.07%), on which some physical properties of the fuel depend, was found in the back fat tissue of pigs that were fed with feed enriched with oil, and the largest proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e. the most unfavorable fatty acid composition (40.90% : 59.09%) was found in the back fat tissues of pigs that were fed with feed unenriched with oil. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids and water (7.44%), as the key factors that determine the cetane number of the fuel and the fuel production process, indicates that the most suitable raw material for the production of biodiesel is the fat tissue of pigs that were fed with food that contained a certain amount of oil.

scholarly journals Esterification of stearic acid with lower monohydroxylic alcohols

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlatko Kastratovic ◽  
Miljan Bigovic
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Monocarboxylic Acids ◽  
Chain Lengths

Esters play a significant role in everyday life but also in the chemical industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different parameters on the process of esterification of higher monocarboxylic acids with lower monohydroxylic alcohols. We examined the influences of the following variables: the type and amount of the catalyst, the structure of alcohols and fatty acids, the acid/alcohol molar ratio, and the temperature of the esterification process. The descending order of reactivity found alcohols is: 1-butanol > 1-propanol > 2-methyl-1-propanol > ethanol > 2-butanol >2-propanol > 2-methyl-2-propanol. The results of this study show no significant effect of chain lengths of saturated fatty acids on the speed and yield of esterification. The presence of the double bond in unsaturated fatty acids reduces the acid to ester conversion. The highest yield (99%) was obtained in the reaction of stearic acid and 1-butanol with an acid/alcohol/catalyst (H2SO4) mole ratio 1/15/0.75 and at a temperature of 65?C.

scholarly journals Herbal Industry Wastes as Potential Materials for Biofuel Production

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Aneta Sienkiewicz ◽  
Alicja Piotrowska-Niczyporuk ◽  
Andrzej Bajguz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

Due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental issues, biodiesel as alternative fuel has become more and more attractive in the recent years. In this research, the characterization of herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production was carried out. There results of analytical identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained in the transesterification reaction are presented. The reaction conditions were optimized, considering hexane ratio and catalyst concentration (methanol and KOH) for both steps. The FAME were extracted from the herbal samples by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using single ion monitoring (SIM) method. Additionally, the selected properties of some bioesters were analyzed. This study determined the compounds which are ideal for fuel production. The unsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in herbal wastes, while palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid. The application of the optimized method also revealed differences in the physical and chemical properties of isolated FAME mixtures compared to conventional diesel fuel. In this research work, for the first time, the possibilities of using the herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production are assessed.

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