The effects of breed and feeding regime on the chemical composition of pig back fat as a potential raw material for biodiesel production

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the back fat tissue of mangalitsa pig and meaty pig breeds and their crosses, and the pigs that were fed with feed that was enriched or unenriched with oil, from the aspect of the production of biodiesel, where the starting material for the fuel would be the fat tissue of pigs. By examining the impact of breed and oil content in feed, it was found that chemical parameters (fat, water, protein, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) show statistically significant variation under the influence of these factors. The highest fat content (89.39%), which is essential for conversion of fat into biodiesel, was found in back adipose tissue of mangalitsa breed, while the lowest fat content (86.10%) was found in the back fat tissue of meaty breeds and their crosses. Favorable ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (37.92% : 62.07%), on which some physical properties of the fuel depend, was found in the back fat tissue of pigs that were fed with feed enriched with oil, and the largest proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e. the most unfavorable fatty acid composition (40.90% : 59.09%) was found in the back fat tissues of pigs that were fed with feed unenriched with oil. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids and water (7.44%), as the key factors that determine the cetane number of the fuel and the fuel production process, indicates that the most suitable raw material for the production of biodiesel is the fat tissue of pigs that were fed with food that contained a certain amount of oil.

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Improvement of Chemical Composition of Tisochrysis lutea Grown Mixotrophically under Nitrogen Depletion towards Biodiesel Production

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25204609 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (20) ◽

pp. 4609

Author(s):

Adel W. Almutairi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Nitrogen Deficiency ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Nitrogen Depletion ◽

Tisochrysis Lutea ◽

The Impact

In the present study, the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea was cultivated mixotrophically in F2 growth medium with sodium acetate as exogenous carbon source. The medium was composed of different concentrations of nitrogen to determine the impact of nitrogen depletion on cellular growth and chemical composition. Nitrogen depletion led to severely decreased growth and protein content. However, mild nitrogen depletion (0.22 mM NaNO3) led to maximum lipid yield. The fatty acid methyl ester profile also showed increased unsaturation as the nitrogen content decreased. Growth in nitrogen-free medium increased the proportions of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, while the proportion of saturated fatty acids decreased. Growth under all tested nitrogen levels showed undetectable fatty acids with ≥4 double bonds, indicating these fatty acids had oxidative stability. In addition, all tested nitrogen concentrations led to specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, iodine value, and cetane number that meet the standards for Europe and the U.S.A. However, growth in the presence of nitrogen deficiency enhanced the higher heating value of the resulting biodiesel, a clear advantage from the perspective of energy efficiency. Thus, mixotrophic cultivation of T. lutea with nitrogen limitation provides a promising approach to achieve high lipid productivity and production of high-quality biodiesel.

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Biodiesel I: Historical background, present and future production and standards - professional paper

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind0402073s ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 73-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dejan Skala ◽

Sandra Glisic

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Historical Background ◽

High Concentration ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Future Production

Biodiesel is defined as a fuel which may be used as pure biofuel or at high concentration in mineral oil derivatives, in accordance with specific quality standards for transport applications. The main raw material used for biodiesel production is rapeseed, which contains mono-unsaturated acids (about 60%) and also poly-unsaturated fatty acids (C 18:1 and C 18:3) in a lower quantity, as well as some undesired saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids). Other raw materials have also been used in research and the industrial production of biodiesel (palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, waste plant oil, animal fats, etc). The historical background of biodiesel production, installed industrial capacities, as well as the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (May 2003) regarding the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport are discussed in the first part of this article. The second part focuses on some new concepts for the future development of technology for biodiesel production, based on the application of non-catalytic transesterification under supercritical conditions or the use of lipases as an alternative catalyst for this reaction.

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Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of oil in Jatropha curcas L. under the dry and warm climate conditions of Colombia

Agronomía Colombiana ◽

10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n2.43265 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 255-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Omar Montenegro R. ◽

Stanislav Magnitskiy ◽

Martha C. Henao T.

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Oil Content ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Oil Composition

This study was conducted to assess fruit and seed yield, oil content and oil composition of Jatropha curcas fertilized with different doses of nitrogen and potassium in Espinal (Tolima, Colombia). The yields ranged from 4,570 to 8,800 kg ha-1 of fruits and from 2,430 to 4,746 kg ha-1 of seeds. These yields showed that the fertilizer dose of 150 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1K increased fruit production by 92% and seed production by 95%, which represents an increase of about 100% in oil production, which increased from 947 to 1,900 kg ha-1. The total oil content in the seeds ranged from 38.7 to 40.1% (w/w) with a high content of the unsaturated fatty acids oleic (> 47%) and linoleic acid (> 29%). The highest content of oleic acid in the seed oil was from the unfertilized control plants and plants with an application of 100 kg ha-1 of N and 60 kg ha-1 of K, with an average of 48%. The lowest content of oleic acid was registered when a low dose of nitrogen and a high level of potassium were applied at a ratio of 1:2.4 and doses of 50 kg ha-1 N + 120 kg ha-1 K, respectively. Low contents of the saturated fatty acids palmitic (13.4%) and stearic (7.26%) were obtained, making this oil suitable for biodiesel production. The nitrogen was a more important nutrient for the production and quality of oil in J. curcas than potassium under the studied conditions of soil and climate.

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Chemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Palado Seed Oil (Aglaia sp) Extracted Using Chloroform Solvent

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2021.10587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Syamsul RAHMAN ◽

Salengke Salengke ◽

Abu Bakar TAWALI ◽

Meta MAHENDRADATTA

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Food Ingredients

Palado (Aglaia sp) is a plant that grows wild in the forest around Mamuju regency of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This plant is locally known as palado. Palado seeds (Aglaia sp) can be used as a source of vegetable oil because it contains approximately 14.75 % oil, and it has the potential to be used as food ingredients or as raw material for oil production. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical properties and the composition of fatty acids contained in palado seed oil (Aglaia sp). The employed method involved the use of palado fruit that had been processed to be palado seed and undergoing flouring process. Palado flour was produced by the extraction process by using chloroform solvent with the soxhlet method. The characteristics of the chemical properties in the oil produced were analyzed by using a standard method, including iodine, saponification, and acid values. The analysis of fatty acid composition was conducted by using gas chromatography. The results showed that palado oil extracted with hexane had an iodine value of 15.38 mg/g, saponification value of 190.01 mg KOH/g, and acids value of 1.961 mg KOH/g. The fatty acid composition of the palado seed oil consisted of saturated fatty acids (41.601 %), which included palmitic acid (41.062 %), myristic acid (0.539 %), and unsaturated fatty acids (45.949 %), which included mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as (22.929 %), oleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was linoleic acid (23.020 %).

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Chemical Composition of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis Bracts Cultivated in Central Greece: The Impact of Harvesting Time

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10121976 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1976

Author(s):

Filipa Mandim ◽

Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽

Kyriakos D. Giannoulis ◽

Celestino Santos-Buelga ◽

Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Harvesting Time ◽

Late Maturity ◽

The Impact

The present study evaluated the effect of maturity stage on the chemical composition of cardoon bracts. Plant material was collected in Greece at eight different maturation stages (C1–C8) and the chemical composition was analyzed in regard to lipidic fraction and the content in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars. Samples of late maturity (C6–C8) revealed the lowest lipidic content, while a total of 29 fatty acids was identified in all the samples, with palmitic, stearic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic acids present in the highest levels depending on harvesting time. Immature (C1) and mature (C8) bracts were more abundant in saturated fatty acids (SFA) than bracts of medium-to-late maturity (C5, C6), where the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the prevalent class. The α- and γ-tocopherols were the only identified isoforms of vitamin E, while the highest content was observed in sample C8 (199 µg/100 g dry weight (dw). The detected organic acids were oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids, while fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and raffinose were the main detected sugars. The results of the present study allowed us to reveal the effect of maturity stage on cardoon bracts chemical composition and further valorize this byproduct by improving its bioactive compounds content.

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Changes of the fatty acid composition of sprouts during germination

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/41/2686 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 89-92

Author(s):

Melinda-Rita Márton ◽

Sándor Szép ◽

Zsolt Mándoki ◽

Melinda Tamás ◽

Salamon Rozália Veronika ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Sunflower Seed ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fat Content

During our research we studied the fat content and fatty acid composition during the germination and sprouting periods of the most important sprouts: wheat, lentil, alfalfa, radish and sunflower seed. In this article we present our research results during this sprouting study. The concentration of the saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid) decreased, the concentration of the unsaturated fatty acids increased during germination, but the tendency was not so high than was published in the literature.

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Moisture, Fat and Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Dendeng in Malang City

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak ◽

10.21776/ub.jitek.2021.016.01.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 32-41

Author(s):

Siti Resita Dijayanti ◽

Djalal Rosyidi ◽

Herly Evanuarini

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Water Activity ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fat Content ◽

National Standard ◽

Chemical Characteristics

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical characteristics of sliced beef dendeng and ground beef dendeng circulating in Malang city, i.e., fat content, fatty acid profile, moisture content, water activity and total calories. The quantitative descriptive analysis was used as research design. The data obtained were analyzed statistically by using the calculation formula according to the method used. The sliced dendeng and ground dendeng circulating in Malang city was used as sample. Beef dendeng circulating in Malang city had a fat content of 3.43-6.77%, moisture content of 19.56-27.50%, water activity of 0.69-0.84, and total calories of 93.38-136.77 kcal. The sliced beef dendeng with the best chemical characteristics (closed to national standard) was tested for fatty acid profile analysis. About 37 fatty acids were identified, consisting of 19 saturated fatty acids and 18 unsaturated fatty acids. It was concluded that both types of beef dendeng circulating in Malang city had different fat content, fatty acid profile, moisture content, water activity and total calories. These differences were influenced by raw materials, spices and processing used.

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Chemical Composition of Cynara Cardunculus L. var. altilis Heads: The Impact of Harvesting Time

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10081088 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1088 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Filipa Mandim ◽

Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽

Ângela Fernandes ◽

Celestino Santos-Buelga ◽

Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Added Value ◽

Maturation Stage ◽

Literature Study ◽

Harvesting Time ◽

The Impact

Cardoon is a multi-purpose crop with several industrial applications, while the heads (capitula) are edible and commonly used in various dishes of the Mediterranean diet. Several reports in the literature study the chemical composition of the various plants parts (leaves, flower stalks, bracts, seeds) aiming to industrial applications of crop bio-waste, whereas for the heads, most of the studies are limited to the chemical composition and bioactive properties at the edible stage. In the present study, cardoon heads were collected at six different maturation stages and their chemical composition was evaluated in order to determine the effect of harvesting stage and examine the potential of alternative uses in the food and nutraceutical industries. Lipidic fraction and the content in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars were determined. Lipidic content decreases with the maturation process, while 22 fatty acids were detected in total, with palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids being those with the highest abundance depending on harvesting time. In particular, immature heads have a higher abundance in saturated fatty acids (SFA), whereas the samples of mature heads were the richest in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The α-tocopherol was the only isoform detected being present in higher amounts in sample Car B (619 µg/100 g dw). Oxalic, quinic, malic, citric and fumaric acids were the detected organic acids, and the higher content was observed in sample Car E (15.7 g/100 g dw). The detected sugars were fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose and raffinose, while the highest content (7.4 g/100 g dw) was recorded in sample Car C. In conclusion, the maturation stage of cardoon heads influences their chemical composition and harvesting time could be a useful means to increase the quality and the added value of the final product by introducing this material in the food and nutraceutical industries.

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Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Prevent Altered-Muc2 Secretion Induced by Palmitic Acid by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in LS174T Goblet Cells

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11092179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2179

Author(s):

Quentin Escoula ◽

Sandrine Bellenger ◽

Michel Narce ◽

Jérôme Bellenger

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Er Stress ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

The Impact

Diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) represent a risk factor for the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, partly through their impact on the epithelial cell barrier integrity. We hypothesized that unsaturated FA could alleviate saturated FA-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in intestinal secretory goblet cells, and consequently the reduced synthesis and secretion of mucins that form the protective mucus barrier. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated well-differentiated human colonic LS174T goblet cells with palmitic acid (PAL)—the most commonly used inducer of lipotoxicity in in vitro systems—or n-9, n-6, or n-3 unsaturated fatty acids alone or in co-treatment with PAL, and measured the impact of such treatments on ER stress and Muc2 production. Our results showed that only eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids protect goblet cells against ER stress-mediated altered Muc2 secretion induced by PAL, whereas neither linolenic acid nor n-9 and n-6 FA are able to provide such protection. We conclude that EPA and DHA could represent potential therapeutic nutrients against the detrimental lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids, associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity or inflammatory bowel disease. These in vitro data remain to be explored in vivo in a context of dietary obesity.

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Composition of Fatty Acids in Evaluation of Sea Cucumber Potency for Nutraceutical Product Development

SQUALEN Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology ◽

10.15578/squalen.v11i2.238 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Rini Susilowati ◽

Asri Pratitis ◽

Hedi Indra Januar

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Product Development ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Resonance Method ◽

Raw Material ◽

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method ◽

Fatty Acids Composition

Unsaturated fatty acid in food has an effect to improve human health, while saturated fatty acid has the opposite impact. Ratio between both types of fatty acids is important to evaluate the biological material for nutraceutical product development. This paper aimed to evaluate the nutraceutical potency of sea cucumber from Kendari Bay Waters, South East Sulawesi, based on their fatty acids composition. The analysis was conducted by the 1H-NMR (Hidrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) method. Several species within 4 genera (Holothuria, Bohadschia, Actinopyga, and Stichopus) were selected as the subject of the study. Comparison of fatty acid composition has been done in genera level, the preliminary study found that variation between species among the same genera was insignificant (p >0.05). Results of the study detected that Holothuria contained with an even ratio of Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), but Actinopyga was detected with low PUFA/SFA ratio. It may suggest that Holothuria from this region is the most potential raw material for nutraceutical product development. Meanwhile, precaution is needed for genera that contained with low PUFA/SFA ratio. Furthermore, comparison with other studies detected that fatty acids composition is not morphological specific, but vary, according to food viability, environmental and geographic location. Therefore, preliminary screening is important in evaluation of sea cucumber material for nutraceutical product development.

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